Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Özel Öğrenme Güçlüğü Olan ve Olmayan Çocuklarda Plantar Basınç Dağılımı ve Denge Parametrelerinin Karşılaştırılması

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 1 , 183 - 194 , 20.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.22312/sdusbed.1661172
https://izlik.org/JA65WU57YK

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışma Özel Öğrenme Güçlüğü (ÖÖG) olan ve olmayan çocukların plantar basınç dağılımını ve denge parametrelerini karşılaştırmak amacıyla yapıldı. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya Ayak Postür İndeksi (APİ) normal aralıkta bulunan 40 çocuk katıldı. Katılımcı çocuklardan ÖÖG olan 20 çocuk (ÖÖG grubu) ve ÖÖG olmayan 20 çocuk (Kontrol grubu) olarak ayrıldı. Çalışmaya katılan çocukların sosyodemografik bilgileri alındı. Dengeyi değerlendirmek için Pediatrik Denge Ölçeği (PDÖ) ve plantar basınç dağılımı analizi için DİASU Dijital Analiz Sistemi kullanıldı. Bulgular: ÖÖG grubundaki çocukların PDÖ skorlarının, kontrol grubundaki çocuklara göre anlamlı şekilde düşük olduğu görüldü (p<0,05). Statik plantar basınç dağılımı analizinde iki grup arasında anlamlı fark bulunmadı (p<0,05). Dinamik plantar basınç dağılımı analizinde ÖÖG grubundaki çocukların sağ ayak yüzey alanı kontrol grubundaki çocuklardan fazla olduğu bulundu (p=0,001, r=-3,651). Stabilometrik analizdeki gözler açık antero-posterior ivme (p=0,013, r=-2,617), gözler kapalı elips yüzeyi (p=0,043, r=-2,093), gözler kapalı salınım uzunluğu (p=0,037, r=-2,159) değerleri ÖÖG grubundaki çocuklarda daha fazla olduğu bulundu. ÖÖG olan çocukların PDÖ skoru ile statik ve dinamik plantar basınç dağılımı ve stabilometrik analiz arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmadı (p>0,05). Sonuç: ÖÖG olan çocukların, ÖÖG olmayan çocuklara göre daha zayıf dengeye sahip olduğu ve ÖÖG olan çocuklarda plantar basınç dağılımı ile denge arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olmadığı görüldü.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Köroğlu E. Ruhsal bozuklukların tanısal ve sayısal elkitabı 5. Baskı. (Amerikan Psikiyatri Derneği, Çev.). 5. Baskı. HYB Yayıncılık; 2015.
  • 2. Görgün B, Melekoğlu M. Review of studies on specific learning disabilities in Turkey. Sakarya University Journal of Education. 2019;9(1):83-106. doi: 10.19126/suje.456198.
  • 3. McDowell M. Specific learning disability. J Paediatr Child Health. 2018;54(10):1077-83. doi: 10.1111/jpc.14168.
  • 4. Öğülmüş K. Özel öğrenme güçlüğü tanılama süreci. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Derg. 2021;23(2):395-404. doi: 10.24938/kutfd.955800.
  • 5. Deval S, Writer H, Mate K. Assessment of gross motor proficiency in children with learning disability. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther. 2013;7(4):229-34. doi: 10.5958/j.0973-5674.7.4.154.
  • 6. Stoodley CJ, Stein JF. The cerebellum and dyslexia. Cortex. 2011;47(1):101-16. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2009.10.005.
  • 7. Sibley KM, Beauchamp MK, Van Ooteghem K, Paterson M, Wittmeier KD. Components of standing postural control evaluated in pediatric balance measures: A scoping review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2017;98(10):2066-78. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2017.02.032.
  • 8. Saether R, Helbostad JL, Riphagen II, Vik T. Clinical tools to assess balance in children and adults with cerebral palsy: A systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2013;55(11):988-99. doi: 10.1111/dmcn.12162.
  • 9. Yang JF, Lam T, Pang MY, Lamont E, Musselman K, Seinen E. Infant stepping: a window to the behaviour of the human pattern generator for walking. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2004;82(8-9):662-74. doi: 10.1111/j.14697793.1998.927bs.x.
  • 10. Xiong QL, Hou WS, Xiao N, Chen YX, Yao J, Zheng XL, Liu Y, Wu XY. Motor skill development alters kinematics and co-activation between flexors and extensors of limbs in human infant crawling. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2018;26(4):780-7. doi: 10.1109/TNSRE.2017.2785821.
