Araştırma Makalesi
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Uluslararası Literatürde Göç ve Suç İlişkisi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 12 - 40, 31.05.2021

Öz

Dünya üzerinde artan göç hareketlerine paralel olarak suç oranlarının da artacağı şeklinde yaygın bir kanaat mevcuttur. Bu zannın, literatürde bazı çalışmalar tarafından desteklense de kısmen doğru olmanın ötesine geçemediği de bir gerçektir. Nitekim uluslararası literatürde göçün suçu artırmadığı şeklinde sonuçlara ulaşan geniş ölçekli bilimsel çalışmalar da mevcuttur. Suç isnadına maruz kalan göçle gelen nüfusun gerçekten suçlu olup olmadığı da suçun kültürel boyutu ve yaşam tarzları çerçevesinde değerlendirilebilir. Böyle bir değerlendirme, toplumsal uyum ve suçun göreceliliğini tartışmaya açacağı için, konuya ayrı bir boyut katmaktadır. Dünyada göçle gelen yabancı nüfus ile yaşadığı ilişkiler açısından hayli tecrübeli olan ABD ve Batı Avrupa ülkeleri, bu tecrübelerini göçle gelen nüfus ve yerli halk nezdinde yaptıkları karşılaştırmalı bilimsel çalışmalara da aktarmışlardır. Çıkan sonuçlar incelendiğinde, göçle birlikte suçun artacağına dair genel kabulün çok da geçerli olmadığı yönünde bir sonuç ortaya çıkmaktadır. Suçu oluşturan unsurların sadece göçe bağlanarak açıklanmaya çalışılması da sosyal bilimler açısından tek faktörle açıklama sorununu ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu çalışma, her toplumda göç ve suç arasında doğru orantılı bir ilişkinin var olduğu şeklindeki ön yargılı ve bilimsel dayanaktan yoksun fikirde kısmen
doğruluk payı olduğunu, fakat zannedildiği gibi her zaman göçün artmasıyla suçun da artmadığını, uluslararası literatür ve yabancı ülke örnekleri üzerinden göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Abbott, Edith. (1931). Crime and the Foreign Born (National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement, Report No. 10). Government Printing Office: Washington, DC.
  • Alonso-Borrego, Cesar, Nuno Garoupa & Pablo Vázquez. (2012). “Immigration and crime in Spain”, American Law and Economics Review, Vol. 14, No. 1 pp. 165-191.
  • Ana Britannica. (1994). Hürriyet Ofset Matbaacılık ve Gazetecilik A.Ş.: İstanbul.
  • Aoki, Yu & Todo, Yasuyuki. (2009). “Are immigrants more likely to commit crimes? Evidence from France”, Applied Economics Letters, Vol. 16, No. 15, pp.1537-1541.
  • Ay, Yusuf. (2013). “İç göçlerin emniyet ve asayişe etkisi”, Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, Vol. 2, No. 1, ss.35 – 56.
  • Bell, Brian. & Stephen Machin. (2013), “Immigration and Crime: Evidence for the UK and Other Countries.” Migration Observatory Briefing, COMPAS, University of Oxford: UK.
  • Bell, Brian., Francesco Fasani, & Stephen Machin. (2013). “Crime and İmmigration: Evidence from large immigrant waves “, Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 1278–1290.
  • Bianchi Milo, Paolo Buonanno & Paolo Pinotti. (2008). “Immigration and crime: an empirical analysis”, Temi di discussione (Economic working papers) 698, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
  • Bianchi, Milo, Paolo Buonanno & Paolo Pinotti. (2012). “Do Immigrants cause crime?”, Journal of the European Economic Association, 10(6), pp.1318-1347.
  • Butcher, F. Kristin & Anne Morrison Piehl. (1998). “Recent immigrants: Unexpected implications for crime and incarceration. Industrial and Labor Relations Review”, Vol. 51, No. 4, pp. 654-679. Cornell University: New York.
  • Butcher, F. Kristin & Anne Morrison Piehl. (2005). “Why are Immigrants’ Incarceration Rates So Low? Evidence on Selective Immigration, Deterrence, and Deportation”, Chicago: Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://Iccn.loc.gov/200661815. (0304.2021).
