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TURKISH IMMIGRATION POLICIES: CHALLENGES END RESPONSES

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 4, 1465 - 1485, 30.10.2016

Öz

With the beginnings of the 1980’s, Turkey began to transform from a country of emigration exporting labours into a country of immigration receiving refugees and other categories of immigrants. This fact does not mean that Turkey had never experienced immigration before that time, but the nature of the regulations related to immigration and asylum in the early republican era from 1923 to 1950 - as a part of the nation building process -was based on the principle of receiving and giving asylum or even nationality to those who are from Turkish descent. Gradually, Turkish policies towards immigration developed according to two factors; first, the process of Turkey’s accession to the European Union, and second, the huge influxes of refugees from Syria and Iraq particularly - in addition to other nationalities - in recent years. However, in responding to these challenges, Turkey conducted an overhaul of its migration system Highlighting landmarks new immigration policy, but these policies still suffer from linking with the old policies.

Kaynakça

  • Açıkgöz, M.(2015). “Turkey’s visa policy: a migration-mobility nexusa” , Turkish Policy Quarterly,14 (2) : 97 - 107.
  • Baklacioglu, N O. (2009) “Building “Fortress Turkey”: Europeanization of asylum policy in Turkey. http://www.jhubc.it/ecpr-porto/virtualpaperroom/096.pdf. Access date: 1-3 -2015
  • ECRE European Council on Refugees and Exiles (2015) , Country Report: Turkey, refugee rights turkey, AIDA project, 15 December 2015. http://www.asylumineurope.org/ sites/default/files/report- download/aida_tr_update.i.pdf . Access date: 20- 12 -2015
  • Elitok, S P.(2013). “Turkish migration policy over the last decade: a gradual shift towards better management and good governance”, Turkish Policy Quarterly, 12 (1): 161- 172.
  • Erder, S. and Kaşka, S.(2012 ).“Turkey in the new migration era: migrants between regularity and irregularity” , (ed.) Seçil Paçacı Elitok and Thomas Straubhaar, Turkey, migration and the EU: potentials, challenges and opportunities, Hamburg of International Economics, HWWI, 113-132 http://hup.sub.unihamburg.de/ volltexte/2012/118/chapter/HamburgUP_HWWI5_Migration_ErderKaska.pdf . Access date: 3-7-2015
  • Erdoğan, M.( 2014 ). Syrians in turkey: social acceptance and integration, Hacettepe University Migration And Politics Research Centre, November 2014 http://www.hugo.hacettepe.edu.tr/HUGO-REPORT SyriansinTurkey.pdf .Access in: 14-6-2015
  • European Commission(2014 a). Report from the commission to the European parliament and the council on progress by Turkey in fulfilling the requirements of its visa liberalization roadmap, Brussels, 20.10.2014 COM(2014) 646 final . Access in: 14-6-2015
  • European Commission (2014 b). Turkey Progress Report, October 2014, Enlargement. http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2014/20141008-turkey-progress-report_en.pdf Access date: 5-4-2015
  • Genckaya, O., Togan, S., Schulz, L., and Karadag, R. (Coordinator)(2015 ). 2015 Turkey Report, SGI, Bertelsmann Stiftung
  • Grange, M. and Flynn, M.(2014). Immigration detention in Turkey, Global Detention Project, April 2014 http://www.globaldetentionproject.org. Access in: 14-6-2015
  • Hecker, P.( 2006). Focus Migration, Country Profile, Turkey, No.5, Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWI, April 2006. http://focus-migration.hwwi.de/Turkey.1234.0.html?&L=1. Access date: 14-6-2015
  • Hurriyet daily news(2015 ).Turkey should create immigration policy for Syrian refugees, report says, January/10/2015 http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-should-create-immigration-policy-for-syrian-refugees-report-ays.aspx?PageID= 238&NID = 76749&NewsCatID=341. Access date:28-10-2015
  • Içduygu, A.( 2003). Irregular migration, IOM migration research series, No.12
  • Içduygu, A.,and.Aksel, D. B.( 2013 ). Turkish Migration Policies: A Critical Historical Retrospective, Center for Strategic Research (SAM), Ankara. http://sam.gov.tr/turkish-migration-policies-a-critical-historical- Access date: 14-6-2015
  • Içduygu, A., and Aksel, D. B.( 2012). Irregular migration in turkey, IOM ,Ankara.
  • İçduygu, A.,Goker, Z.G., Tokuzlu, L.B. and Eltok, S.P. ( 2013). Turkey: The demographic-economic framework of migration, the legal framework of migration, the socio-political framework of migration,MPC-Migration profile, June 2013. http://www.migrationpolicycentre.eu/docs/migration_profiles/ Turkey.pdf. Access date: 20-6-2015