  • 11. Demirdel E, Aksu A. Examination of the correlation between foot biomechanics, plantar pressure and balance in adolescent volleyball players. Suleyman Demirel Univ J Health Sci. 2022;13(1):60-9. doi: 10.22312/sdusbed.943929.
  • 12. Rdzanek J, Świątek J, Wychowański M. Correlation between foot arch parameters and body balance performance. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2022;24(4):263-72. doi: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.9990.
  • 13. Hallemans A, D'Août K, De Clercq D, Aerts P. Pressure distribution patterns under the feet of new walkers: The first two months of independent walking. Foot Ankle Int. 2003;24(5):444-53.
  • 14. Zulkifli SS, Loh WP. A state of the art review of foot pressure. Foot Ankle Surg. 2020;26(1):25-32. doi: 10.1016/j.fas.2018.12.005.
  • 15. Rosenbaum D, Becker HP. Plantar pressure distribution measurements. Technical background and clinical applications. Foot Ankle Surg. 1997;3(1):1-14. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9584.1997.00043.x.
  • 16. Cousins SD, Morrison SC, Drechsler WI. The reliability of plantar pressure assessment during barefoot level walking in children aged 7-11 years. J Foot Ankle Res. 2012;5(1):1-8. doi: 10.1186/1757-1146-5-8.
  • 17. Vuijk P, Hartman E, Mombarg R, Scherder E, Visscher C. Associations between academic and motor performance in a heterogeneous sample of children with learning disabilities. J Learn Disabil. 2011;44(3):276-82. doi: 10.1177/0022219410378446.
  • 18. Hsieh RL, Peng HL, Lee WC. Short-term effects of customized arch support insoles on symptomatic flexible flatfoot in children: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine. 2018;97(20):e10655. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000010655.
  • 19. Gijon-Nogueron G, Montes-Alguacil J, Alfageme-Garcia PC, Cervera-Marin JA, Morales-Asencio JM, Martinez-Nova A. Establishing normative foot posture index values for the paediatric population: A cross-sectional study. J Foot Ankle Res. 2016;9:24. doi: 10.1186/s13047-016-0156-3.
  • 20. Redmond AC, Crosbie J, Ouvrier RA. Development and validation of a novel rating system for scoring standing foot posture: The foot posture index. Clin Biomech. 2006;21(1):89-98. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2005.08.002
  • 21. Erden A, Arslan AE, Dündar B, Topbaş M, Cavlak U. Reliability and validity of Turkish version of Pediatric Balance Scale. Acta Neurol Belg. 2020;121:669-75. doi: 10.1007/s13760-020-01302-9.
  • 22. Borozan I, Grădinaru S, Miron P, Puta T, Bota E. Postural differences of volleyball players. Timisoara Phys Educ Rehabil J. 2017;9(17):42-6. doi: 10.1515/tperj-2016-0014.
  • 23. Çerezci S, Uzun A, Pekyavaş NÖ, Medeni ÖÇ, Çolakoğlu FF, Baltacı G. Plantar basınç dağılımı ile stabilite ve koordinasyon arasındaki ilişki: Milli olimpik yelken takımı örneği. BÜSBİD. 2017;2(2):135-50.
  • 24. Scoppa F, Gallamini M, Belloni G, Messina G. Clinical stabilometry standardization: Feet position in static stabilometric assessment of postural stability. Acta Med Mediterr. 2017;33:707-13. doi: 10.19193/0393-6384_2017_4_105.
  • 25. Esnafoğlu E. Özgül öğrenme bozukluğu bulunan çocuklarda serum folat, vitamin B12, homosistein ve vitamin D seviyeleri. Bozok Tıp Derg. 2018;8(3):59-64. doi: 10.16919/bozoktip.390908.
  • 26. Logan SW, Getchell N. The relationship between motor skill proficiency and body mass index in children with and without dyslexia: A pilot study. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2010;81(4):518-23. doi: 10.1080/02701367.2010.10599713.
  • 27. Ölçek G, Çelik İ, Başoğlu Y, Kaymakçı S, Gürlek E. Comparison of children with and without dyslexia using functional head impulse test and pediatric balance scale. Front Neurol. 2023;14:1153650. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1153650.
  • 28. Selçuk R, Tarakçı D, Taşkıran H, Algun ZC. Özel öğrenme güçlüğü olan çocuklarda çift görev odaklı denge egzersizlerinin denge ve öğrenme üzerine etkisi. JETR. 2018;5(2):65-73.
