Yolsuzluğun Refah Düzeyi Üzerine Etkisi: Panel Veri Analizi

Öz

In order to determine the effect of corruption on the level of welfare for countries, analyses of data for the period between 1998 and 2012 from 148 countries were initially included in the study. Oneway random effect and fixed effect models were included in the analyses where unbalanced panel data method was employed. Pursuant to the results of the analyses, effect of corruption on personal income is in negative direction and statistically significant. Therefore, level of welfare of countries decreases with increasing level of corruption. The result of the analyses depict that the relation between public expenditure on health, trade gap and urbanization and the personal income is in positive direction. The relation between rate of inflation and rate of employment and personal income is in negative direction

Anahtar Kelimeler

• -

YOLSUZLUĞUN REFAH DÜZEYİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ: PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ

Öz

Bu çalışmada yolsuzluğun ülkelerin refah düzeyi üzerindeki etkisini belirlemek amacıyla, 1998-2012 döneminde, 148 ülke verisinin dâhil edildiği analizler yer almaktadır. Dengesiz panel veri yönteminin kullanıldığı analizlerde, tek yönlü rassal etkiler ve sabit etkiler modellerine yer verilmektedir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre yolsuzluğun kişisel gelir üzerinde etkisi negatif yönlü ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır. Buna göre yolsuzluk düzeyinin yükselmesi ülkelerin refah düzeyini azaltmaktadır. Ayrıca, analiz sonuçları kişisel gelir ile kamunun sağlık harcaması, ticari açıklık ve kentleşme değişkenleri arasında pozitif yönlü bir ilişki olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Enflasyon oranı ve işsizlik oranı ile kişisel gelir arasında ise negatif yönlü bir ilişki bulunmaktadır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Refah, Yolsuzluk, Kişisel Gelir, Sosyal Refah, Panel Veri

Kaynakça

1. ACEMOGLU, D. and VERDIER, T. (1998). “Property Rights, Corruption and the Allocation of Talent: A General Equilibrium Approach”, The Economic Journal, 108: 1381–1403.
2. AKÇAY, S. (2006). “Corruption and Human Development”, Cato Journal, 26(1): 29-48.
3. AMUNDSEN, I. (2006). Political Corruption, U4 Issue 6, Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI), Bergen.
4. BAKRE, O.M. (2007). “Money Laundering and Trans-Organised Crime in Nigeria: Collaboration of Local and Foreign Capitalist Elites”, School of Accounting, Finance and Management Working Paper 07/03, University of Essex, Colchester.
5. BENTZEN, J.S. (2012). “How Bad is Corruption? Cross-country Evidence of the Impact of Corruption on Economic Prosperity”, Review of Development Economics, 16(1):
6. BLACKBURN, K. ve SARMAH, R. (2008). “Corruption, Development and Demography”, Economics of Governance, 9: 341–362.
7. CRANFIELD, J. ve HAQ, Z. (2010). “What Impact has Food Price İnflation had on Consumer Welfare? A Global Analysis”, Contributed paper at the 2010 AARES Conference, pp. 1-15.
8. CROLL, E.J., (1999), “Social Welfare Reform: Trends and Tensions”, The China Quarterly, 159: 684-699.

9. ENGELBRECHT, H.-J. (2009). “Natural Capital, Subjective Well-Being, and the New Welfare Economics of Sustainability: Some Evidence from Cross-Country Regressions”, Ecological Economics, 69: 380-388.
10. FINNIE, B.W., GIBSON, L.K. ve MCNABB, D.E. (2006). “Economic Development: Corruption, Complexity, Wealth, and aTriad of Strains”, Humanomics, 22(4): 185- 204.
11. FIRDMUC, J. (2003). “Economic Reform, Democracy and Growth During Post- Communist Transition”, European Journal of Political Economy, 19: 583-604.
12. GRUEN, C. ve KLASEN, S. (2008). “Growth, inequality, and welfare: comparisons across space and time”, Oxford Economic Papers, 60: 213-236.
13. HAMLIN, A. (2008). “The Idea of Welfare and the Welfare State”, Public Finance and Management, 8(2): 108-140.
14. HEADEY, B., GOODIN, R.E., MUFFELS, R. ve DIRVEN, H. (2000). “Is There a Trade- Off between Economic Efficiency and a Generous Welfare State? A Comparison of Best Cases of „The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism‟”,Social Indicators Research, 50(2): 115-157.
15. HSIAO, C. (2003). Analysis of Panel Data, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
16. HUNTINGTON, S.P. (1968). Political Order in Changing Societies, New Haven, New york.
17. KLITGAARD, R. (2000). “Subverting Corruption”, Finance and Development, www.imf.org/External/Pubs/Ft/Fandd/2000/06/ pdf/klitgaar.pdf ,06.04.2013.
18. LEYS, C., (1965). “What is the Problem About Corruption”, Ed. A. J. HEIDENHEIMER, Political Corruption: Readings in Comparative Analysis, New Haven, New York.
19. LUI, F. T. (1985). “An equilibrium queuing model of bribery”, Journal of Political Economy, 93(4): 760-81.
20. LUSTIG, N. (2006). “Investing in health for economic development”, United Nations University Research, Paper No: 2006/30, pp.1-16.
21. MARSELLA, A. J. (1998). “Urbanization, mental health, and social deviancy: A review of issues and research”, American Psychologist, 53(6): 624-634.
22. MATSUBAYASHI, T. ve UEDA, M. (2012). “Government Partisanship and Human Well- Being”, Social Indicators Research, 107: 127–148.
23. MUTAŞCU, M. ve DANULETIU, D.C. (2010). “Corruption and Social Welfare in the EU27 Countries”, Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Oeconomica, 12(1):
24. NAS, T.F., PRICE, A.C. ve WEBER, C.T. (1986). “A Policy-Oriented Theory of Corruption”, The Amerikan Politikal Science Review, 80(1): 107-119.
25. OTUSANYA, O. J. (2010). An investigation of tax evasion, tax avoidance and corruption in Nigeria, Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, University of Essex, Colchester.
26. REITER, S.L. ve STEENSMA, K.H. (2010). “Human Development and Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries: The Influence of FDI Policy and Corruption”, World Development, 38(12): 1678–1691.
27. SIKKA, P. ve HAMPTON, M. (2005). “Tax avoidance and global development: an introduction”, Accounting Forum, 29(3): 245-248.
28. TATOĞLU, F.Y. (2012). Panel Veri Ekonometrisi, Beta, İstanbul.
29. TAVARES, J. ve WACZIARG, R. (2001). “How Democracy Affects Growth” European Economic Review, 45: 1341-1378.
30. UNDERKUFFLER, L.S. (2005). “Captured by evil: the idea of corruption in law”, Duke Law School working paper in Public Law, 83: 1-73.
31. Central African Rep. Chad Chile China Colombia Congo Rep.
32. Congo, Dem. Rep. Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Rep. Denmark Djibouti Dominica
33. Papua New uinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russian Rwanda Rwanda Saudi Senegal Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Sweden Switzerland Syrian Tajikistan Thailand Togo
34. Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine United Arab United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe