IMPERFECT VERBS IN VARIOUS ARABIC DIALECTS IN COMPARISON OF STANDARD ARABIC: 1. HABITUAL TENSE

Öz

As the first part of the series of articles to survey and describe the imperfect verb that is used in Spoken Arabic Dialects to produce tenses are present simple, present continuous and future tenses. This paper is the first study of the chain which focuses on the present simple (habitual events). Furthermore, this study compares the habitual tense used in Standard Arabic with habitual tense used in various Arabic dialects that were previously studied by linguists. In other words, this research tries to describe the rules that determine using imperfect verbs to produce habitual actions in Arabic dialects and Standard Arabic to show similarities and differences between them. In Arabic dialects, to produce habitual tense, prefixes and aspectual marker system are used and each dialect has its own prefixes and tense structure. There are numerous studies that studied the prefixes in many Arabic dialects, but no study is devoted yet to compare between these prefixes. The prefixes of habitual tense are chosen to be studied because of their essential role to determine the tense. In other words, they are the indicators for the listener to recognize the present simple tense. Therefore, this study is devoted to cover this field particularly because the teaching of Arabic dialects to non-native speakers of Arabic is spreading nowadays

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Arabic Dialects, Morphology, Prefixes, Habitual Tense, Socio Linguistic

Farklı Arap Lehçelerinde Muzari Fiil: Fasih Arapça İle Karşılaştırmalı Bir Çalışma: 1. Geniş Zaman

Öz

Günümüz konuşulan Arapça lehçelerdeki (diyalektler) muzari fiilin zaman olarak değerini belirlemek için yapacağımız çalışmalar, geniş zaman, şimdiki zaman ve gelecek zaman konularını ele alacaktır. Bu makale, zincirin ilk halkası olarak, geniş zamanı (alışkanlık kullanımı) incelemektedir. Çalışmada geniş zaman fasih Arapçadaki haliyle karşılaştırmalı olarak konuşulan diğer Arapça lehçeler açısından daha önce dilbilimcilerin teker teker yapılan çalışmalarını bir bütün halinde ele alıp inceleyecektir. Bir başka ifadeyle bu çalışma muzari fiillerin kullanımlarını belirleyen kuralları tespit etmeye çalışarak, Arapça lehçelerdeki günlük eylemler için üretilen muzari fiilleri fasih Arapça ile kıyaslayacak, aralarında tespit edilen benzerlik ve farklılıklara işaret edecektir. Arapça lehçelerde günlük alışkanlıkları ifade etmek için kullanılan geniş zamanı üretmek için ön ekler (prefixes) ve Muzâraat harfleri (aspectual marker) sistemi kullanılır ve her bir lehçe kendi ön ekleri ve zaman yapısına sahiptir. Bu konu hakkında farklı Arapça diyalektlerde pek çok ön ek çalışmaları yapılmışsa da, henüz bu farklı ön ekleri karşılaştıran bir çalışma yapılmamıştır. Geniş zamanın ön ekleri zamanı belirlemedeki hayati rolünden dolayı ele alınmaktadır. Bir başka ifadeyle ön ekler, dinleyicinin geniş zamanı fark edebilmesi için kullanılan işaretlerdir. Ayrıca anadili Arapça olmayanlara Arapça lehçelerin öğretiminin oldukça hızlı bir şekilde artmasından dolayı ortaya çıkan ihtiyaca cevap vermek adına bu konu ele alınıp incelenmeye çalışılmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Arap Dili Lehçeleri,Biçimbilim,Önek,Geniş Zaman,Toplumdilbilim

Kaynakça

1. ‘Abd al-‘Āl, Abd al-Mun‘im Sayyid, Lahjat Shamāl al-Maghrib: Tat wān wa-Mā H{awlahā, Cairo: Dār al-Kātib al-‘Arabī, 1968
2. Abdel-Malek, Z. N, the Closed List Classes of Colloquial Egyptian Arabic. The Hague, Mouton, 1973
3. Aboul-Fetouh, H. M, 1969, A Morphological Study of Egyptian Colloquial Arabic, The Hague, Mouton, 1969
4. Alsahafi , Morad, “Diglossia: an Overview of the Arabic Situation”, International Journal of English Language and Linguistics Research, vol. 4, no. 4, p. 1-11
5. Behnstedt, Peter, “Sprachatlas von Syrien”, Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, I-V, 2006, Brill, Leiden, 2006, vol. I, pp. 605
6. Brustad, K., 2000, the Syntax of Spoken Arabic: A Comparative Study of Moroccan, Egyptian, Syrian, and Kuwaiti Dialects, Washington, DC, Georgetown University Press, 2000
7. Buckley, R., Modern Literary Arabic: a Reference Grammar, Beirut: Librairie du Liban Publishers, 2004
8. Chejne, A. G., the Arabic Language: its Role in History, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1969