  • 29. Chaix Y, Albaret JM, Brassard C, Cheuret E, de Castelnau P, Benesteau J, Karsenty C, Démonet JF. Motor impairment in dyslexia: The influence of attention disorders. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2007;11(6):368-374. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2007.03.006.
  • 30. Dowling AM, Steele JR, Baur LA. What are the effects of obesity in children on plantar pressure distributions? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28(11):1514-9. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802729.
  • 31. Jafarnezhadgero AA, Dehghani M, Abdollahpourdarvishani M, Sheikhalizadeh H, Akrami M. Effect of textured foot orthoses on walking plantar pressure variables in children with autism spectrum disorders. J Biomech. 2021;129:110775. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110775.
  • 32. Karatel KM, Bulut Zİ, Çınar MA, Bayramlar K, Yakut Y. Okul öncesi kız ve erkek çocukların ayak basınç dağılımları, ayakkabı uygunluğu ve kaba motor gelişimleri açısından incelenmesi: Pilot çalışma. Zeugma Sağlık Araştırmaları Derg. 2019;1(1):1-8.
  • 33. Mackey DC, Robinovitch SN. Postural steadiness during quiet stance does not associate with ability to recover balance in older women. Clin Biomech. 2005;20(8):776-783. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2005.05.002.
  • 34. Hyun GJ, Jung TW, Park JH, Kang KD, Kim SM, Son YD, Cheong JH, Kim BN, Han DH. Changes in gait balance and brain connectivity in response to equine-assisted activity and training in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Altern Complement Med. 2016;22(4):286-93. doi: 10.1089/acm.2015.0299.
  • 35. Barela J, Dias J, Godoi D, Viana A, Freitas P. Postural control and automaticity in dyslexic children: The relationship between visual information and body sway. Res Dev Disabil. 2011;32:1814-21. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2011.03.011.
  • 36. Gouleme N, Villeneuve P, Gérard CL, Bucci MP. Influence of both cutaneous input from the foot soles and visual information on the control of postural stability in dyslexic children. Gait Posture. 2017;56:141-6. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.04.039.
  • 37. Naz S, Najam N. Neurological deficits and comorbidity in children with reading disorder. Psychiatry Clin Psychopharmacol. 2019;29:674-681. doi:10.1080/24750573.2019.1589174.

Comparison of Plantar Pressure Distribution and Balance Parameters in Children with and without Specific Learning Disabilities

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 1 , 183 - 194 , 20.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.22312/sdusbed.1661172
https://izlik.org/JA65WU57YK

Öz

Objective: The study was conducted to compare the plantar pressure distribution and balance parameters of children with and without Specific Learning Disability (SLD). Material and Methods: 20 with SLD whose Foot Posture Indeks (FPI) was within the normal range (SLD group) and 20 children without SLD (Control group) participated in the study. Sociodemographic information of the children participating in the study was obtained. Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) was used to assess balance, and DIASU Digital Analysis System was used for plantar pressure distribution analysis. Results: PBS scores of children in the SLD group were found to be significantly lower than those in the control group (p<0.05). No significant difference was found between the two groups in the static plantar pressure distribution analysis (p<0.05). In the dynamic plantar pressure distribution analysis, it was found that the right foot surface area of children in the SLD group was greater than that of children in the control group (p=0.001, r=-3.651). In the stabilometric analysis, the values of antero-posterior acceleration with eyes open (p=0.013, r=-2.617), ellipse surface with eyes closed (p=0.043, r=-2.093), and sway length with eyes closed (p=0.037, r=-2.159) were found to be higher in the children with SLD group. No significant relationship was found between the PBS score of the children with SLD and the static and dynamic plantar pressure distribution and the stabilometric analysis (p>0.05). Conclusion: Children with SLD had poorer balance than those without SLD, and no significant relationship was seen between basic emotions and balance in children with SLD.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Köroğlu E. Ruhsal bozuklukların tanısal ve sayısal elkitabı 5. Baskı. (Amerikan Psikiyatri Derneği, Çev.). 5. Baskı. HYB Yayıncılık; 2015.
  • 2. Görgün B, Melekoğlu M. Review of studies on specific learning disabilities in Turkey. Sakarya University Journal of Education. 2019;9(1):83-106. doi: 10.19126/suje.456198.
  • 3. McDowell M. Specific learning disability. J Paediatr Child Health. 2018;54(10):1077-83. doi: 10.1111/jpc.14168.
