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World Societies in the Context of the Philosophy of Technology and Generations of Artificial Intelligence

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 114 - 132, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.38015/sbyy.1696199

Öz

This study undertakes a comparative analysis and evaluation of world societies in terms of the discourses they have developed in their own languages concerning the philosophy of technology and artificial intelligence (AI). Two fundamental approaches are identified: the Anglo-Saxon tendency referred to as the empirical turn and the Eurocentric tendency that can be indicated by the term humanism. World societies concretize their philosophies of technology and AI discourses either by directly adopting these two tendencies or by generating various new tendencies situated between them. Given that the empirical turn has taken a leading role since the Industrial Revolution and that discussions on AI and its relationship with humans began in the English-language literature in 1950, chronology and rational experience are applied based on the empirical tendency. It is observable that, by the 2020s, even Western European societies have increasingly moved away from a techno-philosophical perspective in which their own populations are regarded as the quintessential example of the human, and have begun to favor alternative approaches. Thinkers such as Alan Turing, Joseph Agassi, Matt Carter, Val Dusek, and David J. Chalmers are significant representatives of the empirical tendency, whereas figures like Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, Jacques Ellul, Claude Kramer, and Luca M. Possati are notable for their conservative and humanist inclinations. Moreover, there are Western European philosophers, such as Alberto Romele, who have begun to view the empirical turn as a more appropriate — even necessary — philosophical framework for Europe’s understanding of technology and AI. Countries that produce AI technologies, such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and China, predominantly adopt the empirical tendency, while countries of the European Union, which have lagged behind in AI production, as well as post-colonial societies in general, tend to prefer conservative and humanist approaches. In Turkey, the Twelfth Development Plan, officially adopted on 23 October 2023, refers to artificial intelligence 53 times. According to the plan, which covers the years 2024–2028, Turkey aims to become a producer of AI technologies. However, it cannot be stated that all the technology philosophy and AI discourses produced in Turkey fully adopt an empirical tendency aligned with this goal. This study attempts to establish a valid, common chronology and consciousness timeline by comparing and analyzing the generations of AI philosophy across world societies. In doing so, it becomes possible to discern which chronological or philosophical generation a particular society occupies in relation to the philosophy of AI.

