Potansiyel Bitkisel Yağ Kaynakları Olarak Turunçgil Tohumları: Yağ İçeriği ve Yağın Bazı Kalite Özellikleri

Öz

Tarımsal ve endüstriyel atık olan turunçgil tohumlarının yeni potansiyel bir yan olarak değerlendirilmesi bitkisel yağ açığı üzerindeki baskıyı hafifletmekte yeni bir yaklaşım sağlayabilir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye de yetiştiriciliği yaygın olarak yapılan yedi turunçgil (turunç, kamkat, limon, limkat, mandalina, greyfurt ve tatlı portakal) tohum yağının yağ içeriği, yağ asidi bileşimi ve lipid besin kalite indeks parametreleri belirlenerek, turunçgil tohum yağının kullanımına yönelik teorik bir temel oluşturulması amaçlanmıştır. Sonuçlar, turunçgil tohumlarının yüksek seviyede yağ içerdiğini ve %26.622 (limkat) ile %36.100 (turunç) arasında bir yağa sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. n-hekzan ile ekstrakte edilen tohum yağlarında toplam 13 yağ asidi bileşeni belirlendi ve başlıca yağ asitleri palmitik asit (%23.235-37.074), oleik asit (%19.895-30.207) ve linoleik asit (%29.359-38.006) bileşenleridir. Miristik asit kamkat da, pentadekanoik asit kamkat ve limkat da ve alfa-linolenik asit ise kamkat, limon ve limkat tohumlarında sentezlenmediği belirlenmiştir. Turunçgil tohum yağındaki doymuş yağ asitleri (SFA) %27.951 (kamkat) ile %41.976 (tatlı portakal) arasında ve doymamış yağ asitleri ise %58.023 (tatlı portakal) ile %72.050 (kamkat) arasında değişim göstermiştir. Turunçgil tohum yağların kalitesi ise lipid besin kalite indekslerinin (PUFA/SFA, aterojenite indeksi, trombojenite indeksi, peroksidasyon indeksi, doymamışlık indeksi ve hesaplanan oksitlenebilirlik) hesaplanması ile belirlenmiştir. Hesaplanan besin kalitesi endeksleri türler arasında önemli farklılıklar göstermiştir. Turunçgil tohumlarının yağ bileşimi arasındaki sınıflandırmayı ve korelasyonu araştırmak için hiyerarşik kümeleme analizi kullanıldı ve sonuçlar tohum yağı bileşiminin büyük ölçüde türlere bağlı olduğunu ve buna göre üç grupta sınıflandırılabileceğini göstermiştir. Mevcut çalışmanın sonuçları, turunçgil tohum yağlarının önemli yağ asidi kompozisyonu içermesi ve değerli lipid besin kalite indekslerine sahip olmasından dolayı sağlıklı yenilenebilir yağ için potansiyel bir kaynak olarak ve katma değerli ürünlerin üretimi için kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biyolojik atıklar
• Yağ asitleri
• Besin indeksleri
• Yağlı tohumlar
• Yağ kalitesi

Citrus Seeds as Potential Vegetable Oil Resources: Oil Content and Some Quality Characteristics of Oil

Öz

Evaluating citrus seeds, classified as agricultural and industrial waste, as a novel potential byproduct may offer a new strategy to mitigate the strain on vegetable oil supply. The present study aimed to identify potential use of citrus seed oil by analyzing the oil and fatty acid content, lipid nutrient quality of 7 citrus oil (bitter orange, kumquat, lemon, limequat, mandarin orange, pomelo and sweet orange) grown in Türkiye. The results indicate that citrus seeds include significant oil concentrations, with an oil content ranging from 26.622% (limequat) to 36.100% (bitter orange). A total of thirteen fatty acid components were identified from seed oils obtained by n-hexane extraction. The major fatty acids were palmitic acid (23.235-37.074%), oleic acid (19.895-30.207%), and linoleic acid (29.359-38.006%). It was determined that myristic acid was not synthesized in kumquat, pentadecanoic acid in kumquat and limequat, and alpha-linolenic acid in kumquat, lemon and limequat seeds. The saturated fatty acids (SFA) in citrus seed oil ranged from 27.951% (kumquat) to 41.976% (sweet orange), whereas the unsaturated fatty acids ranged from 58.023% (sweet orange) to 72.050% (kumquat). The quality of citrus seed oils was assessed by calculating nutrition quality indices for lipids, including PUFA/SFA ratio, atherogenicity index, thrombogenicity index, peroxidation index, unsaturation index, and calculated oxidability. Computed nutritional quality indexes revealed significant differences among species. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to examine the classification and correlation of the oil composition in citrus seeds, revealing that the results indicated that seed oil composition largely depended on the species and could be classified into three groups accordingly. The results of the study suggest that citrus seeds could be used as healthy renewable oils for the creation of value-added products, due to their notable fatty acid composition and lipid nutritional quality.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biowastes
• Fatty acids
• Nutritional indices
• Oilseeds
• Oil quality

Kaynakça

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