Çeşitli Azot Kaynaklarını İçeren Atıksularda Büyütülen Hindakia tetrachotoma'nın Biyodizel ve Biyoetanol Potansiyelinin Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 1 , 147 - 157 , 24.04.2026

Melih Onay

https://doi.org/10.19113/sdufenbed.1799535

https://izlik.org/JA26TD25HH

Öz

Mikroalgler biyoyakıt dahil birçok alanda kullanılabilirler. Bunun için mikroalglerin biyokütle veriminin arttırılması ve ürünün yüksek miktarlarda üretilmesi gerekir. Bu çalışmada, farklı azot kaynakları içeren atıksu içerisinde büyütülen Hindakia tetrachotoma mikroalginin biyokütle, biyodizel ve biyoetanol potansiyeli araştıldı. Buna ek olarak antioksidan enzim aktiviteleri olan superoksit dismutaz ve katalaz aktiviteleri incelendi. En yüksek biyokütle konsantrasyonu 1487 ± 21 mg/L ile NO₃⁻ içeren örneklerde elde edildi. Dahası, maksimum lipid yüzdesi 1 mM NO₃⁻ konsantrasyonunda %38 olarak bulundu. En yüksek karbonhidrat yüzdesi 6 mM NO₃⁻ konsantrasyonunda %28 olarak bulundu. En düşük karbonhidrat yüzdesi ise 1 mM NO₂⁻ konsantrasyonunda %15 olarak bulundu. En yüksek biyodizel yüzdesi %118.8 ile 1mM NO₃⁻ konsantrasyonunda ve en yüksek biyoetanol yüzdeside %112 ile 6 mM NO₃⁻ konsantrasyonunda elde edildi. Buna ek olarak, maksimum SOD aktivitesi 1 mM NH₄⁺'de 132 ± 5 U/mg protein olarak bulundu. En düşük SOD aktivitesi ise 6 mM üre konsantrasyonunda 39 ± 3 U/mg protein olarak bulundu. Maksimum CAT aktivitesinin 6 mM NH₄⁺ konsantrasyonunda 120 ± 7 U/mg protein olduğu ölçüldü. Sonuç olarak NO₃⁻ Hindakia tetrachotoma için en kullanışlı azot kaynağı olarak biyodizel ve biyoetanol üretimi içinde uygun olduğu görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hindakia tetrachotoma , Azot , Biyodizel , Biyoetanol , Atıksu

Evaluation of The Biodiesel and Bioethanol Potential of Hindakia tetrachotoma Grown in Wastewater Including Various Nitrogen Sources

https://izlik.org/JA26TD25HH

Öz

Microalgae can be used in many areas, including biofuel production. This process requires increasing the biomass yield of microalgae and producing high quantities of the product. This study investigated the biomass, biodiesel, and bioethanol potential of Hindakia tetrachotoma microalgae grown in wastewater containing various nitrogen sources. In addition, the antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were studied. Nitrate-containing samples yielded the highest biomass concentration (1487 ± 21 mg/L). The maximum lipid percentage was 38% at 1 mM NO₃⁻ concentration. In addition, the highest carbohydrate percentage was 28% at a concentration of 6 mM NO₃⁻. The lowest carbohydrate percentage was 15% at a concentration of 1 mM NO₂⁻. Furthermore, the highest biodiesel percentage was 118.8% at 1 mM NO₃⁻ concentration, whereas the highest bioethanol percentage was 112% at 6 mM NO₃⁻ concentration. Also, the maximum SOD activity was 132 ± 5 U/mg proteins at 1 mM NH₄⁺. The lowest SOD activity was 39 ± 3 U/mg proteins at 6 mM urea concentration. The maximum CAT activity was measured to be 120 ± 7 U/mg proteins at a concentration of 6 mM NH₄⁺. As a result, NO₃⁻ was the most effective nitrogen source for Hindakia tetrachotoma microalgae, making it appropriate for biodiesel and bioethanol production.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hindakia tetrachotoma , Nitrogen , Biodiesel , Bioethanol , Wastewater