Kaynakça

  • Achterhuis, H. (2001). American philosophy of technology: The empirical turn. (Çev. Robert P. Crease). Indiana University Press.
  • Adam, A. (2022). Postcolonialism and technologies of identification. In S. Vallor (Ed.) The oxford handbook of philosophy of technology. (s. 211-230). Oxford University Press.
  • Agassi, J. (2005). Technology: philosophy and social aspects. D. Reidel. 2. Baskı.
  • Bal, M. (2012). Heidegger düşüncesinde teknoloji hapishanesi ve şiirsel konaklama. Bibliotech, 11, 47-66, http://www.metinbal.net/metin_yayinlar/Heidegger.teknoloji.sanat.felsefe.metin.bal.pdf
  • Beisbart, C. (2019). Virtual realism: really realism or only virtually so? A comment on d. J. chalmers’s petrus hispanus lectures. Sciendo, 1-35, https://doi.org/10.2478/disp-2019-0008
  • Blok, V. (2017). Ernst jünger’s philosophy of technology: Heidegger and the poetics of the anthropocene. Routledge.
  • Boden, M. A. (2018). Artificial intelligence a very short introduction. Oxford University Press.
  • Bostrom, N. (2014). In defense of posthuman dignity. In R. Scharff & V. Dusek (Eds.), Philosophy of technology the technological condition: An anthology second edition. (s. 495-501). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Braidotti, R. (2013). The Posthuman. Polity Press.
  • Carter, M. (2007). Minds and computers: An introduction to the philosophy of artificial intelligence. Edinburgh University Press.
  • Chalmers, D. J. (2022). Reality+: virtual worlds and the problems of philosophy. W. W. Norton and Company
  • Chen, M. (2023). The philosophy of the metaverse. Ethics and Information Technology. Springer, 25(41), 1-13, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10676-023-09714-w.
  • Chowdhary, K. R. (2020). Fundamentals of artificial intelligence. Springer.
  • Christensen, S. H. Vd. (Ed.). (2012). Engineering, Development and philosophy: American, chinese and european perspectives. Springer.
  • Clark, A. (2003). Natural-born cyborgs: Minds, technologies, and the future of human intelligence. Oxford University Press.
  • Coeckelbergh, M. (2023). Technology as process. Thinking through Science and Technology Philosophy, Religion, and Politics in an Engineered World. (Ed.: Glen Miller, Helena Mateus Jerónimo, Qin Zhu). Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Dusek, V. (2006). Philosophy of technology: An introduction. Blackwell Publishing.
  • Dutra, D. J. V. & Brennand, E. G. (2024). Intelligence and philosophy: between new and old artificial crossroads. Filosofia Unisinos: Unisinos Journal of Philosophy. 25(1), 1-15, https://www.scielo.br/j/fun/a/ytgsjNqHfWKcXXmWWhMrf4D/
  • Ferrando, F. (2019). Philosophical posthumanism. Bloomsbury Publishing UK.
  • Gündüz, O. (2005). Bilim, teknoloji ve sanat üzerine: Martin Heidegger düşüncesinde bir yolculuk. Kaygı:Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi, 0(4), 104-110, https://acikerisim.uludag.edu.tr/server/api/core/bitstreams/a8202167-c0de-4772-866b-308558de3c68/content.
  • Harpham, G. G. (1994). So... what is enlightenment? An inquisition into modernity. Critical Inquiry, 20(3), 524-556, https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1343868.pdf
  • Hobson, J. M. (2011). Discovering the oriental west. In S. Harding (Ed.), The postcolonial science and technology Studies Reader. (s. 39-60). Duke University Press.
  • Imamichi, T. vd. (Ed.). (1998). The humanization of technology and chinese culture. Council for Research in Values and Philosophy.
  • Jiménez, W. C. (2024). Assessing artificial intelligence and professors’ calibration in English as a foreign language writing courses at a Costa Rica public university. Revista Actualidades Investigativas en Educación, 24(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.15517/aie.v24i1.55612
  • Kalia, P. (2022). Artificial intelligence in e-commerce: A process commerce analyzis. In Cherry, B. & Pardeep K.S. (Eds.), Artificial intelligence: fundamentals and applications. (s. 9-20). CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group.