  • Cecchi, Sergio. (2011). The criminalization of immigration in Italy: extent of the phenomenon and possible interpretations. Italian Sociological Review, Vol. 1, No.1, pp.34-42, University of Verona: İtalya.
  • Cesar Alonso-Borrego, Nuno Garoupa & Pablo Vázquez. (2012). “Does immigration cause crime? Evidence from Spain”, American Law and Economics Review, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 165-191.
  • Chalfin, Aaron. (2013). “What is the Contribution of Mexican Immigration to U.S. Crime Rates? Evidence from Rainfall Shocks in Mexico”, American Law and Economics Review, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 220-268.
  • Chalfin, Aaron. (2015). “The Long-Run Effect of Mexican Immigration on Crime in US Cities: Evidence from Variation in Mexican Fertility Rates”, The American Economic Review, Vol. 105, No. 5, pp. 220-225.
  • Ewing Walter, Daniel E., Martinez & Ruben G. Rumbaut. (2015). The Criminalization of Immigration in the United States. American Immigration Council Special Report. https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/criminalization-immigration-united-states, (03.04.2021).
  • Hall, Jerome. (1947). General principles of criminal law. The Bobbs-Merrill Company. Institute for Economics and Peace, (2013). UK Peace Index Report, pp:5-11.
  • İçduygu, Ahmet, Turgay Ünalan. (1997). “Türkiye’de İç Göç Sorunsal Alanları ve Araştırma Yöntemleri”, Tarih Vakfı Yayınları: İstanbul
  • Ahmet İçduygu ve Diğerleri (Der.). (1998). Türkiye’de İç göç, Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı Yay.: İstanbul.
  • İçli, Tülin. (2004). Kriminoloji, Martı Kitap ve Yayınevi: Ankara.
  • IOM, (Uluslararası Göç Örgütü) Göç Terimleri Sözlüğü, ikinci baskı, Richard Perruchoud & Jillyanne Redpath - Cross (Ed.) https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml31_turkish_2ndedition.pdf.
  • Jenga, Ion. (2014). “An Open Door to Hate”. The Huffington Post UK. http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/dr-ion-jinga/ukip-romania-immigration_b_5204688.html. (12. 04. 2021).
  • Kubrin, Charis E. (2013). “Immigration and Crime.”, Cullen, Francis T. and Wilcox P. (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Criminological Theory. New York: Oxford University Press pp. 440-455.
  • Martinez, Ramiro Jr. & Matthew T. Lee (2000). “On Immigration and Crime” In criminal Justice 2000: “The Nature Of Crime: Continuity and Change, Vol 1, Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
  • Özcan, Yusuf Ziya (1998). “İç Göçün Tanımı ve Verileri ile İlgili Bazı Sorunlar”, Türkiye’de İç Göç Konferansı 6-8 Haziran 1997, (ss.78-91), Tarih Vakfı Yay.: İstanbul.
  • Piopiunik, Marc & Jens Ruhose. (2017). “Immigration, Regional Conditions, and Crime:Evidence from an Allocation Policy in Germany”, European Economic Review, Vol. 92, pp. 258-282
  • Reid, Titus S. (1982). Crime and Criminology, Holt Rinehart and Winston: New York.
  • Spenkuch, Jörg L. (2014). “Understanding The Impact of Immigration Of Crime”, American Law and Economics Review, Vol.16, No.1, pp. 177-219.
  • Tappan, Paul W. (1947). “Who Is the Criminal?” American Sociological Review, Vol. 12, No.1, pp. 96-102.
  • Tekeli, İlhan. (2006). “Yerleşme Yapıları ve Göç Araştırmaları”, Eraydın, A. (Der.), Değişen Mekân, Dost Kitabevi Yayınları: Ankara.
  • Vechten, Van C. C. (1941). “The Criminality of the Foreign Born,” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol.32, No. 52, pp.139-147.
  • Yıldırım, Aziz. (2004). Kentleşme ve Kentleşme Sürecinde Göçün Suç Üzerindeki Etkileri, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, SBE.

