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THE EFFECTS OF NAFTA ON THE MEXICAN ECONOMY: SYNTHETIC CONTROL METHOD APPROACH

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 3, 915 - 926, 30.07.2017

Öz

The influence of trade liberalization, which began to be monitored from the mid-1980 The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was signed on January 1, 1994, with the participation of Canada and Mexico under the leadership of the United States. During this period of intensifying efforts to liberate world trade, reforms have been made to liberalize the economy for the Mexican economy, one of the most economically protective states and has made it one of the most open states in the World. After NAFTA entered into force, Mexico's economy has grown significantly. However, it is a matter of debate whether this growth is due to NAFTA. In this study, using the Synthetic Control Method developed by Abadie and Gardeazabal (2003), in the post-NAFTA period, Mexico's per capita income, exchange of export and import data with the United States has been examined. The question “What would be the per capita national income and foreign trade data for Mexico if NAFTA was not signed in the study?” has been tried to be answered by creating a synthetic Mexican with this method. Analysis findings reveals the findings that after NAFTA, there was a significant increase in exports and imports of Mexico with the US, but a negative impact on Mexico's per capita national income.

Kaynakça

  • Abadie, A., & Gardeazabal, J. (2003). “The economic costs of conflict: A case study of the Basque Country.” The American Economic Review, 93(1), 113-132.
  • Abadie, A., Diamond, A., & Hainmueller, J. (2010). “Synthetic control methods for comparative case studies: Estimating the effect of California’s tobacco control program.” Journal of the American Statistical Association.
  • Abadie, A. (2011a). “Using Synthetic Controls to Evaluate an International Strategic Positioning Program in Uruguay: Feasibility, Data Requirements, and Methodological Aspects.”
  • Abadie, A., Diamond, A., & Hainmueller, J. (2011b). “Synth:An R Package for Synthetic Control Methods in Comparative Case.” Journal of Statistical Software 42(13), 1-17.
  • Abadie, A., Diamond, A., & Hainmueller, J. (2015). “Comparative politics and the synthetic control method.” American Journal of Political Science, 59(2), 495-510.
  • Arı, M.Türker. (2005),“Onuncu Yılında Kuzey Amerika Serbest Ticaret Anlaşması (NAFTA)”, (bkz:http://www.mfa.gov.tr/data/Kutup hane/yayinlar/EkonomikSorunlarDergi si/Sayi14/7OnuncuYilindaKuzeyAmeri kaSTANAFTAMTurkerAri.pdf)
  • Balkır, Canan (2010), Uluslararası Ekonomik Bütünleşme: Kuram, Politika ve Uygulama, AB ve Dünya Örnekleri, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Burfisher, Mary E., Sherman Robinson, and Karen Thierfelder (2001): “The Impact of NAFTA on the United States.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 15(1): 125-144.
  • Caliendo, Lorenzo and Fernando Parro (2012): “Estimates of the Trade and Welfare Effects of NAFTA.” NBER Working Paper 18508.
  • De Hoyos, Rafael and Leonardo Iacovone (2013): “Economic Performance under NAFTA: A Firm- Level Analysis of the Trade- Productivity Linkages.” World Development 44: 180-93.
  • De la Cruz, J., Riker, D., & Voorhees, B. (2013). Econometric Estimates of the Effects of NAFTA: A Review of the Literature. Washington, DC: Office of Economics Working Paper. US International Trade Commission.
  • Dube, Arindrajit and Ben Zipperer (2015). “Pooling Multiple Case Studies using Synthetic Controls: An Application to Minimum Wage Case Studies.” IZA Discussion Paper 8944.
  • Easterly, William, Nobert Fiess, and Daniel Lederman (2003): “NAFTA and Convergence in North America: High Expectations, Big Events, Little Time.” LACEA Economía, 4 (1): 1-53.
  • Esquivel, Gerardo and J. Antonio Rodriguez-Lopez (2003): “Technology, Trade, and Wage Inequality in Mexico before and after NAFTA.” Journal of Development Economics 72(2): 543-565.
  • Estevadeordal, Antoni, Jóse Ernesto López Córdova, and Kati Suominen (2006): “How Do Rules of Origin Affect Investment Flows? Some Hypotheses and the Case of Mexico.” Inter-American Development Bank INTAL-ITD Working Paper 22.
  • Frederick S. (2009) Pardee Center, The Future of North American Trade Policy: Lessons from NAFTA, Boston University.
  • Hufbauer G. C. and Schott, Jeffry. J.(1992), “North American Free Trade: Issues and Recommendations”, Institute for International Economics, Washington D.C. IMF (2006 a ), Regional Economic Outlook: Western Hemisphere, World Economic and Financial Surveys.
  • Kruger, Anne O. (1999): “Trade Creation and Trade Diversion under NAFTA.” NBER Working Paper 7429.
  • Lederman, Daniel, William F. Maloney, and Luis Serven (2005): Lessons from NAFTA. Stanford University Press and the World Bank.
  • Romalis, John (2007): “NAFTA’s and CUSFTA’s Impact on International Trade.” Review of Economics and Statistics 89 (3): 416-435.
  • Perot, Ross (bknz:http:// www.nytimes.com/1993/11/09/opinion /the-great-debate-over-nafta-html)
  • Scott, Robert E. (2011), Heading South: U.S.-Mexico Trade and Job Displacement under NAFTA, Economic Policy Institute. Üzümcü Adem ve Mehmet Dikkaya (2007), “Kuzey Amerika Serbest Ticaret Bölgesi (NAFTA): Yeni Bölgeselleşme İçin Yeni Bir Umut”, Stratejik Öngörü, 4 (10):40-52.
  • Villareal, M. A., & Fergusson, I. A. (2017). The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.

