MA₂CuCl₄ Perovskit Malzemenin Sentezlenmesi, Yapısal ve Optik Karakterizasyonu
Yıl 2026,
Cilt: 30 Sayı: 1
,
206
-
213
,
24.04.2026
Gökhan Bayraktar
,
Durmuş Ali Aldemir
,
Havva Elif Lapa
,
Esra Şen
Öz
Bu çalışmada, kurşun içermeyen ve çevre dostu bir perovskit malzeme olan MA₂CuCl₄’ün sentezi gerçekleştirilmiş ve optoelektronik özellikleri incelenmiştir. MACl ve susuz CuCl₂’nin etanol içinde çözdürülmesi ile sarı renkte MA₂CuCl₄ kristalleri elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen malzemenin X-ışını kırınımı (XRD) ölçümleriyle yapısal özellikleri ortaya konmuştur. Scherrer denklemi yardımıyla kristal boyutu 65 nm olarak hesaplanmıştır. Toz numunenin EDS analizi sonucunda Cl/Cu oranı 3.6 bulunmuştur. Toz numenin ve FTO/TiO2 üzerine biriktirilmiş ince filmin Tauc eğrilerinden optik bant aralığı değerleri sırasıyla 2.38 eV ve 2.67 eV olarak belirlenmiştir.
Etik Beyan
Bu çalışmada, “Yükseköğretim Kurumları Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Yönergesi” kapsamında uyulması gerekli tüm kurallara uyulduğunu, bahsi geçen yönergenin “Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiğine Aykırı Eylemler” başlığı altında belirtilen eylemlerden hiçbirinin gerçekleştirilmediğini taahhüt ederiz.
Destekleyen Kurum
Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi
Proje Numarası
FDK-2025-9664
Teşekkür
Bu çalışma, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi (BAP) tarafından desteklenmiştir [FDK-2025-9664]. Ayrıca, deneysel çalışmaların yürütülmesine olanak sağlayan SDÜ Yenilenebilir Enerji Teknolojileri Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi (YETEM) personeline ve altyapısına teşekkür ederiz.
Kaynakça
-
[1] NREL. 2025. Best research-cell efficiency chart. NREL Website (accessed July 04, 2025).
-
[2] Bishop, J. E., Read, C. D., Smith, J. A., Routledge, T. J., Lidzey, D. G. 2020. Fully spray-coated triple-cation perovskite solar cells. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1–8.
-
[3] Namkoong, G., Mamun, A. A., Ava, T. T., Zhang, K., Baumgart, H. 2017. Impact of perovskite precursor solution temperature on charge carrier dynamics and photovoltaic performance of perovskite based solar cells. Organic Electronics, 42, 228–233.
-
[4] Pitaro, M., Tekelenburg, E. K., Shao, S., Loi, M. A. 2022. Tin halide perovskites: from fundamental properties to solar cells. Advanced Materials, 34(1), 2105844.
-
[5] Kaleli, M., Şen, E., Lapa, H. E., Aldemir, D. A. 2022. The production route of the MASnBr3 based perovskite solar cells with fully ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 645, 414293.
-
[6] Lanzetta, L., Webb, T., Zibouche, N., Liang, X., Ding, D., Min, G., Westbrook, R. J. E., Gaggio, B., Macdonald, T. J., Islam, M. S., Haque, S. A. 2021. Degradation mechanism of hybrid tin-based perovskite solar cells and the critical role of tin (IV) iodide. Nature Communications, 12, 1–11.
-
[7] Debnath, T., Kim, E., Lee, K., Nath, N. C. D. 2020. Halide perovskite solar cells with biocompatibility. Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research, 1, 2000028.
-
[8] Cortecchia, D., Dewi, H. A., Yin, J., Bruno, A., Chen, S., Baikie, T., Boix, P. P., Grätzel, M., Mhaisalkar, S., Soci, C., Mathews, N. 2016. Lead-free MA2CuClxBr4–x hybrid perovskites. Inorganic Chemistry, 55, 1044–1052.
-
[9] Shi, Z., Guo, J., Chen, Y., Li, Q., Pan, Y., Zhang, H., Xia, Y., Huang, W. 2017. Lead-free organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites for photovoltaic applications: recent advances and perspectives. Advanced Materials, 29.
-
[10] Miyasaka, T., Kulkarni, A., Kim, G. M., Öz, S., Jena, A. K. 2020. Perovskite solar cells: can we go organic-free, lead-free, and dopant-free? Advanced Energy Materials, 10.
