BENLİĞİ, SAĞLIĞI VE BEDENİ UMUT VE AHLAK SÖYLEMLERİYLE DENETLEMEK

Öz

Modern tıp ve sağlık kültüründe üretilen sağlıklı yaşam anlayışları ve söylemleri kapitalist bir toplumsal ve finansal hareket halini almıştır. Bu hareket, hem estetik hem de sağlıkla ilgili konular olan obezite ve zayıflama sorunlarını gündemine alarak çeşitli yaşam tarzları, umut, ahlak ve tüketim söylemleri üretmiştir. Bu tıbbileştirilmiş ve metalaştırılmış süreçte, artan sayıda yatırımcı grubu, beden politikacısı, tıp, kozmetik, kimya ve medya endüstrisi profesyonelleri insanları “hastalar” ve “müşteriler” olarak tanımlamaya başladı. Bu tür egemen paradigmalar, nihayetinde hastalıklı bir toplum algısına yol açabilir. Bu bakımdan, biyoiktidarı oluşturan bu güç grupları, toplumu hastalıklı bir toplum söylemi üzerinden manipüle edebilmek için umut ve ahlak söylemlerini kullanmaya başvurmaktadır. Bu çalışmada hem teorik argümanlar hem de anket sonuçlarını sunmayı, online (çevrimiçi) anketimin sonuçlarını tüketim-karşıtı ve eleştirel bakış açıları çerçevesinde yorumlamayı hedefliyorum. Aşağıdaki bölümler öncelikle teorik argümanları tartışacak ve son olarak bulgular tartışılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Umut,ahlak,sağlıklı yaşam,tüketim kültürü

REGULATING THE SELF, HEALTH AND BODY THROUGH HOPE AND MORALITY DISCOURSES

Öz

Healthy life understandings and discourses produced in contemporary medical and wellness culture have become a capitalist social and financial movement. This movement has produced various lifestyles, hope, morality and consumption discourses after putting obesity and slimming issues, which are both aesthetics and health-related matters, into their agendas. In this medicalized and commodified process, people have begun to be defined as “patients” and “customers” by an increasing number of investor groups, body politicians and professionals in medicine, cosmetics, chemistry and media industries. These kind of dominant paradigmas eventually may lead to a perception of an ill society. In this respect, these power groups constituting the biopower resort to utilizing hope and morality discourses to be able to manipulate the society into an ill society discourse. In this study, I target presenting both theoretical arguments and survey results and interpreting the findings of my online survey within the context of anti-consumerist and critical perspective. The following chapters will firstly discuss theoretical arguments and finally the findings will be discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hope,morality,healthy life,consumer culture

Kaynakça

1. REFERENCES:Altuntaş, Ö. (2018). 2018-2019 eğitim öğretim yılı başladı, Türkiye OECD sıralamasında nerede?. BBC Türkçe. Retrieved 20.02.2019, from https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-45547955
2. Angell, M. (2005). The Truth About the Drug Companies, How They Deceive Us and What to Do About It. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks Edition.
3. Anonymous, (2006). Healthy Food Messages Bombard Modern Mothers (An Interview with Kerry Chamberlain). Retrieved 13.06.2016, from http://www.massey.ac.nz/massey/about-massey/news/article.cfm?mnarticle_uuid=26CED08C-96BF-57FE-A5CA-639837D24F59 .
4. Anonymous, (2008). Study to Explore Modern Meanings Of Medication, An Interview With Kerry Chamberlain. Retrieved 28.06.2016, from http://www.massey.ac.nz/massey/about-massey/news/article.cfm?mnarticle_uuid=DD8576F9-96BF-57FE-A59F-9BFC1D8A4491 .
5. Ayers, L. S. & Kronenfeld, J. J. (2007). Chronic Illness and Health-Seeking Information on the Internet. Public, Environmental & Occupational Health, 11 (3), 327-347.Baudrillard, J. (1998). The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures. London: Sage Publications.
6. Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
7. Brown, G. K.,Ten Have, T., Henriques, G. R., Xie, S.X., Hollander, J.E. & Beck, A. (2005). Cognitive Therapy for the Prevention of Suicide Attempts. JAMA, 294(5), 563-570.
8. Busfield, J. (2010). A pill for every ill’: Explaining the Expansion In Medicine Use. Social Science & Medicine, 70, 934-941.