  • Kramer, C. (2023). Artificial intelligence and the end of humanity. MB Coultura.
  • Kroes, P. A., Meijers, A. W. M. (2001). The emprical turn in the philosophy of technology. Emerald Group Publishing.
  • Mathison, A. M. (1950). Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 49, 433-460.
  • Mitcham, C. (2022). What is living and what is dead in classic european philosophy of technology? In S. Vallor (Ed.), The oxford handbook of philosophy of technology. (s. 19-34.). Oxford University Press,
  • Mitcham, C. vd. (Ed.). (2018). Philosophy of Engineering, east and west. Springer.
  • More, M. (2013). The philosophy of transhumanism. In M. Max & Natasha V. (Eds.), Classical and contemporary essays on the science, technology, and philosophy of the human future: The transhumanist reader. (s. 3-17). Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Morioka, M. (Ed.). (2023). Artificial intelligence, robots, and philosophy. Journal of philosophy of life, https://www.philosophyoflife.org/jpl2023si_book.pdf
  • Müller, V. C. (Ed.). (2018). Philosophy and theory of artificial intelligence 2017. Springer.
  • Nguyen, A. M. (Ed.). (2024). APA Studies on Asian and Asian American Philosophers and Philosophies, 23(2), 1-28, https://philarchive.org/archive/HOMSIO.
  • Özdemir, M. & Başaran, N. (2021). Transhümanizm, posthümanizm ve insan bilincinin yeni kapsamı. İslami Araştırmalar Dergisi, 32(1), 30-51, https://www.islamiarastirmalar.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/3-2.pdf
  • Özdemir, M. (2024). İkinci soğuk savaş döneminde müslüman toplumların yönelim sorunu. A.Yanardağ & İ. Altuner & N. Bayat Usta (Eds.), Günümüz dünyasında din anlayışları içinde (s. 69-84). Kitap Dünyası Yayınları,
  • Özdemir, M. (2025). Teknoloji felsefesi, makine öğrenimi ve yapay zekânın felsefenin geleceğindeki işlevi. Toplumsal Değişim, 7(1), 83-97.
  • Possati, L. M. (2023a). Unconscious networks: Philosophy, psychoanalysis, and artificial intelligence. Routledge,
  • Possati, L. M. (Ed.) (2023b). Humanizing artificial intelligence: Psychoanalysis and the problem of control. de Gruyter.
  • Romele, A. (2024). Digital habitus A critique of the imaginaries of artificial intelligence. Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group.
  • Selinger, E. & Engström, T. (2014). A moratorium on cyborgs: Computation, cognition, and commerce. In R. Scharff & V. Dusek (Ed.), Philosophy of technology the technological condition: An anthology second edition. (s. 631-640). John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Tekin, M. & Özdemir, M. (Eds.). (2021). Transhümanizm ve posthümanizm: Disiplinlerarası bir çalışma. Eskiyeni Yayınları.
  • Tekin, M. & Özdemir, M. (Eds.). (2023). Metaverse ve gerçek zamanlı sanal yaşam. Mana Yayınları.
  • Touraine, A. (1995). Critique of modernity. (Çev. David Macey). Blackwell Publishers.
  • T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı (2023). On ikinci kalkınma planı (2024-2028). https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/On-Ikinci-Kalkinma-Plani_2024-2028_11122023.pdf
  • Tripathi, R. L. (2024). Mind and machine: A philosophical examination of matt carter’s “minds & computers: An introduction to the philosophy of artificial intelligence”. Open access journal of data science and artificial intelligence (OAJDA). 2(1), 1-3, https://doi.org/10.23880/oajda-16000143
  • Vallor, S. (Ed.) (2022). The oxford handbook of philosophy of technology. Oxford University Press.
  • Yeşilkaya, N. (2022). Felsefi bir sorun olarak yapay zekâ. Bozok Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 22, 97-126, https://doi.org/10.51553/bozifder.1171640
  • Yılmaz, Z. (2023). Yapay zekâ ve felsefe soruşturması. Düşünce ve Toplum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(2), 159-201, https://doi.org/10.55796/dusuncevetoplum.1412018