-
[11] Baltakesmez, A., Alptekin, S. 2025. Thermochromic 2D (n-BA)2NiIxCl4−x perovskite interlayer-integrated self-powered and reverse-biased Si-photodiode. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 396, 117175.
-
[12] Elseman, A. M., Shalan, A. E., Sajid, S., Rashad, M. M., Hassan, A. M., Li, M. 2018. Copper-substituted lead perovskite materials constructed with different halides for working (CH3NH3)2CuX4-based perovskite solar cells from experimental and theoretical view. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 10, 11699–11707.
-
[13] Gassara, M., Hemasiri, N. H., Kazim, S., Costantino, F., Naïli, H., Ahmad, S. 2023. Uncovering the role of electronic doping in lead-free perovskite (CH3NH3)2CuCl4−xBrx and solar cells fabrication. ChemSusChem, 16, e202202313.
-
[14] Huang, S., Tang, G., Huang, H., Wu, X. G., Zhou, P., Zou, L., Xie, L., Deng, J., Wang, X., Zhong, H., Hong, J. 2018. Enhanced piezo-response in copper halide perovskites based PVDF composite films. Science Bulletin, 63, 1254–1259.
-
[15] Li, J., Liu, X., Cui, P., Li, J., Ye, T., Wang, X., Zhang, C., Zhao, Y. S. 2019. Lead-free thermochromic perovskites with tunable transition temperatures for smart window applications. Science China Chemistry, 62, 1257–1262.
-
[16] Ma, Y., Zhai, K., Yan, L., Chai, Y., Shang, D., Sun, Y. 2018. Magnetocaloric effect in the layered organic–inorganic hybrid (CH3NH3)2CuCl4. Chinese Physics B, 27, 027501.
-
[17] Arend, H., Schoenes, J., Wachter, P. 1975. Magneto-optical investigations of the two-dimensional ferromagnet (CH3NH3)2CuCl4. Physica Status Solidi, 69, 105–112.
-
[18] Soracá-Pérez, G. Y., Gómez-Reyes, D. K., Gómez-Cuaspud, J. A., Vera-López, E., Pineda-Triana, Y. 2019. Synthesis and characterization of a hybrid perovskite to be applied as an absorbent layer in solar cell. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1386, 012068.
-
[19] Fujishima, A., Rao, T. N., Tryk, D. A. 2000. Titanium dioxide photocatalysis. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews, 1, 1–21.,
-
[20] Kentsch, R., Scholz, M., Oum, K., Lenzer, T. 2023. Ultrafast carrier dynamics of the copper(II)-based perovskite-inspired materials A2CuCl4−xBrx. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 127, 22222–22233.
-
[21] Altomare, A., Cuocci, C., Giacovazzo, C., Moliterni, A., Rizzi, R., Corriero, N., Falcicchio, A. 2013. EXPO2013: a kit of tools for phasing crystal structures from powder data. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 46, 1231–1235.
-
[22] Scherrer, P. 1918. Scherrer equation. Göttinger Nachrichten Math. Phys., 2, 98–100.
-
[23] Ranjith, R., Das, D., Gouda, G. M., Munirathnam, K., Ghfar, A. A., Shim, J., Nagajyothi, P. C., Naresh Kumar, S. 2024. Enhancing hole-transport efficiency in (CH3NH3)2CuClxBr4−x perovskite solar cells through functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Optical Materials, 157, 116379.
-
[24] Mydhili, B., Albert, A., Sreekala, C. O. 2023. Mixed organic halide perovskite energy harvester for solar cells. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2426, 012044.
-
[25] Madhusudan Reddy, K., Manorama, S. V., Ramachandra Reddy, A. 2003. Bandgap studies on anatase titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 78, 239–245.
-
[26] Barnasas, A., Garoufalis, C. S., Anyfantis, D. I., Poulopoulos, P., Baskoutas, S. 2022. On the quantum confinement effects in ultrathin PdO films by experiment and theory. Materials, 15, 8700.
-
[27] Ahmed, M. T., Islam, S., Ahmed, F. 2022. Synthesis of (CH3NH3)2CuCl4 nanoparticles by antisolvent engineering. Journal of Crystal Growth, 587, 126637.
-
[28] Elsayed, M. R. A., Elseman, A. M., Abdelmageed, A. A., Hashem, H. M., Hassen, A. 2023. Synthesis and numerical simulation of formamidinium-based perovskite solar cells: a predictable device performance at NIS-Egypt. Scientific Reports, 13, 10115.
-
[29] Huang, Y. Q., Su, J., Li, Q. F., Wang, D., Xu, L. H., Bai, Y. 2019. Structure, optical and electrical properties of CH3NH3SnI3 single crystal. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 563, 107–112.
