İran’ın Azerbaycan’a Yönelik Dış Politikası: İkinci Karabağ Savaşı’nın Belirleyiciliği

Öz

İran ve Azerbaycan ortak tarih, kültür ve din öğelerine sahip, birbirine komşu iki devlettir. Ayrıca, İran nüfusunun önemli bir kesimini Azerbaycan Türkleri oluşturmaktadır. Tüm bu ortak özellikler dikkate alındığında iki devlet arasında günümüzde yapıcı ve işbirliğine dayalı ilişkiler olması gerekir iken, aksine çatışmacı ve gergin ilişkiler hüküm sürmektedir. İran’ın, Azerbaycan’ın muhtemel irredantizm politikalarından çekinmesi, bununla bağlantılı olarak Dağlık Karabağ sorununda Ermenistan’ı desteklemesi, buna karşın Azerbaycan’ın Türkiye ve İsrail ile geliştirdiği ilişkiler, iki devlet ilişkilerinde gerilimi sürekli olarak yükseltmektedir. 2020 yılında yaşanan ve Azerbaycan’ın zaferi ile sonuçlanan İkinci Karabağ Savaşı, Güney Kafkasya’daki jeopolitik durumu değiştirmiş ve İran açısından bu durum tehdit olarak algılanmıştır. Azerbaycan’ın milli güç unsurlarında görülen somut artış Tahran’ı endişeye sevk etmiştir. İkinci Karabağ Savaşı sonrası İran siyasi ve askeri liderlerinin Bakü’yü suçlayıcı açıklamaları ve gerçekleştirilen askeri tatbikatlar ilişkileri olumsuz istikamete yöneltmiştir. Bu kapsamda İran’ın Azerbaycan’a yönelik dış politikasını inceleyen bu çalışma, İran’ın Azerbaycan politikasının dini ideoloji, kültür ve tarih öğelerinin ötesinde ulusal çıkara dayalı olarak güvenlik ve var olma üzerine inşa edilmiş pragmatik öğeler içerdiğini iddia etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İran
• Azerbaycan
• Güney Kafkasya
• Güney Azerbaycan
• İkinci Karabağ Savaşı

IRAN’S FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS AZERBAIJAN: THE DECISIVENESS OF THE SECOND KARABAKH WAR

Öz

Iran and Azerbaijan are two neighboring states with common history, culture and religion. In addition, a significant part of the Iranian population consists of Azerbaijani Turks. Considering all these common features, there should be constructive and friendly bilateral relations between the two states, but on the contrary, confrontational and tense relations prevail. Iran’s refrain from Azerbaijan’s possible irredentism policies, and in connection with this, its support for Armenia in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, on the other hand, Azerbaijan’s relations with Turkey and Israel constantly increase the tension in the relations between the two states. The Second Karabakh War, which took place in 2020 and ended with Azerbaijan victory, changed the geopolitical situation in the South Caucasus and this situation was perceived as a threat for Iran. The concrete increase in Azerbaijan’s national power elements has caused Tehran to worry. The accusatory statements of the Iranian political and military leaders against Baku and the military exercises carried out led the relations to a negative direction after the Second Karabakh War. In this context, this study, which analysis Iran’s foreign policy towards Azerbaijan, claims that Iran’s Azerbaijan policy includes pragmatic elements built on security and existence based on national interest, beyond religious ideology, culture and history elements.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Iran
• Azerbaijan
• South Caucasus
• South Azerbaijan
• Second Karabakh War

Kaynakça

1. Abasov, A. (2011). “Azerbaijan and Iran: Contradiction and Perspectives of Development of Their Relations”, The Analyticon, No.7, http://theanalyticon.com/?p=446&lang=en (07.2011)
2. Akdevelioğlu A. (2004). “İran’ın Orta Asya ve Azerbaycan Politikaları”. Uluslararası İlişkiler, Cilt.1, No.2, s.129-160.
3. Aras, B. (2001). “Turkish Foreign Policy Towards Iran: Ideology and Foreign Policy in Flux”, Journal of Third World Studies, No.18, pp.105-124.
4. Aryans. (2011), Encyclopedia Iranica, https://iranicaonline.org/articles/aryans, (16.09.2021).
5. Aslanlı, K. (2017). “İran – Azerbaycan Ekonomik İlişkileri”, İran Araştırmaları Merkezi, https://iramcenter.org/d_hbanaliz/analiz_iran-Azerbaycan_Ekonomik_iliskileri.pdf, (26.09.2021).
6. Azernews. (2011). “Turkey seeks thaw in Iran-Azeri ties”, https://www.azernews.az/nation/31673.html, (30.10.2021).
7. Başar, U. (2020). “İran Karabağ savaşının kaybedeni mi?”, Anadolu Ajansı, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz/iran-karabag-savasinin-kaybedeni-mi/2052813, (26.10.2021).
8. Constitution (t.y.). https://en.mfa.ir/portal/viewpage/3997, (21.09.2021).