Kaynakça

• [1] Proietti Tocca, G., Agostino, V., Menin, B., Tommasi, T., Fino, D., and Di Caprio, F. 2024. Mixotrophic and heterotrophic growth of microalgae using acetate from different production processes. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology. 23 (1), 93–132.
• [2] Chokshi, K., Pancha, I., Maurya, R., Paliwal, C., Ghosh, T., Ghosh, A., et al. 2016. Growth medium standardization and thermotolerance study of the freshwater microalga Acutodesmus dimorphus—a potential strain for biofuel production. Journal of Applied Phycology. 28 (5), 2687–2696. [3] Yu, H., Kim, J., Rhee, C., Shin, J., Shin, S.G., and Lee, C. 2022. Effects of Different pH Control Strategies on Microalgae Cultivation and Nutrient Removal from Anaerobic Digestion Effluent. Microorganisms. 10 (2), 357.
• [4] Seepratoomrosh, J., Pokethitiyook, P., Meetam, M., Yokthongwattana, K., Yuan, W., Pugkaew, W., et al. 2016. The Effect of Light Stress and Other Culture Conditions on Photoinhibition and Growth of Dunaliella tertiolecta. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 178 (2), 396–407.
• [5] Zhang, J., Liu, F., Wang, Q., Gong, Q., and Gao, X. 2023. Effect of Light Wavelength on Biomass, Growth, Photosynthesis and Pigment Content of Emiliania huxleyi (Isochrysidales, Cocco-Lithophyceae). Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 11 (2), 456.
• [6] Gu, N., Lin, Q., Li, G., Tan, Y., Huang, L., and Lin, J. 2012. Effect of salinity on growth, biochemical composition, and lipid productivity of N annochloropsis oculata CS 179. Engineering in Life Sciences. 12 (6), 631–637.
• [7] Sharma, A.K., Jaryal, S., Sharma, S., Dhyani, A., Tewari, B.S., and Mahato, N. 2025. Biofuels from Microalgae: A Review on Microalgae Cultivation, Biodiesel Production Techniques and Storage Stability. Processes. 13 (2), 488.
• [8] Wang, Q., Lan, L., Li, H., Gong, Q., and Gao, X. 2023. Effects of Nitrogen Source and Concentration on the Growth and Biochemical Composition of the Red Seaweed Grateloupia turuturu (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta). Sustainability. 15 (5), 4210.
• [9] Abdelfattah, A., Ali, S.S., Ramadan, H., El-Aswar, E.I., Eltawab, R., Ho, S.-H., et al. 2023. Microalgae-based wastewater treatment: Mechanisms, challenges, recent advances, and future prospects. Environmental Science and Ecotechnology. 13 100205.
• [10] Amaro, H.M., Salgado, E.M., Nunes, O.C., Pires, J.C.M., and Esteves, A.F. 2023. Microalgae systems - environmental agents for wastewater treatment and further potential biomass valorisation. Journal of Environmental Management. 337 117678.
• [11] Lage, S., Gojkovic, Z., Funk, C., and Gentili, F. 2018. Algal Biomass from Wastewater and Flue Gases as a Source of Bioenergy. Energies. 11 (3), 664.
• [12] Koletti, A., Skliros, D., Dervisi, I., Roussis, A., and Flemetakis, E. 2025. Oxidative Stress Responses in Microalgae: Modern Insights into an Old Topic. Applied Microbiology. 5 (2), 37.
• [13] Sarkar, P., Xavier, K.A.M., Shukla, S.P., and Rathi Bhuvaneswari, G. 2025. Nanoplastic exposure inhibits growth, photosynthetic pigment synthesis and oxidative enzymes in microalgae: A new threat to primary producers in aquatic environment. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances. 17 100613.
• [14] Zheng, M., Liu, Y., Zhang, G., Yang, Z., Xu, W., and Chen, Q. 2023. The Applications and Mechanisms of Superoxide Dismutase in Medicine, Food, and Cosmetics. Antioxidants. 12 (9), 1675.
• [15] Fal, S., Aasfar, A., Rabie, R., Smouni, A., and Arroussi, H.El. 2022. Salt induced oxidative stress alters physiological, biochemical and metabolomic responses of green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Heliyon. 8 (1), e08811.
• [16] Ugya, A.Y., Ari, H.A., and Hua, X. 2021. Microalgae biofilm formation and antioxidant responses to stress induce by Lemna minor L., Chlorella vulgaris, and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 221 112468.
• [17] Bora, A., Thondi Rajan, A.S., Ponnuchamy, K., Muthusamy, G., and Alagarsamy, A. 2024. Microalgae to bioenergy production: Recent advances, influencing parameters, utilization of wastewater – A critical review. Science of The Total Environment. 946 174230.