-
[30] Gazulla, M. F., Rodrigo, M., Blasco, E., Orduña, M. 2013. Nitrogen determination by SEM-EDS and elemental analysis. X-Ray Spectrometry, 42, 394–401.
Synthesis, Structural and Optical Characterization of MA₂CuCl₄ Perovskite Material
Yıl 2026,
Cilt: 30 Sayı: 1
,
206
-
213
,
24.04.2026
Gökhan Bayraktar
,
Durmuş Ali Aldemir
,
Havva Elif Lapa
,
Esra Şen
Öz
In this study, the synthesis of MA₂CuCl₄, a lead-free and environmentally friendly perovskite material, was carried out and its optoelectronic properties were examined. Yellow MA₂CuCl₄ crystals were obtained by dissolving MACl and anhydrous CuCl₂ in ethanol. The structural properties of the synthesized material were revealed through X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, and the crystallite size was calculated as 65 nm using the Scherrer equation. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis of the powder sample yielded a Cl/Cu ratio of 3.6. The optical bandgap values determined from the Tauc plots of the powder sample and the thin film deposited on FTO/TiO₂ were 2.38 eV and 2.67 eV, respectively.
Etik Beyan
In this study, we undertake that all the rules required to be followed within the scope of the "Higher Education Institutions Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Directive" are complied with, and that none of the actions stated under the heading "Actions Against Scientific Research and Publication Ethics" are not carried out.
Destekleyen Kurum
Suleyman Demirel University
Proje Numarası
FDK-2025-9664
Teşekkür
This work was supported by the Süleyman Demirel University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (BAP) [FDK-2025-9664]. We also extend our thanks to the staff and infrastructure of the SDU Renewable Energy Technologies Application and Research Center (YETEM) for enabling the execution of the experimental studies.
Kaynakça
-
[1] NREL. 2025. Best research-cell efficiency chart. NREL Website (accessed July 04, 2025).
-
[2] Bishop, J. E., Read, C. D., Smith, J. A., Routledge, T. J., Lidzey, D. G. 2020. Fully spray-coated triple-cation perovskite solar cells. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1–8.
-
[3] Namkoong, G., Mamun, A. A., Ava, T. T., Zhang, K., Baumgart, H. 2017. Impact of perovskite precursor solution temperature on charge carrier dynamics and photovoltaic performance of perovskite based solar cells. Organic Electronics, 42, 228–233.
-
[4] Pitaro, M., Tekelenburg, E. K., Shao, S., Loi, M. A. 2022. Tin halide perovskites: from fundamental properties to solar cells. Advanced Materials, 34(1), 2105844.
-
[5] Kaleli, M., Şen, E., Lapa, H. E., Aldemir, D. A. 2022. The production route of the MASnBr3 based perovskite solar cells with fully ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 645, 414293.
-
[6] Lanzetta, L., Webb, T., Zibouche, N., Liang, X., Ding, D., Min, G., Westbrook, R. J. E., Gaggio, B., Macdonald, T. J., Islam, M. S., Haque, S. A. 2021. Degradation mechanism of hybrid tin-based perovskite solar cells and the critical role of tin (IV) iodide. Nature Communications, 12, 1–11.
-
[7] Debnath, T., Kim, E., Lee, K., Nath, N. C. D. 2020. Halide perovskite solar cells with biocompatibility. Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research, 1, 2000028.
-
[8] Cortecchia, D., Dewi, H. A., Yin, J., Bruno, A., Chen, S., Baikie, T., Boix, P. P., Grätzel, M., Mhaisalkar, S., Soci, C., Mathews, N. 2016. Lead-free MA2CuClxBr4–x hybrid perovskites. Inorganic Chemistry, 55, 1044–1052.
-
[9] Shi, Z., Guo, J., Chen, Y., Li, Q., Pan, Y., Zhang, H., Xia, Y., Huang, W. 2017. Lead-free organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites for photovoltaic applications: recent advances and perspectives. Advanced Materials, 29.
-
[10] Miyasaka, T., Kulkarni, A., Kim, G. M., Öz, S., Jena, A. K. 2020. Perovskite solar cells: can we go organic-free, lead-free, and dopant-free? Advanced Energy Materials, 10.
-
[11] Baltakesmez, A., Alptekin, S. 2025. Thermochromic 2D (n-BA)2NiIxCl4−x perovskite interlayer-integrated self-powered and reverse-biased Si-photodiode. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 396, 117175.