  • İçli, T. G., Sever, H., & Sever, M. (2015). A Survey Study on the Profile of Human Smugglers in Turkey. Advances in Applied Sociology, 5, 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aasoci.2015.51001. Access date: 25-11-2015.
  • IOM International Organization Migration (2008). Migration in Turkey: A Country Profile 2008. https://publications.iom.int/books/migration-turkey-country-profile-2008 Access date: (1-3-2015)
  • Kadir A., Özcan, M. , Daysa, R. and İşgören F.(2008). "Irregular migration and trafficking in human beings " in, “Comparison of European Union and Turkish legislation on migration. IOM documents, 2008. http://www.turkey.iom.int/documents/ bosluk_analizi_ingilizce.pdf?entryId=10260. Access in:4-6-2015
  • Kilberg, R.(2014). Turkey’s evolving migration identity, MPI, JULY, 24, 2014. http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/turkeys-evolving-migration-identity. Access date: 3-5-2015
  • Kirisci, K.(2014 ) .Syrian refugees and Turkeys challenges: going beyond hospitality, The Brookings Institution.
  • Kirişçi,K.(2003 ).“Turkey: a transformation from emigration to immigration,” Migration Information Source, November 2003, http://www.migrationinformation.org/ Profiles/display.cfm?id=176. Access date: 14-6-2015
  • Korfali, D., üstübici Ayşen, K., and De Clerck, H.(2014).Turkey: country and research areas report, Migration Research Centre at Koç University (MiReKoc), Istanbul.
  • Mannaert, C. (2003) Irregular migration and asylum in Turkey ,New issues in refugee research working Paper No. 89, Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit, UNHCR.
  • Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2015). Turkey on Trafficking in Human Beings in 3-11-2015. http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey-on-trafficking-in-human-beings.en.mfa. Access date: 20-11-2015
  • Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Interior, Directorate general of migration. (2014). management publications, Law of Foreigners and International Protection, publishing number: 8.
  • Suter, B.( 2013) Asylum and migration in turkey an overview of developments in the field 1990–2013 MIM working paper series 13:3, Malmö Institute for Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare (MIM), Malmö University, Sweden.
  • Sert, D.(2013 ). “Turkey’s integrated border management strategy”, Turkish Policy Quarterly,12 (1): 173 -179.
  • The Guardian (2015 a ). EU wants Turkey’s explanation on smuggling of migrants in cargo ships, 6 January 201. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/06/european-union-turkey-smuggling-migrants-cargo-ships-traffickers. Access date: 2-11-2015.
  • The Guardian (2015 b ).Turkey putting Syrian refugees 'at serious risk of human rights abuse' in 27 November 2015 . http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/ nov/27/amnesty-international-turkey-syrian-refugees-human-rights-abuse. Access date: 29-11-2015
  • The German Marshall Fund of the United States (2015) ,Turkish perceptions survey 2015, Washington, DC. http://www.gmfus.org/listings/research/type/ publication. Access in: 29-11-2015
  • Toksöz, Gülay; Ünlütürk Ulutaş, Çağla (2012) ,“Is migration feminized? A gender- and ethnicity-based review of the literature on irregular migration to Turkey”, ( edt.); Paçacı Elitok, Seçil; Straubhaar, Thomas , Turkey, migration and the EU, Hamburg Univ. Press, Hamburg, 85-111.
  • UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.( 2013). UNHCR welcomes Turkey's new law on asylum. April 12, 2013. http://www.unhcr.org/ 5167e7d09.htmle. Access date: 1-3-2015
  • UNHCR The UN Refugee Agency,(2015 a ). 2015 UNHCR country operations profile – Turkey, Overview, http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e48e0fa7f.html. Access date: 29-11-2015
  • UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2015 b ). Turkey: External Update, 28 February, 2015.http://www.unhcr.org.tr/ uploads/root/unhcr _turkey_ external_update_-_february_2015.pdf. Access date: 1-4-2015.
  • UNHCR, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees( 2015 c) . Turkey, external update,31 October, 2015. http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/documents.php? page=1&view=grid&Language%5B%5D=1&Country%5B%5D=224&Type%5B%5D=2. Access date: 29-11-2015
  • U.S. Department of State. (2015). 2015 Trafficking in Persons Report, Turkey. http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2015/243553.htm. Access in: 29-11-2015
  • U.S News and World Reports.( 2014).Turkey's Border Security Problem, Nov. 10, 2014 http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2014/11/10/turkeys-border-security-problem. Access date: 29-11-2015