9. Cornell, S. E. (2006). “The Politicization of Islam in Azerbaijan”, Central Asia-Caucasus Institute Silk Road Studies Program, https://www.silkroadstudies.org/resources/pdf/SilkRoadPapers/ 2006_10_SRP _Cornell_Islam-Azerbaijan.pdf, (19.08.2021).
10. Çelikpala, M. (2013). “İlham Aliyev Dönemi Dış Politikası: Sorunlar, Öncelikler ve İlişkiler”, Erhan, Ç. (Ed.), Kafkasya’nın Yükselen Yıldızı: İlham Aliyev Döneminde Azerbaycan, Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi: 291-292.
11. Deutsche Welle. (2020). “İran ile Türkiye arasında şiir krizi”, https://www.dw.com/tr/iran-ile-t%C3%BCrkiye-aras%C4%B1nda-%C5%9Fiir-krizi/a-55911204, (12.10.2021).
12. Edwards, H. (2010). “Iran’s Near Abroad”, Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/09/20/irans_near_abroad?page=full, (26.10.2021).
13. Erim, O.B. (2020). “Gelişen Azerbaycan-Türkiye İlişkileri Karşısında İran'ın Düşmanlığı”, Kırım Haber Ajansı. https://qha.com.tr/ozel-haber-roportaj/gelisen-azerbaycan-turkiye-iliskileri-karsisinda-iran-in-dusmanligi /288059/, (13.10.2021).
14. Eurasia.net. (2011). “Tensions Growing Between Azerbaijan and Iran?”, https://eurasianet.org/tensions-growing-between-azerbaijan-and-iran, (19.09.2021).
15. Ghafouri, M. (2008). “The Caspian Sea: Rivalry And Cooperation”, Journal Compilation Middle East Policy Council, Vol.15, No.2, pp.81-96.
16. Gresh, G. (2006). “Coddling the Caucasus: Iran’s Strategic Relationship with Azerbaijan and Armenia”, Caucasian Review of International Affairs, Vol.1, No.1, pp.1-13, https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/104431/Full.pdf, (25.10.2021).
17. İslam Cumhuriyeti Haber Ajansı. (2021). “Hayber Fatihleri Tatbikatı başladı”, https://tr.irna.ir/news/84489825/Hayber-Fatihleri-Tatbikat%C4%B1-ba%C5%9Flad%C4%B1, (26.10.2021).
18. Iran-Main Indicator. (2020). https://www.amar.org.ir/english/Main-Indicators, (15.10.2021).
19. Keskin, A. (2020). “İran’ın Karabağ Siyasetinin 5 Yüzü”, Fikir Turu, https://fikirturu.com/jeo-strateji/iranin-karabag-siyasetinin-5-yuzu/?fbclid=IwAR20GYeslDVo0E_dKODBl9MuoT-I2QypDaM3xqgsLOUbU-3BN8ULWTsEHz4 (29.10.2021).
20. Koolaee, E. & Hafezian, M.H. (2010). “The Islamic Republic of Iran and the South Caucasus Republics”, Iranian Studies, Vol.43, No.3, pp.391-409.
21. Kurşun, M. (2020). “İran Ermenistan'a Silah Taşıdığı İddialarını Reddetti”, Anadolu Ajansı, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/azerbaycan-cephe-hatti/iran-ermenistana-silah-tasidigi-iddialarini-reddetti/1989277, (12.10.2021).
22. Mammadov, H. (2013). “Bölgesel Politikalar Açısından Azerbaycan-İran İlişkileri”, Orta Asya ve Kafkasya Araştırmaları, Cilt. 8, No.15, s.45-71.
23. Marzieh, K.E. (2016). “Iran's Regional Policy in the South Caucasus: Case Studies of Relations with the Republics of Azerbaijan & Armenia”, Durham University, http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11870/1/Iran's_South_Caucasus_Policy-2016.pdf?DDD35+, (19.10.2021).
24. Metin, B. (2012). “Türk İran İlişkilerinde Güney Azerbaycan Meselesi”, Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Cilt.16, No.2, s.157-187.
25. Miles, C. (1999). “The Caspian Pipeline Debate Continues: Why Not Iran?”, Journal of International Affairs, Cilt.53, No.1, pp.325-346.
26. Muradova, M. (2011). “Iran and Azerbaijan Clash over Cyber-Attacks and Arrested Terrorists”, Central Asia-Caucasus Institute.
27. Nassibli, N.L. (1999). “Azerbaijan – Iran Relations: Challenges and Prospects”, Harvard Kennedy School Belfer Center, https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/azerbaijan-iran-relations-challenges-and-prospects, (28.10.2021).
28. Nassıbu, N. (1999). “Azerbaijan – Iranian Relations: Past and Present”, Journal of Azerbaijan Studies, pp.5-21, http://webmail.khazar.org/bitstream/20.500.12323/172/3/N.%20Nasibli.pdf, (16.10.2021).
29. News.az. (2011). “Future of Azerbaijan – Iran ties depends on Iran’s Relations with Russia and Turkey”, http://www.news.az/articles/politics/48253, (19.10.2021).
30. Oğuz. C. (2012). “Relations Between Iran and Azerbaijan: What next?”. News.Az, http://wwwnews.az/articles/53614, (19.11.2021).
31. Olson, R. (2002). “Turkey-Iran Relations, 2000-2001: The Caspian, Azerbaijan and The Kurds”, Middle East Policy, Cilt.9, No.2, pp.111-129.