The Relation of Migration And Crime in International Literature

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 12 - 40, 31.05.2021

Öz

It is widely assumed that the crime rates will increase in parallel with the increasing migration movements around the world. However, this assumption cannot go beyond being partially correct even though it is supported by some studies in the literature. In fact, there are comprehensive studies in the international literature that reach the conclusion that immigration does not increase crime. Whether the immigrants who are accused of committing crime are really guilty or not, this could be evaluated by taking into account the cultural dimension of the crime and the differences in lifestyles. Such an assessment adds a different dimension to the issue, as it will open up social cohesion and the relativity of crime to discussion. The USA and Western European countries, which are highly experienced in terms of dealing with immigrants, have similar experience in terms of conducting comparative scientific studies on immigrant population and the local people. Such studies reveal that the judgement that crime will increase in line with immigration is not very valid. Also explaining criminal behavior only with immigration brings forward the problem of single factor explanation in social sciences. This study aims to show by examining international studies and foreign countries’ experiences that, although there is a partial relationship between immigration and crime rates, the assumption that this relationship is a direct relationship is a biased and unscientific one, and that crime does not always increase with the increase of immigration.

Kaynakça

  • Abbott, Edith. (1931). Crime and the Foreign Born (National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement, Report No. 10). Government Printing Office: Washington, DC.
  • Alonso-Borrego, Cesar, Nuno Garoupa & Pablo Vázquez. (2012). “Immigration and crime in Spain”, American Law and Economics Review, Vol. 14, No. 1 pp. 165-191.
  • Ana Britannica. (1994). Hürriyet Ofset Matbaacılık ve Gazetecilik A.Ş.: İstanbul.
  • Aoki, Yu & Todo, Yasuyuki. (2009). “Are immigrants more likely to commit crimes? Evidence from France”, Applied Economics Letters, Vol. 16, No. 15, pp.1537-1541.
  • Ay, Yusuf. (2013). “İç göçlerin emniyet ve asayişe etkisi”, Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, Vol. 2, No. 1, ss.35 – 56.
  • Bell, Brian. & Stephen Machin. (2013), “Immigration and Crime: Evidence for the UK and Other Countries.” Migration Observatory Briefing, COMPAS, University of Oxford: UK.
  • Bell, Brian., Francesco Fasani, & Stephen Machin. (2013). “Crime and İmmigration: Evidence from large immigrant waves “, Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 1278–1290.
  • Bianchi Milo, Paolo Buonanno & Paolo Pinotti. (2008). “Immigration and crime: an empirical analysis”, Temi di discussione (Economic working papers) 698, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
  • Bianchi, Milo, Paolo Buonanno & Paolo Pinotti. (2012). “Do Immigrants cause crime?”, Journal of the European Economic Association, 10(6), pp.1318-1347.
  • Butcher, F. Kristin & Anne Morrison Piehl. (1998). “Recent immigrants: Unexpected implications for crime and incarceration. Industrial and Labor Relations Review”, Vol. 51, No. 4, pp. 654-679. Cornell University: New York.
  • Butcher, F. Kristin & Anne Morrison Piehl. (2005). “Why are Immigrants’ Incarceration Rates So Low? Evidence on Selective Immigration, Deterrence, and Deportation”, Chicago: Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://Iccn.loc.gov/200661815. (0304.2021).
  • Cecchi, Sergio. (2011). The criminalization of immigration in Italy: extent of the phenomenon and possible interpretations. Italian Sociological Review, Vol. 1, No.1, pp.34-42, University of Verona: İtalya.