NAFTA’NIN MEKSİKA EKONOMİSİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: SENTETİK KONTROL METOT YAKLAŞIMI

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 3, 915 - 926, 30.07.2017

Öz

1980’lerin ortalarından itibaren izlenmeye başlanan ticaret serbestisi sürecinin etkisiyle Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD) önderliğinde Kanada ve Meksika’nın da katılımıyla 1 Ocak 1994 yılında Kuzey Amerika Serbest Ticaret Anlaşması (NAFTA) imzalanmıştır. Dünya ticaretini serbestleştirme çabalarının yoğunluk kazandığı bu dönemde ekonomik anlamda en korumacı devletlerinden biri olan Meksika ekonomisi için ekonominin liberalleşmesine yönelik reformlar zorunlu hale gelmiş ve dünyanın en açık devletlerinden biri haline getirmiştir. NAFTA’nın yürürlüğe girmesinden sonra Meksika ekonomisi önemli ölçüde bir büyüme kaydetmiştir. Ancak bu büyümenin NAFTA sayesinde olup olmadığı tartışma konusu olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Abadie ve Gardeazabal (2003) çalışmasında geliştirilen Sentetik Kontrol Metot kullanılarak NAFTA sonrası dönemde Meksika’nın kişi başı milli gelir ve ABD ile gerçekleşen ihracat ve ithalat verilerinin değişimi incelenmiştir. Çalışmada “NAFTA imzalanmasaydı Meksika için kişi başı milli gelir ve dış ticaret verileri ne olurdu?” sorusu Sentetik Kontrol Metot ile sentetik bir Meksika oluşturularak cevaplanmaya çalışılmıştır. Analiz bulguları; NAFTA sonrası dönemde Meksika’nın ABD ile ihracat ve ithalat verilerinde önemli oranda bir artış gerçekleşirken, Meksika’nın kişi başı milli gelirinde olumsuz bir etkinin görüldüğünü ortaya koymaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Abadie, A., & Gardeazabal, J. (2003). “The economic costs of conflict: A case study of the Basque Country.” The American Economic Review, 93(1), 113-132.
  • Abadie, A., Diamond, A., & Hainmueller, J. (2010). “Synthetic control methods for comparative case studies: Estimating the effect of California’s tobacco control program.” Journal of the American Statistical Association.
  • Abadie, A. (2011a). “Using Synthetic Controls to Evaluate an International Strategic Positioning Program in Uruguay: Feasibility, Data Requirements, and Methodological Aspects.”
  • Abadie, A., Diamond, A., & Hainmueller, J. (2011b). “Synth:An R Package for Synthetic Control Methods in Comparative Case.” Journal of Statistical Software 42(13), 1-17.
  • Abadie, A., Diamond, A., & Hainmueller, J. (2015). “Comparative politics and the synthetic control method.” American Journal of Political Science, 59(2), 495-510.
  • Arı, M.Türker. (2005),“Onuncu Yılında Kuzey Amerika Serbest Ticaret Anlaşması (NAFTA)”, (bkz:http://www.mfa.gov.tr/data/Kutup hane/yayinlar/EkonomikSorunlarDergi si/Sayi14/7OnuncuYilindaKuzeyAmeri kaSTANAFTAMTurkerAri.pdf)
  • Balkır, Canan (2010), Uluslararası Ekonomik Bütünleşme: Kuram, Politika ve Uygulama, AB ve Dünya Örnekleri, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Burfisher, Mary E., Sherman Robinson, and Karen Thierfelder (2001): “The Impact of NAFTA on the United States.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 15(1): 125-144.