9. Cowell, M. W., A Reference Grammar of Syrian Arabic With Audio CD: Based on the Dialect of Damascus, Washington, DC, Georgetown University Press, 2005
10. Crow, F. E., Arabic Manual: a Colloquial Handbook in the Syrian Dialect for the Use of Visitors to Syria and Palestine, London, Luzac, 1901
11. Crystal, David, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010
12. D. Green, Jennifer, “Language Detectives: Teaching and Learning About Suffixes”, The Reading Teacher, vol. 68, issue 7, 2015, pp. 539-547
13. De Jong, Rudolf E, A Grammar of the Bedouin Dialects of Central and Southern Sinai, Leiden, 1999
14. Elshorbagy, Nedal, the Prefixes in Urban Arabic Dialect in Gaza: Morphological Study, Saarbrücken, Germany, LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2011
15. Fanny Reader, et. al., “Second-language learners’ advantage in metalinguistic awareness: A question of languages’ characteristics”, 2013, vol. 83, pp. 686-702
16. Farris, A., “Diglossia in Arabic Speech Communities: The Classical Language Compared With the Syrian Vernacular”. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED117975 ) Retrieved September 20, 2009, from ERIC database, 1975
17. Ferguson, Charles A., “Diglossia”, Word, 15, 2, p. 325-340Hammād, A. A., al-KhaSā’is al-Sawtīyah fī Lahjat al-Imārāt al‘Arabīyah: Dirāsah Lughawīyah maydānīyah, Alexandria: Dār al-Ma„rifah alJāmi‘īyah, 1986
18. Hassanein, A. T., & Kamel, M, Let's Chat in Arabic: a Practical Introduction to the Spoken Arabic of Cairo [Yalla-ndardish bi-larabi]. S.l.: s.n., 1998
19. Holes C., Gulf Arabic, London, Routledge, 1990
20. McLoughlin, L. J., Colloquial Arabic: Levantine, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982
21. Mountain, Lee, “Recurrent Prefixes, Roots, and Suffixes: a Morphemic Approach to Disciplinary Literacy”, Journal of Adolescnt & Adult Literacy, vol. 58, no. 7, 2015
22. Müller, Peter O., Word-Formation: An International Handbook of the Languages of Europe, vol. 2, edited by Müller et.al., Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, 2015 p. 961
23. Nasr, R. T., Colloquial Arabic: an Oral Approach, Beirut, Librairie du Liban, 1966
24. Ni‘mah, Fuaad, Mulakhkhas Qawa’id alLughah al-‘Arabiyah, al-Qahira, Al-Maktab al-‘Ilmi lil-Ta’lif wa-al-Tarjamah, [1973], 19th ed.
25. On-lai, Annie Lee, “The Effectiveness of Strategies Employed in Vocabulary Explanations in EFL Classrooms in Hong Kong”, Annual International Language in Education Conference, 1993
26. Qafisheh, H. A., a Basic Course in Gulf Arabic, Tucson, University of Arizona Press, 1975, p. 215
27. Rice, F. A., & Said, M. F., Eastern Arabic: an Introduction to the Spoken Arabic of Palestine, Syria and Lebanon, Beirut, Khayat's, 1960
28. Sawaie, M., Linguistic Variation and Speakers' Attitudes: a Sociolinguistic Study of Some Arabic Dialects. Damascus: al-Jaffan & al-Jabi Publishers in co-operation with Institut français d'études Arabes de Damas, 1994
29. Souag, M. L., Explorations in the Syntactic Cartography of Algerian Arabic, (Unpublished MA), University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies, London, 2006
30. Talmoudi, F., 1984, the Diglossic Situation in North Africa: a Study of Classical Arabic/Dialectical Arabic Diglossia with Sample Text in Mixed Arabic, Göteborg, Sweden, Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, 1984
31. Tsiapera, M., A Descriptive Analysis of Cypriot Maronite Arabic, The Hague, Mouton, 1969
32. Watson, J. C. E, the Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002
33. Younes, M. A., “An Integrated Approach to Teaching Arabic as a Foreign Language”, Al-Arabiyya, 1990, no., 23, pp. 105-22
34. Yunji, W, A synchronic and Diachronic Study of the Grammar of the Chinese Xiang Dialect, Berlin, Walter De Gruyter, 2005, p. 207