• [18] Sukačová, K., Búzová, D., Trávníček, P., Červený, J., Vítězová, M., and Vítěz, T. 2019. Optimization of microalgal growth and cultivation parameters for increasing bioenergy potential: Case study using the oleaginous microalga Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick (IPPAS C2). Algal Research. 40 101519.
• [19] González-Garcinuño, Á., Tabernero, A., Sánchez-Álvarez, J.M., Martin Del Valle, E.M., and Galán, M.A. 2014. Effect of nitrogen source on growth and lipid accumulation in Scenedesmus abundans and Chlorella ellipsoidea. Bioresource Technology. 173 334–341.
• [20] Zhan, J., Hong, Y., and Hu, H. 2016. Effects of Nitrogen Sources and C/N Ratios on the Lipid-Producing Potential of Chlorella sp. HQ. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 26 (7), 1290–1302.
• [21] Gupta, N., Khare, P., and Singh, D.P. 2019. Nitrogen-dependent metabolic regulation of lipid production in microalga Scenedesmus vacuolatus. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 174 706–713.
• [22] Liu, T., Chen, Z., Xiao, Y., Yuan, M., Zhou, C., Liu, G., et al. 2022. Biochemical and Morphological Changes Triggered by Nitrogen Stress in the Oleaginous Microalga Chlorella vulgaris. Microorganisms. 10 (3), 566.
• [23] Onay, M. and Ayas, Z.S. 2024. Coproduction of Biofuel and Pigments from Micractinium sp. Using UV-Induced Mutagenesis and Adding Abscisic Acid and Salicylic Acid for Biorefinery Concepts. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. 49 (6), 7929–7944.
• [24] Andersen, R.A. (2005) Algal culturing techniques. Elsevier Academic Press, Burlington, MA.
• [25] Onay, M. 2020. Biomass and Bio-butanol Production from Borodinellopsis texensis CCALA 892 in Synthetic Wastewater: Determination of Biochemical Composition. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi. 24 (2), 306–316.
• [26] Folch, J., Lees, M., and Stanley, G.H.S. 1957. A SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION OF TOTAL LIPIDES FROM ANIMAL TISSUES. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 226 (1), 497–509.
• [27] Onay, M. 2025. Investigation of The Bioethanol and Antioxidant Potential of Borodinellopsis texensis Grown in Wastewater under Various Copper Concentrations. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi. 29 (1), 114–123.
• [28] Sanchez Rizza, L., Sanz Smachetti, M.E., Do Nascimento, M., Salerno, G.L., and Curatti, L. 2017. Bioprospecting for native microalgae as an alternative source of sugars for the production of bioethanol. Algal Research. 22 140–147.
• [29] Soares, J., Kriiger Loterio, R., Rosa, R.M., Santos, M.O., Nascimento, A.G., Santos, N.T., et al. 2018. Scenedesmus sp. cultivation using commercial-grade ammonium sources. Annals of Microbiology. 68 (1), 35–45.
• [30] Yuniarti, A., Fakhri, M., Arifin, N.B., and Hariati, A.M. 2023. Effects of Various Nitrogen Sources on the Growth and Biochemical Composition of Chlorella sp. Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan Dan Kelautan. 15 (2), 448–457.
• [31] Covell, L., Machado, M., Vaz, M.G.M.V., Soares, J., Batista, A.D., Araújo, W.L., et al. 2020. Alternative fertilizer-based growth media support high lipid contents without growth impairment in Scenedesmus obliquus BR003. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering. 43 (6), 1123–1131.
• [32] Cho, J.M., Oh, Y.-K., Park, W.-K., and Chang, Y.K. 2020. Effects of Nitrogen Supplementation Status on CO2 Biofixation and Biofuel Production of the Promising Microalga Chlorella sp. ABC-001. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 30 (8), 1235–1243.
• [33] Kobbia, I., Khalil, Z., Asker, M., and Abd-Elsayed, S. 2010. EFFECT OF NITROGEN ON THE BIOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND ANTIOXIDANT PRODUCTION BY TWO GREEN UNICELLULAR ALGAE. Egyptian Journal of Phycology. 11 (1), 151–170.
• [34] Sigaud‐Kutner, T.C.S., Pinto, E., Okamoto, O.K., Latorre, L.R., and Colepicolo, P. 2002. Changes in superoxide dismutase activity and photosynthetic pigment content during growth of marine phytoplankters in batch‐cultures. Physiologia Plantarum. 114 (4), 566–571.
• [35] Zhu, L., Li, S., Hu, T., Nugroho, Y.K., Yin, Z., Hu, D., et al. 2019. Effects of nitrogen source heterogeneity on nutrient removal and biodiesel production of mono- and mix-cultured microalgae. Energy Conversion and Management. 201 112144.