Teknoloji Felsefesi ve Yapay Zekâ Kuşakları Bakımından Dünya Toplumları

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 114 - 132, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.38015/sbyy.1696199

Öz

Bu çalışmada teknoloji felsefesi ve yapay zekâya ilişkin kendi dillerinde geliştirdikleri söylemler bakımından dünya toplumları bir karşılaştırma ve değerlendirmeye tabi tutulmaktadırlar. Deneyimsel yönelim (emprical turn) adlandırmasıyla işarette bulunulan Anglosakson eğilim ve insancıl yaklaşım (hümanizm) adlandırmasıyla işarette bulunulabilecek Avrupa-merkezci eğilim iki temel yaklaşımı belirlemektedir. Bu ikisini doğrudan takip edip benimseyerek veya iki yaklaşım arasında çeşitli yeni eğilimler üreterek dünya toplumları teknoloji felsefesi ve yapay zekâ söylemlerini somutlaştırmaktadırlar. Deneyimsel yönelimin endüstri devriminden itibaren öncü olması ve yapay zekâ ile insan arasındaki tartışmanın 1950 yılında İngilizce literatürde başlaması nedeniyle kronoloji ve sağduyu deneyimsel yönelim baz alınarak uygulanmaktadır. Bu uygulamanın Batı Avrupa toplumlarında da 2020’li yıllarda karşılık bulmaya başladığı ve Avrupalıların kendi insanlarını insanın esas örneği niteliğinde kabul ettikleri teknoloji görüşünden uzaklaşmayı tercih ettikleri görülebilmektedir. Alan Turing, Joseph Agassi, Matt Carter, Val Dusek ve David J. Chalmers gibi birçok düşünür deneyimsel eğilim açısından, Martin Heidegger, Jean Paul Sartre, Jacques Ellul, Claude Kramer ve Luca M. Possati gibi birçok düşünür muhafazakâr ve insancıl eğilim açısından kayda değerdir. Bununla birlikte Alberto Romele gibi Batı Avrupalı olup artık deneyimsel yönelimin teknoloji felsefesi ve yapay zekâ görüşünü Avrupa için daha doğru ve hatta mecburi bulmaya başlayan filozoflar bulunmaktadır. ABD, İngiltere ve Çin gibi yapay zekâ üreticisi ülkeler deneyimsel yönelimi ve yapay zekâ üretiminde gecikmiş Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri ve genel itibariyle post-kolonyal toplumlar muhafazakâr ve insancıl eğilimi tercih etmektedirler. Türkiye 23.10.2023 tarihinde resmi olarak kabul edilen On İkinci Kalkınma Planı’nda 53 kez yapay zekâdan söz etmektedir. 2024-2028 tarihleri arasını kapsayan plana göre Türkiye’nin yapay zekâ teknolojisi üreticisi olması hedeflenmektedir. Bununla birlikte Türkiye’de üretilen teknoloji felsefesi ve yapay zekâ söylemlerinin tamamının bu hedefle uyuşacak nitelikte deneyimsel yönelimi benimsediği söylenemez. Bu çalışma dünya toplumlarının yapay zekâ felsefesi kuşaklarını birbirleriyle karşılaştırıp analiz ederek geçerli ortak bir kronoloji ve bilinç zamanı oluşturmaya girişmektedir. Böylece hangi toplumun yapay zekâ felsefesi bakımından hangi kronoloji veya bilinç kuşağında yaşadığı anlaşılabilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Achterhuis, H. (2001). American philosophy of technology: The empirical turn. (Çev. Robert P. Crease). Indiana University Press.
  • Adam, A. (2022). Postcolonialism and technologies of identification. In S. Vallor (Ed.) The oxford handbook of philosophy of technology. (s. 211-230). Oxford University Press.
  • Agassi, J. (2005). Technology: philosophy and social aspects. D. Reidel. 2. Baskı.
  • Bal, M. (2012). Heidegger düşüncesinde teknoloji hapishanesi ve şiirsel konaklama. Bibliotech, 11, 47-66, http://www.metinbal.net/metin_yayinlar/Heidegger.teknoloji.sanat.felsefe.metin.bal.pdf
  • Beisbart, C. (2019). Virtual realism: really realism or only virtually so? A comment on d. J. chalmers’s petrus hispanus lectures. Sciendo, 1-35, https://doi.org/10.2478/disp-2019-0008
  • Blok, V. (2017). Ernst jünger’s philosophy of technology: Heidegger and the poetics of the anthropocene. Routledge.
  • Boden, M. A. (2018). Artificial intelligence a very short introduction. Oxford University Press.
  • Bostrom, N. (2014). In defense of posthuman dignity. In R. Scharff & V. Dusek (Eds.), Philosophy of technology the technological condition: An anthology second edition. (s. 495-501). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Braidotti, R. (2013). The Posthuman. Polity Press.
  • Carter, M. (2007). Minds and computers: An introduction to the philosophy of artificial intelligence. Edinburgh University Press.
  • Chalmers, D. J. (2022). Reality+: virtual worlds and the problems of philosophy. W. W. Norton and Company
  • Chen, M. (2023). The philosophy of the metaverse. Ethics and Information Technology. Springer, 25(41), 1-13, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10676-023-09714-w.
  • Chowdhary, K. R. (2020). Fundamentals of artificial intelligence. Springer.
  • Christensen, S. H. Vd. (Ed.). (2012). Engineering, Development and philosophy: American, chinese and european perspectives. Springer.
  • Clark, A. (2003). Natural-born cyborgs: Minds, technologies, and the future of human intelligence. Oxford University Press.
  • Coeckelbergh, M. (2023). Technology as process. Thinking through Science and Technology Philosophy, Religion, and Politics in an Engineered World. (Ed.: Glen Miller, Helena Mateus Jerónimo, Qin Zhu). Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Dusek, V. (2006). Philosophy of technology: An introduction. Blackwell Publishing.
  • Dutra, D. J. V. & Brennand, E. G. (2024). Intelligence and philosophy: between new and old artificial crossroads. Filosofia Unisinos: Unisinos Journal of Philosophy. 25(1), 1-15, https://www.scielo.br/j/fun/a/ytgsjNqHfWKcXXmWWhMrf4D/
  • Ferrando, F. (2019). Philosophical posthumanism. Bloomsbury Publishing UK.
  • Gündüz, O. (2005). Bilim, teknoloji ve sanat üzerine: Martin Heidegger düşüncesinde bir yolculuk. Kaygı:Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi, 0(4), 104-110, https://acikerisim.uludag.edu.tr/server/api/core/bitstreams/a8202167-c0de-4772-866b-308558de3c68/content.