-
[12] Elseman, A. M., Shalan, A. E., Sajid, S., Rashad, M. M., Hassan, A. M., Li, M. 2018. Copper-substituted lead perovskite materials constructed with different halides for working (CH3NH3)2CuX4-based perovskite solar cells from experimental and theoretical view. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 10, 11699–11707.
-
[13] Gassara, M., Hemasiri, N. H., Kazim, S., Costantino, F., Naïli, H., Ahmad, S. 2023. Uncovering the role of electronic doping in lead-free perovskite (CH3NH3)2CuCl4−xBrx and solar cells fabrication. ChemSusChem, 16, e202202313.
-
[14] Huang, S., Tang, G., Huang, H., Wu, X. G., Zhou, P., Zou, L., Xie, L., Deng, J., Wang, X., Zhong, H., Hong, J. 2018. Enhanced piezo-response in copper halide perovskites based PVDF composite films. Science Bulletin, 63, 1254–1259.
-
[15] Li, J., Liu, X., Cui, P., Li, J., Ye, T., Wang, X., Zhang, C., Zhao, Y. S. 2019. Lead-free thermochromic perovskites with tunable transition temperatures for smart window applications. Science China Chemistry, 62, 1257–1262.
-
[16] Ma, Y., Zhai, K., Yan, L., Chai, Y., Shang, D., Sun, Y. 2018. Magnetocaloric effect in the layered organic–inorganic hybrid (CH3NH3)2CuCl4. Chinese Physics B, 27, 027501.
-
[17] Arend, H., Schoenes, J., Wachter, P. 1975. Magneto-optical investigations of the two-dimensional ferromagnet (CH3NH3)2CuCl4. Physica Status Solidi, 69, 105–112.
-
[18] Soracá-Pérez, G. Y., Gómez-Reyes, D. K., Gómez-Cuaspud, J. A., Vera-López, E., Pineda-Triana, Y. 2019. Synthesis and characterization of a hybrid perovskite to be applied as an absorbent layer in solar cell. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1386, 012068.
-
[19] Fujishima, A., Rao, T. N., Tryk, D. A. 2000. Titanium dioxide photocatalysis. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews, 1, 1–21.,
-
[20] Kentsch, R., Scholz, M., Oum, K., Lenzer, T. 2023. Ultrafast carrier dynamics of the copper(II)-based perovskite-inspired materials A2CuCl4−xBrx. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 127, 22222–22233.
-
[21] Altomare, A., Cuocci, C., Giacovazzo, C., Moliterni, A., Rizzi, R., Corriero, N., Falcicchio, A. 2013. EXPO2013: a kit of tools for phasing crystal structures from powder data. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 46, 1231–1235.
-
[22] Scherrer, P. 1918. Scherrer equation. Göttinger Nachrichten Math. Phys., 2, 98–100.
-
[23] Ranjith, R., Das, D., Gouda, G. M., Munirathnam, K., Ghfar, A. A., Shim, J., Nagajyothi, P. C., Naresh Kumar, S. 2024. Enhancing hole-transport efficiency in (CH3NH3)2CuClxBr4−x perovskite solar cells through functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Optical Materials, 157, 116379.
-
[24] Mydhili, B., Albert, A., Sreekala, C. O. 2023. Mixed organic halide perovskite energy harvester for solar cells. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2426, 012044.
-
[25] Madhusudan Reddy, K., Manorama, S. V., Ramachandra Reddy, A. 2003. Bandgap studies on anatase titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 78, 239–245.
-
[26] Barnasas, A., Garoufalis, C. S., Anyfantis, D. I., Poulopoulos, P., Baskoutas, S. 2022. On the quantum confinement effects in ultrathin PdO films by experiment and theory. Materials, 15, 8700.
-
[27] Ahmed, M. T., Islam, S., Ahmed, F. 2022. Synthesis of (CH3NH3)2CuCl4 nanoparticles by antisolvent engineering. Journal of Crystal Growth, 587, 126637.
-
[28] Elsayed, M. R. A., Elseman, A. M., Abdelmageed, A. A., Hashem, H. M., Hassen, A. 2023. Synthesis and numerical simulation of formamidinium-based perovskite solar cells: a predictable device performance at NIS-Egypt. Scientific Reports, 13, 10115.
-
[29] Huang, Y. Q., Su, J., Li, Q. F., Wang, D., Xu, L. H., Bai, Y. 2019. Structure, optical and electrical properties of CH3NH3SnI3 single crystal. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 563, 107–112.
-
[30] Gazulla, M. F., Rodrigo, M., Blasco, E., Orduña, M. 2013. Nitrogen determination by SEM-EDS and elemental analysis. X-Ray Spectrometry, 42, 394–401.