TURKISH IMMIGRATION POLICIES: CHALLENGES END RESPONSES

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 4, 1465 - 1485, 30.10.2016

Öz

With the beginnings of the 1980’s, Turkey began to transform from a country of emigration exporting labours into a country of immigration receiving refugees and other categories of immigrants. This fact does not mean that Turkey had never experienced immigration before that time, but the nature of the regulations related to immigration and asylum in the early republican era from 1923 to 1950 - as a part of the nation building process -was based on the principle of receiving and giving asylum or even nationality to those who are from Turkish descent. Gradually, Turkish policies towards immigration developed according to two factors; first, the process of Turkey’s accession to the European Union, and second, the huge influxes of refugees from Syria and Iraq particularly - in addition to other nationalities - in recent years. However, in responding to these challenges, Turkey conducted an overhaul of its migration system Highlighting landmarks new immigration policy, but these policies still suffer from linking with the old policies.

Kaynakça

  • Açıkgöz, M.(2015). “Turkey’s visa policy: a migration-mobility nexusa” , Turkish Policy Quarterly,14 (2) : 97 - 107.
  • Baklacioglu, N O. (2009) “Building “Fortress Turkey”: Europeanization of asylum policy in Turkey. http://www.jhubc.it/ecpr-porto/virtualpaperroom/096.pdf. Access date: 1-3 -2015
  • ECRE European Council on Refugees and Exiles (2015) , Country Report: Turkey, refugee rights turkey, AIDA project, 15 December 2015. http://www.asylumineurope.org/ sites/default/files/report- download/aida_tr_update.i.pdf . Access date: 20- 12 -2015
  • Elitok, S P.(2013). “Turkish migration policy over the last decade: a gradual shift towards better management and good governance”, Turkish Policy Quarterly, 12 (1): 161- 172.
  • Erder, S. and Kaşka, S.(2012 ).“Turkey in the new migration era: migrants between regularity and irregularity” , (ed.) Seçil Paçacı Elitok and Thomas Straubhaar, Turkey, migration and the EU: potentials, challenges and opportunities, Hamburg of International Economics, HWWI, 113-132 http://hup.sub.unihamburg.de/ volltexte/2012/118/chapter/HamburgUP_HWWI5_Migration_ErderKaska.pdf . Access date: 3-7-2015
  • Erdoğan, M.( 2014 ). Syrians in turkey: social acceptance and integration, Hacettepe University Migration And Politics Research Centre, November 2014 http://www.hugo.hacettepe.edu.tr/HUGO-REPORT SyriansinTurkey.pdf .Access in: 14-6-2015
  • European Commission(2014 a). Report from the commission to the European parliament and the council on progress by Turkey in fulfilling the requirements of its visa liberalization roadmap, Brussels, 20.10.2014 COM(2014) 646 final . Access in: 14-6-2015
  • European Commission (2014 b). Turkey Progress Report, October 2014, Enlargement. http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2014/20141008-turkey-progress-report_en.pdf Access date: 5-4-2015
  • Genckaya, O., Togan, S., Schulz, L., and Karadag, R. (Coordinator)(2015 ). 2015 Turkey Report, SGI, Bertelsmann Stiftung
  • Grange, M. and Flynn, M.(2014). Immigration detention in Turkey, Global Detention Project, April 2014 http://www.globaldetentionproject.org. Access in: 14-6-2015
  • Hecker, P.( 2006). Focus Migration, Country Profile, Turkey, No.5, Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWI, April 2006. http://focus-migration.hwwi.de/Turkey.1234.0.html?&L=1. Access date: 14-6-2015
  • Hurriyet daily news(2015 ).Turkey should create immigration policy for Syrian refugees, report says, January/10/2015 http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-should-create-immigration-policy-for-syrian-refugees-report-ays.aspx?PageID= 238&NID = 76749&NewsCatID=341. Access date:28-10-2015
  • Içduygu, A.( 2003). Irregular migration, IOM migration research series, No.12
  • Içduygu, A.,and.Aksel, D. B.( 2013 ). Turkish Migration Policies: A Critical Historical Retrospective, Center for Strategic Research (SAM), Ankara. http://sam.gov.tr/turkish-migration-policies-a-critical-historical- Access date: 14-6-2015
  • Içduygu, A., and Aksel, D. B.( 2012). Irregular migration in turkey, IOM ,Ankara.
  • İçduygu, A.,Goker, Z.G., Tokuzlu, L.B. and Eltok, S.P. ( 2013). Turkey: The demographic-economic framework of migration, the legal framework of migration, the socio-political framework of migration,MPC-Migration profile, June 2013. http://www.migrationpolicycentre.eu/docs/migration_profiles/ Turkey.pdf. Access date: 20-6-2015
  • İçli, T. G., Sever, H., & Sever, M. (2015). A Survey Study on the Profile of Human Smugglers in Turkey. Advances in Applied Sociology, 5, 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aasoci.2015.51001. Access date: 25-11-2015.