  • Harpham, G. G. (1994). So... what is enlightenment? An inquisition into modernity. Critical Inquiry, 20(3), 524-556, https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1343868.pdf
  • Hobson, J. M. (2011). Discovering the oriental west. In S. Harding (Ed.), The postcolonial science and technology Studies Reader. (s. 39-60). Duke University Press.
  • Imamichi, T. vd. (Ed.). (1998). The humanization of technology and chinese culture. Council for Research in Values and Philosophy.
  • Jiménez, W. C. (2024). Assessing artificial intelligence and professors’ calibration in English as a foreign language writing courses at a Costa Rica public university. Revista Actualidades Investigativas en Educación, 24(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.15517/aie.v24i1.55612
  • Kalia, P. (2022). Artificial intelligence in e-commerce: A process commerce analyzis. In Cherry, B. & Pardeep K.S. (Eds.), Artificial intelligence: fundamentals and applications. (s. 9-20). CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group.
  • Kramer, C. (2023). Artificial intelligence and the end of humanity. MB Coultura.
  • Kroes, P. A., Meijers, A. W. M. (2001). The emprical turn in the philosophy of technology. Emerald Group Publishing.
  • Mathison, A. M. (1950). Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 49, 433-460.
  • Mitcham, C. (2022). What is living and what is dead in classic european philosophy of technology? In S. Vallor (Ed.), The oxford handbook of philosophy of technology. (s. 19-34.). Oxford University Press,
  • Mitcham, C. vd. (Ed.). (2018). Philosophy of Engineering, east and west. Springer.
  • More, M. (2013). The philosophy of transhumanism. In M. Max & Natasha V. (Eds.), Classical and contemporary essays on the science, technology, and philosophy of the human future: The transhumanist reader. (s. 3-17). Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Morioka, M. (Ed.). (2023). Artificial intelligence, robots, and philosophy. Journal of philosophy of life, https://www.philosophyoflife.org/jpl2023si_book.pdf
  • Müller, V. C. (Ed.). (2018). Philosophy and theory of artificial intelligence 2017. Springer.
  • Nguyen, A. M. (Ed.). (2024). APA Studies on Asian and Asian American Philosophers and Philosophies, 23(2), 1-28, https://philarchive.org/archive/HOMSIO.
  • Özdemir, M. & Başaran, N. (2021). Transhümanizm, posthümanizm ve insan bilincinin yeni kapsamı. İslami Araştırmalar Dergisi, 32(1), 30-51, https://www.islamiarastirmalar.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/3-2.pdf
  • Özdemir, M. (2024). İkinci soğuk savaş döneminde müslüman toplumların yönelim sorunu. A.Yanardağ & İ. Altuner & N. Bayat Usta (Eds.), Günümüz dünyasında din anlayışları içinde (s. 69-84). Kitap Dünyası Yayınları,
  • Özdemir, M. (2025). Teknoloji felsefesi, makine öğrenimi ve yapay zekânın felsefenin geleceğindeki işlevi. Toplumsal Değişim, 7(1), 83-97.
  • Possati, L. M. (2023a). Unconscious networks: Philosophy, psychoanalysis, and artificial intelligence. Routledge,
  • Possati, L. M. (Ed.) (2023b). Humanizing artificial intelligence: Psychoanalysis and the problem of control. de Gruyter.
  • Romele, A. (2024). Digital habitus A critique of the imaginaries of artificial intelligence. Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group.
  • Selinger, E. & Engström, T. (2014). A moratorium on cyborgs: Computation, cognition, and commerce. In R. Scharff & V. Dusek (Ed.), Philosophy of technology the technological condition: An anthology second edition. (s. 631-640). John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Tekin, M. & Özdemir, M. (Eds.). (2021). Transhümanizm ve posthümanizm: Disiplinlerarası bir çalışma. Eskiyeni Yayınları.
  • Tekin, M. & Özdemir, M. (Eds.). (2023). Metaverse ve gerçek zamanlı sanal yaşam. Mana Yayınları.
  • Touraine, A. (1995). Critique of modernity. (Çev. David Macey). Blackwell Publishers.
  • T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı (2023). On ikinci kalkınma planı (2024-2028). https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/On-Ikinci-Kalkinma-Plani_2024-2028_11122023.pdf
  • Tripathi, R. L. (2024). Mind and machine: A philosophical examination of matt carter’s “minds & computers: An introduction to the philosophy of artificial intelligence”. Open access journal of data science and artificial intelligence (OAJDA). 2(1), 1-3, https://doi.org/10.23880/oajda-16000143
  • Vallor, S. (Ed.) (2022). The oxford handbook of philosophy of technology. Oxford University Press.
  • Yeşilkaya, N. (2022). Felsefi bir sorun olarak yapay zekâ. Bozok Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 22, 97-126, https://doi.org/10.51553/bozifder.1171640
  • Yılmaz, Z. (2023). Yapay zekâ ve felsefe soruşturması. Düşünce ve Toplum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(2), 159-201, https://doi.org/10.55796/dusuncevetoplum.1412018
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Felsefe Eğitimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Muhammet Özdemir 0000-0001-8465-1924

Buşra Aşik Birlik 0000-0001-5802-8485

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Mayıs 2025
Kabul Tarihi 26 Mayıs 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Özdemir, M., & Aşik Birlik, B. (2025). Teknoloji Felsefesi ve Yapay Zekâ Kuşakları Bakımından Dünya Toplumları. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilgilerde Yeni Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 9(1), 114-132. https://doi.org/10.38015/sbyy.1696199

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