Bağımsız Çalışanların Toplu Pazarlık Hakkı: “Kişisel Çalışma İlişkisi” Teorisi Çerçevesinde Bir Değerlendirme

Öz

İş hukukunun geleneksel kurucu anlatısı işçi-işveren ikiliği üzerine kuruludur. Günümüzdeyse çalışma ilişkilerinin geleneksel istihdam modellerinin dışına çıkmasıyla kişi bakımından kapsamının işçi dışındaki korunmaya muhtaç çalışanların olup olmadığı yönünde sorgulanmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışma konumuzun esasını teşkil eden tek başına bağımsız çalışanlar olarak adlandırılan “yeni” bağımsız çalışanların klasik bağımsız çalışanlardan farkı tartışılmalıdır. Güvencesiz çalışma ilişkilerinin iş hukukunun koruyucu şemsiyesi altına alınması gerektiği iddiasından hareketle iş hukukunun kapsamı korunması gereken kesimler açısından yeniden değerlendirilmelidir. Özellikle dijital platform çalışanları, tarımda bağımsız çalışanlar, ev hizmetlerinde çalışanlar, sanatçılar ve kayıt dışı istihdamda yer alan tek başına bağımsız çalışanlar göz önünde tutulmalıdır. Çalışmamızda söz konusu iddiadan hareketle, işçi ile işveren arasındaki yapısal pazarlık gücü eşitsizliğini dengelemek amacıyla doğan iş hukukunda sendika ve toplu pazarlık hakkı işçilerin korunmasının temel araçları olduğu dikkate alınarak bağımsız çalışanların toplu pazarlık hakkından yararlanıp yararlanamayacağı incelenmektedir. İncelememizi iş hukukunun normatif temeli ışığında gerçekleştirmekte ve bağımlı–bağımsız çalışan ayrımının bulanıklaştığı mevcut durumda “kişisel çalışma ilişkisi” teorisini yeni bir sınır olarak ele almaktayız. Çalışmamızda karşılaştırmalı hukuk yönteminden yararlanılarak uluslararası düzenlemeler ve rekabet hukuku tartışmaları analiz edilmekte; bu çerçevede güvencesiz çalışma ilişkisi içinde bulunan ve korunma ihtiyacı duyan bağımsız çalışanlara Türk hukukunda toplu pazarlık hakkının tanınması gerektiği sonucuna varılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bağımsız Çalışanlar
• Tek Başına Bağımsız Çalışanlar
• Toplu Pazarlık Hakkı
• Kişisel Çalışma İlişkisi Teorisi

The Right to Collective Bargaining for the Self-Employed: An Evaluation Within the Framework of the ‘Personal Work Relations’ Theory

Öz

The traditional foundational narrative of labor law is constructed upon the binary relationship between employer and employee; however, as employment relationships increasingly extend beyond conventional employment models, the personal scope of labor law has come under scrutiny, particularly with regard to whether it should also encompass vulnerable workers who fall outside the formal category of “employee.” In this context, it is essential to examine the so-called “new” self-employed workers-those who operate independently and without employees-whose characteristics diverge from those of classical self-employed workers. Building on the premise that precarious employment relationships should be brought within the protective ambit of labor law, the personal scope of the field must be reconsidered with respect to groups in need of protection, with particular attention given to digital platform workers, self-employed agricultural workers, domestic workers, artists, and solo self-employed individuals engaged in informal employment. Grounded in this premise, this study examines whether self-employed workers can benefit from the right to collective bargaining, considering that trade union rights and collective bargaining -developed to redress the structural imbalance of bargaining power between workers and employers- constitute the core instruments of worker protection in labor law. The analysis is conducted in light of the normative foundations of labor law, approaching the theory of “personal work relations” as a conceptual boundary in an evolving landscape where the distinction between dependent and self-employment has become increasingly blurred. Adopting a comparative law methodology, the study analyzes international regulations alongside debates in competition law and concludes that self-employed workers engaged in precarious employment relationships and in need of protection should be granted the right to collective bargaining under Turkish law.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Self-Employed Workers
• Solo Self-Employed Workers
• Right to Collective Bargaining
• Personal Work Relations Theory

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