9. Campos, P. (2004). The Obesity Myth: Why America’s Obsession with Weight Is Hazardous to Your Health. New York: Gotham Books.
10. Campos, P, Saguy, A., Ernsberger, P., Oliver, E. & Gaesser, G. (2006). The Epidemiology of Overweight and Obesity: Public Health Crisis or Moral Panic?. International Journal of Epidemiology, 35(1), 55–60.
11. Carthy, P., Harvey, I., Brawn, R. & Watkins, C., (2000). A study of factors associated with cost and variation in prescribing among GPs. Family Practice, 17(1), 36-41.
12. Clarke, L. & H., Bennett, E.V. (2013). Constructing the Moral Body: Self-care Among Older Adults with Multiple Chronic Conditions. Health, 17(3), 211-228.
13. Coveney, J. (2006). Food, Morals and Meaning: The Pleasure and Anxiety of Eating. London: Routledge.
14. Crawford, R. (1985). A cultural account of "health": control, release and the social body. In Issues in the Political Economy of Health Care (Edited by McKinlay J. B.). London: Tavistock.
15. Crawford, R. (2006). Health As A Meaningful Social Practice. Health, 10(4), 401-420.
16. Crawshaw, P. (2007). Governing the healthy male citizen: Men, masculinity and popular health in Men’s Health magazine. Social Science & Medicine, 65(8), 1606–1618.
17. Erdogan, I. (2013). Why Healthy Male Is Ideal Male in Men’s Magazines? Hegemonic Masculinity and Popular Health Discourse in Men’s Health Magazine. Galatasaray University Journal of Communication, Special Issue, 3, 133-154.
18. Featherstone, M., Hepworth, M. & Turner, B. (1991). The body: Social process and cultural theory. London: Sage.
19. Foucault, M. (1979). Discipline and Punish. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
20. Foucault, M. (1988). Technologies of the Self, Seminar with Michel Foucault (Edited by Martin L. H., Gutman H. and Hutton P. H.). London: Tavistock.
21. Glassner, B. (1989). Fitness and the Postmodern Self, Journal of Health Social Behavior. 30 (2), 180-191.
22. Groopman, J. (2005). The Anatomy of Hope: How People Prevail in the Face of Illness. New York: Random House.
23. Grogan, S. (2006). Body Image and Health: Contemporary Perspectives. Journal of Health Psychology, 11(4), 523–530.
24. Jutel, A. (2006). The emergence of overweight as a disease entity: measuring up normality. Social Science & Medicine, 63 (9), 2268-2276.
25. Lelwica, M. (2006). Redefining Womanhood (?): Gender, Power, and the ‘Religion of Thinness, Anthropology of Food. (5), Retrieved 3.5.2017, from http://aof.revues.org/document571.html.
26. Leontowitsch, M., Higgs, P., Stevenson, F. & Jones, I., R. (2010). Review: Taking care of yourself in later life: A qualitative study into the use of non-prescription medicines by people aged 60+. Public, Environmental & Occupational Health, 14 (2), 213-231.
27. Lupton, D. (1995). The Imperative of Health: Publich Health and The Regulated Body. London: Sage Publications.
28. Lupton, D. (1996). Food, the Body and the Self. London: Sage Publications.
29. Lupton, D. (1998). Emotional Self. London: Sage Publications.
30. Lupton, D. (2012). Medicine as Culture: Illness, Disease and the Body. London: Sage Publications.
31. Madden, H. & Chamberlain, K., (2010). Nutritional Health, Subjectivity and Resistance: Women’s Accounts of Dietary Practices. Health, 14(3), 292-309.Manning, N. (1985). Social Problems and Welfare Ideology. London: Gower.
32. Metzl J.M. & Kirkland, A. (2010). Against Health: How Health Became the New Morality. New York: NYU Press.
33. Monaghan, L. (2005). Discussion Piece: A Critical Take on the Obesity Debate. Social Theory & Health, 3(4), 302–314.
34. Oğuz, Ş. (2015). Sağlıkta İlaç İsrafı. Sabah. Retrieved 23.12.2017, from https://www.sabah.com.tr/yazarlar/bolgeler/oguz/2015/05/31/saglikta-ilac-israfi
35. Paquette, M.C. & Raine, K. (2004). Sociocultural Context of Women’s Body Image. Social Science & Medicine, 59(5), 1047–1058.
36. Petersen, A.; Seear, K. & Munsie, M. (2014). Therapeutic journeys: The hopeful travails of stem cell tourists. Sociology of Health & Illness, 36(5), 670–685.
37. Petersen, A. & Wilkinson, I. (2015). The Sociology of Hope in Contexts of Health, Medicine, and Healthcare. Health, 19 (2), 113-118.
38. Rettig, R., A., Jacobson, P.D., Farquhar, C.M. & Aubry, W.M. (2007). False Hope: Bone Marrow Transplantation for Breast Cancer. New York: Oxford University Press.
39. Rich, E. & Evans, J. (2005). ‘Fat Ethics’: The Obesity Discourse and Body Politics. Social Theory and Health, 3(4), 341–358.
40. Rich, E. (2011). I See Her Being Obesed!’: Public Pedagogy, Reality Media and The Obesity Crisis. Health, 15(1), 3-21.
41. Sezgin, D. (2011). Medicalization of The Daily Life And Individualization of Health Problematic: Analysis of Health News In The Context of Life Style Suggestions. Ankyra: Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2(2), 52-78.
42. Shilling, C. (1991). Educating The Body: Physical Capital And The Production Of Social Inequalities. Sociology, 25(4), 653-672.
43. Spoel, P.; Harris, R. & Henwood, F. (2012). The Moralization of Healthy Living: Burke’s Rhetoric of Rebirth and Older Adults’ Accounts of Healthy Eating. Health, 16(6), 619-635.
44. Synnott, A. (1993-2002). The Body Social. London: Routledge.
45. Turner, B.S. (1984). The Body and Society: Explorations in Social Theory. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
46. Turner, B.S. (1987). Medical Power and Social Knowledge. London: Sage Publications.
47. Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu, (2015). “Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu 9 Mart Kadınlarda Obezite ve Etkileri Sempozyumu Metni (The Text of 9 March Symposium of Obesity and Its Influences in Women by Public Health Agency of Turkey)”, 9 Mart Kadınlarda Obezite ve Etkileri Sempozyumu. 04.03.2015. Ankara Rixos Otel. Retrieved 03.06.2016., from http://www.thsk.gov.tr/haberler/9-mart-kadinlarda-obezite-ve-etkileri-sempozyumu.html .
48. Williams, S.J. & Calnan, M. (1996). The 'Limits' of Medicalization?: Modern Medicine and the Lay Populace in 'Late' Modernity. Social Science & Medicine, 42 (12), 1609-1620.
49. Williams, R. (1980). Advertising: The magic system. In: Williams R (ed.) Problems in Materialism and Culture. pp. 170–195 London: Verso.