  • IOM International Organization Migration (2008). Migration in Turkey: A Country Profile 2008. https://publications.iom.int/books/migration-turkey-country-profile-2008 Access date: (1-3-2015)
  • Kadir A., Özcan, M. , Daysa, R. and İşgören F.(2008). "Irregular migration and trafficking in human beings " in, “Comparison of European Union and Turkish legislation on migration. IOM documents, 2008. http://www.turkey.iom.int/documents/ bosluk_analizi_ingilizce.pdf?entryId=10260. Access in:4-6-2015
  • Kilberg, R.(2014). Turkey’s evolving migration identity, MPI, JULY, 24, 2014. http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/turkeys-evolving-migration-identity. Access date: 3-5-2015
  • Kirisci, K.(2014 ) .Syrian refugees and Turkeys challenges: going beyond hospitality, The Brookings Institution.
  • Kirişçi,K.(2003 ).“Turkey: a transformation from emigration to immigration,” Migration Information Source, November 2003, http://www.migrationinformation.org/ Profiles/display.cfm?id=176. Access date: 14-6-2015
  • Korfali, D., üstübici Ayşen, K., and De Clerck, H.(2014).Turkey: country and research areas report, Migration Research Centre at Koç University (MiReKoc), Istanbul.
  • Mannaert, C. (2003) Irregular migration and asylum in Turkey ,New issues in refugee research working Paper No. 89, Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit, UNHCR.
  • Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2015). Turkey on Trafficking in Human Beings in 3-11-2015. http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey-on-trafficking-in-human-beings.en.mfa. Access date: 20-11-2015
  • Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Interior, Directorate general of migration. (2014). management publications, Law of Foreigners and International Protection, publishing number: 8.
  • Suter, B.( 2013) Asylum and migration in turkey an overview of developments in the field 1990–2013 MIM working paper series 13:3, Malmö Institute for Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare (MIM), Malmö University, Sweden.
  • Sert, D.(2013 ). “Turkey’s integrated border management strategy”, Turkish Policy Quarterly,12 (1): 173 -179.
  • The Guardian (2015 a ). EU wants Turkey’s explanation on smuggling of migrants in cargo ships, 6 January 201. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/06/european-union-turkey-smuggling-migrants-cargo-ships-traffickers. Access date: 2-11-2015.
  • The Guardian (2015 b ).Turkey putting Syrian refugees 'at serious risk of human rights abuse' in 27 November 2015 . http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/ nov/27/amnesty-international-turkey-syrian-refugees-human-rights-abuse. Access date: 29-11-2015
  • The German Marshall Fund of the United States (2015) ,Turkish perceptions survey 2015, Washington, DC. http://www.gmfus.org/listings/research/type/ publication. Access in: 29-11-2015
  • Toksöz, Gülay; Ünlütürk Ulutaş, Çağla (2012) ,“Is migration feminized? A gender- and ethnicity-based review of the literature on irregular migration to Turkey”, ( edt.); Paçacı Elitok, Seçil; Straubhaar, Thomas , Turkey, migration and the EU, Hamburg Univ. Press, Hamburg, 85-111.
  • UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.( 2013). UNHCR welcomes Turkey's new law on asylum. April 12, 2013. http://www.unhcr.org/ 5167e7d09.htmle. Access date: 1-3-2015
  • UNHCR The UN Refugee Agency,(2015 a ). 2015 UNHCR country operations profile – Turkey, Overview, http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e48e0fa7f.html. Access date: 29-11-2015
  • UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2015 b ). Turkey: External Update, 28 February, 2015.http://www.unhcr.org.tr/ uploads/root/unhcr _turkey_ external_update_-_february_2015.pdf. Access date: 1-4-2015.
  • UNHCR, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees( 2015 c) . Turkey, external update,31 October, 2015. http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/documents.php? page=1&view=grid&Language%5B%5D=1&Country%5B%5D=224&Type%5B%5D=2. Access date: 29-11-2015
  • U.S. Department of State. (2015). 2015 Trafficking in Persons Report, Turkey. http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2015/243553.htm. Access in: 29-11-2015
  • U.S News and World Reports.( 2014).Turkey's Border Security Problem, Nov. 10, 2014 http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2014/11/10/turkeys-border-security-problem. Access date: 29-11-2015
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Abduljabbar I. Abdulal Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ekim 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Abdulal, A. I. (2016). TURKISH IMMIGRATION POLICIES: CHALLENGES END RESPONSES. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(4), 1465-1485.