  • Caliendo, Lorenzo and Fernando Parro (2012): “Estimates of the Trade and Welfare Effects of NAFTA.” NBER Working Paper 18508.
  • De Hoyos, Rafael and Leonardo Iacovone (2013): “Economic Performance under NAFTA: A Firm- Level Analysis of the Trade- Productivity Linkages.” World Development 44: 180-93.
  • De la Cruz, J., Riker, D., & Voorhees, B. (2013). Econometric Estimates of the Effects of NAFTA: A Review of the Literature. Washington, DC: Office of Economics Working Paper. US International Trade Commission.
  • Dube, Arindrajit and Ben Zipperer (2015). “Pooling Multiple Case Studies using Synthetic Controls: An Application to Minimum Wage Case Studies.” IZA Discussion Paper 8944.
  • Easterly, William, Nobert Fiess, and Daniel Lederman (2003): “NAFTA and Convergence in North America: High Expectations, Big Events, Little Time.” LACEA Economía, 4 (1): 1-53.
  • Esquivel, Gerardo and J. Antonio Rodriguez-Lopez (2003): “Technology, Trade, and Wage Inequality in Mexico before and after NAFTA.” Journal of Development Economics 72(2): 543-565.
  • Estevadeordal, Antoni, Jóse Ernesto López Córdova, and Kati Suominen (2006): “How Do Rules of Origin Affect Investment Flows? Some Hypotheses and the Case of Mexico.” Inter-American Development Bank INTAL-ITD Working Paper 22.
  • Frederick S. (2009) Pardee Center, The Future of North American Trade Policy: Lessons from NAFTA, Boston University.
  • Hufbauer G. C. and Schott, Jeffry. J.(1992), “North American Free Trade: Issues and Recommendations”, Institute for International Economics, Washington D.C. IMF (2006 a ), Regional Economic Outlook: Western Hemisphere, World Economic and Financial Surveys.
  • Kruger, Anne O. (1999): “Trade Creation and Trade Diversion under NAFTA.” NBER Working Paper 7429.
  • Lederman, Daniel, William F. Maloney, and Luis Serven (2005): Lessons from NAFTA. Stanford University Press and the World Bank.
  • Romalis, John (2007): “NAFTA’s and CUSFTA’s Impact on International Trade.” Review of Economics and Statistics 89 (3): 416-435.
  • Perot, Ross (bknz:http:// www.nytimes.com/1993/11/09/opinion /the-great-debate-over-nafta-html)
  • Scott, Robert E. (2011), Heading South: U.S.-Mexico Trade and Job Displacement under NAFTA, Economic Policy Institute. Üzümcü Adem ve Mehmet Dikkaya (2007), “Kuzey Amerika Serbest Ticaret Bölgesi (NAFTA): Yeni Bölgeselleşme İçin Yeni Bir Umut”, Stratejik Öngörü, 4 (10):40-52.
  • Villareal, M. A., & Fergusson, I. A. (2017). The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
Toplam 23 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Asli Dolu

Türkmen Göksel

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Temmuz 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Dolu, A., & Göksel, T. (2017). NAFTA’NIN MEKSİKA EKONOMİSİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: SENTETİK KONTROL METOT YAKLAŞIMI. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(3), 915-926.