  • Cesar Alonso-Borrego, Nuno Garoupa & Pablo Vázquez. (2012). “Does immigration cause crime? Evidence from Spain”, American Law and Economics Review, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 165-191.
  • Chalfin, Aaron. (2013). “What is the Contribution of Mexican Immigration to U.S. Crime Rates? Evidence from Rainfall Shocks in Mexico”, American Law and Economics Review, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 220-268.
  • Chalfin, Aaron. (2015). “The Long-Run Effect of Mexican Immigration on Crime in US Cities: Evidence from Variation in Mexican Fertility Rates”, The American Economic Review, Vol. 105, No. 5, pp. 220-225.
  • Ewing Walter, Daniel E., Martinez & Ruben G. Rumbaut. (2015). The Criminalization of Immigration in the United States. American Immigration Council Special Report. https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/criminalization-immigration-united-states, (03.04.2021).
  • Hall, Jerome. (1947). General principles of criminal law. The Bobbs-Merrill Company. Institute for Economics and Peace, (2013). UK Peace Index Report, pp:5-11.
  • İçduygu, Ahmet, Turgay Ünalan. (1997). “Türkiye’de İç Göç Sorunsal Alanları ve Araştırma Yöntemleri”, Tarih Vakfı Yayınları: İstanbul
  • Ahmet İçduygu ve Diğerleri (Der.). (1998). Türkiye’de İç göç, Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı Yay.: İstanbul.
  • İçli, Tülin. (2004). Kriminoloji, Martı Kitap ve Yayınevi: Ankara.
  • IOM, (Uluslararası Göç Örgütü) Göç Terimleri Sözlüğü, ikinci baskı, Richard Perruchoud & Jillyanne Redpath - Cross (Ed.) https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml31_turkish_2ndedition.pdf.
  • Jenga, Ion. (2014). “An Open Door to Hate”. The Huffington Post UK. http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/dr-ion-jinga/ukip-romania-immigration_b_5204688.html. (12. 04. 2021).
  • Kubrin, Charis E. (2013). “Immigration and Crime.”, Cullen, Francis T. and Wilcox P. (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Criminological Theory. New York: Oxford University Press pp. 440-455.
  • Martinez, Ramiro Jr. & Matthew T. Lee (2000). “On Immigration and Crime” In criminal Justice 2000: “The Nature Of Crime: Continuity and Change, Vol 1, Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
  • Özcan, Yusuf Ziya (1998). “İç Göçün Tanımı ve Verileri ile İlgili Bazı Sorunlar”, Türkiye’de İç Göç Konferansı 6-8 Haziran 1997, (ss.78-91), Tarih Vakfı Yay.: İstanbul.
  • Piopiunik, Marc & Jens Ruhose. (2017). “Immigration, Regional Conditions, and Crime:Evidence from an Allocation Policy in Germany”, European Economic Review, Vol. 92, pp. 258-282
  • Reid, Titus S. (1982). Crime and Criminology, Holt Rinehart and Winston: New York.
  • Spenkuch, Jörg L. (2014). “Understanding The Impact of Immigration Of Crime”, American Law and Economics Review, Vol.16, No.1, pp. 177-219.
  • Tappan, Paul W. (1947). “Who Is the Criminal?” American Sociological Review, Vol. 12, No.1, pp. 96-102.
  • Tekeli, İlhan. (2006). “Yerleşme Yapıları ve Göç Araştırmaları”, Eraydın, A. (Der.), Değişen Mekân, Dost Kitabevi Yayınları: Ankara.
  • Vechten, Van C. C. (1941). “The Criminality of the Foreign Born,” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol.32, No. 52, pp.139-147.
  • Yıldırım, Aziz. (2004). Kentleşme ve Kentleşme Sürecinde Göçün Suç Üzerindeki Etkileri, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, SBE.
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Hasan Hüseyin Tekin 0000-0002-6300-4098

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mayıs 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Tekin, H. H. (2021). Uluslararası Literatürde Göç ve Suç İlişkisi. SDE Akademi, 1(2), 12-40.

SDE AKADEMİ WEB SAYFASI: https://sdeakademidergisi.org/