32. Özgenç, T. (2021). “Azerbaycan Cumhurbaşkanı Aliyev 2. Karabağ Savaşı'nın 1. Yılında AA'ya Konuştu”, Anadolu Ajansı, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/azerbaycan-cumhurbaskani-aliyev-2-karabag-savasinin-1-yilinda-aaya-konustu/2375849, (19.11.2021).
33. Peterson, K., & Dunn, Candace. (2021). “Iran’s crude oil production fell to an almost 40-year low in 2020”, U.S. Energy Information Administration, https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=49116, (25.11.2021).
34. Ramazani, R.K. (2004). “Ideology and Pragmatism in Iran's Foreign Policy”, Middle East Journal, Vol.58, No.4, pp.549-559.
35. Rasmussen, K.B. (2009). “The Foreign Policy of Iran: Ideology and pragmatism in the Islamic Republic”, Danish Institute for International Studies, https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/pbei/diis/0015954/f_0015954 _13833.pdf, (16.10.2021).
36. Rehimov, R. (2021). “Azerbaycan Sınır Hizmetlerinden İranlı yetkililere "sorumlu olun çağrısı”, Anadolu Ajansı, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/azerbaycan-sinir-hizmetlerinden-iranli-yetkililere-sorumlu-olun-cagrisi/2388703, (15.11.2021).
37. Sadri, H. (2003). “Elements of Azerbaijan Foreign Policy”, Journal of Third World Studies, Vol.20, No.1, pp.179-192.
38. Sarıkaya, Y. (2008). Tarihi ve Jeopolitik Boyutlarıyla İran’da Milliyetçilik, İstanbul: Ötüken.
39. Sarıkaya, Y. (2021). “İran’ın İkinci Karabağ Savaşı Tutumu: Takke Düştü Kel Göründü”, Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt.7, No.1, s.84-103.
40. Shaffer, B. (2000). “The formation of Azerbaijan Collective Identity in Iran”. Nationalities Papers, Vol.28, No.3, pp.449-477, https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/files/The%20formation %20of%20Azerbaijani%20collective%20identity%20in%20Iran.pdf , (30.10.2021).
41. Shaffer, B. (2002). “Is There a Muslim Foreign Policy? The Case of the Caspian”, Current History, Vol.101, No.568, pp.382-387.
42. Shaffer, B. (2003). “Iran's Role in the South Caucasus and Caspian Region: Diverging Views of the U.S. and Europe”, Iran and Its Neighbors: Diverging Views on a Strategic Region, pp.17-22, https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/files/publication/shaffer.pdf, (19.10.2021).
43. Sharashenidze, T. (2011). “The Role of Iran in the South Caucasus”, Caucasus Analytical Digest, No.30, pp.2-4, https://css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/pdfs/CAD-30-2-4.pdf, (19.11.2021).
44. Sinkaya, B. (2012). “İran’ın Kafkasya Politikası”, Aydın M. (Ed.), Kafkaslarda Değişim Dönüşüm (Avrasya Üçlemesi), Ankara: Nobel: 229-256.
45. Souleimanov, E. Ditrych, O. (2007). “Iran and Azerbaijan: A Contested Neighborhood”, Middle East Policy, Vol.14, No.2, pp.101-116.
46. Tait, R. (2011). “Iran, Azerbaijan, And Turkey: Zero Problems? Zero Chance”, Radio Free Liberty, https://www.rferl.org/a/iran_azerbaijan_turkey_war_of_words/24301086.html, (15.11.2021).
47. Tehran Times. (2020). “Amir Abdollahian says Tehran and Baku should not give enemies opportunity to undermine ties”, https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/466004/Amir-Abdollahian-says-Tehran-and-Baku-should-not-give-enemies, (19.11.2021).
48. Yeşilot, O. (2008). “Türkmençayı Antlaşması ve Sonuçları”, Ankara Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi, No.36, s.187-199.
49. Yousefi, A.M.H. (2010). “Iran’s Foreign Policy During Ahmadinejad: From Confrontation to Accommodation”, Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, Vol.9, No.2, pp.1-23.
50. Yunus, A. (2006). “Azerbaijan-Between America and Iran”, Russia in Global Affairs, Vol.4, No.3, pp.112-126, https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/25376/Full_Text.pdf , (23.11.2021).
51. Zadeh, K.S. (2008). “Iran’s Strategy in the South Caucasus”, Caucasian Review of International Relations, Vol.2, No.1, 35-41, https://d-nb.info/993905447/34, (19.10.2021).
52. Zarif. M.J. (2014). “What Iran Really Wants: Iranian Foreign Policy in the Rouhani Era”, Foreign Affairs, Vol.93, No.3, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/iran/2014-04-17/what-iran-really-wants, (15.11.2021).