  • 4. Öğülmüş K. Özel öğrenme güçlüğü tanılama süreci. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Derg. 2021;23(2):395-404. doi: 10.24938/kutfd.955800.
  • 5. Deval S, Writer H, Mate K. Assessment of gross motor proficiency in children with learning disability. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther. 2013;7(4):229-34. doi: 10.5958/j.0973-5674.7.4.154.
  • 6. Stoodley CJ, Stein JF. The cerebellum and dyslexia. Cortex. 2011;47(1):101-16. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2009.10.005.
  • 7. Sibley KM, Beauchamp MK, Van Ooteghem K, Paterson M, Wittmeier KD. Components of standing postural control evaluated in pediatric balance measures: A scoping review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2017;98(10):2066-78. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2017.02.032.
  • 8. Saether R, Helbostad JL, Riphagen II, Vik T. Clinical tools to assess balance in children and adults with cerebral palsy: A systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2013;55(11):988-99. doi: 10.1111/dmcn.12162.
  • 9. Yang JF, Lam T, Pang MY, Lamont E, Musselman K, Seinen E. Infant stepping: a window to the behaviour of the human pattern generator for walking. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2004;82(8-9):662-74. doi: 10.1111/j.14697793.1998.927bs.x.
  • 10. Xiong QL, Hou WS, Xiao N, Chen YX, Yao J, Zheng XL, Liu Y, Wu XY. Motor skill development alters kinematics and co-activation between flexors and extensors of limbs in human infant crawling. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2018;26(4):780-7. doi: 10.1109/TNSRE.2017.2785821.
  • 11. Demirdel E, Aksu A. Examination of the correlation between foot biomechanics, plantar pressure and balance in adolescent volleyball players. Suleyman Demirel Univ J Health Sci. 2022;13(1):60-9. doi: 10.22312/sdusbed.943929.
  • 12. Rdzanek J, Świątek J, Wychowański M. Correlation between foot arch parameters and body balance performance. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2022;24(4):263-72. doi: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.9990.
  • 13. Hallemans A, D'Août K, De Clercq D, Aerts P. Pressure distribution patterns under the feet of new walkers: The first two months of independent walking. Foot Ankle Int. 2003;24(5):444-53.
  • 14. Zulkifli SS, Loh WP. A state of the art review of foot pressure. Foot Ankle Surg. 2020;26(1):25-32. doi: 10.1016/j.fas.2018.12.005.
  • 15. Rosenbaum D, Becker HP. Plantar pressure distribution measurements. Technical background and clinical applications. Foot Ankle Surg. 1997;3(1):1-14. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9584.1997.00043.x.
  • 16. Cousins SD, Morrison SC, Drechsler WI. The reliability of plantar pressure assessment during barefoot level walking in children aged 7-11 years. J Foot Ankle Res. 2012;5(1):1-8. doi: 10.1186/1757-1146-5-8.
  • 17. Vuijk P, Hartman E, Mombarg R, Scherder E, Visscher C. Associations between academic and motor performance in a heterogeneous sample of children with learning disabilities. J Learn Disabil. 2011;44(3):276-82. doi: 10.1177/0022219410378446.
  • 18. Hsieh RL, Peng HL, Lee WC. Short-term effects of customized arch support insoles on symptomatic flexible flatfoot in children: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine. 2018;97(20):e10655. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000010655.
  • 19. Gijon-Nogueron G, Montes-Alguacil J, Alfageme-Garcia PC, Cervera-Marin JA, Morales-Asencio JM, Martinez-Nova A. Establishing normative foot posture index values for the paediatric population: A cross-sectional study. J Foot Ankle Res. 2016;9:24. doi: 10.1186/s13047-016-0156-3.
  • 20. Redmond AC, Crosbie J, Ouvrier RA. Development and validation of a novel rating system for scoring standing foot posture: The foot posture index. Clin Biomech. 2006;21(1):89-98. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2005.08.002
  • 21. Erden A, Arslan AE, Dündar B, Topbaş M, Cavlak U. Reliability and validity of Turkish version of Pediatric Balance Scale. Acta Neurol Belg. 2020;121:669-75. doi: 10.1007/s13760-020-01302-9.
  • 22. Borozan I, Grădinaru S, Miron P, Puta T, Bota E. Postural differences of volleyball players. Timisoara Phys Educ Rehabil J. 2017;9(17):42-6. doi: 10.1515/tperj-2016-0014.
  • 23. Çerezci S, Uzun A, Pekyavaş NÖ, Medeni ÖÇ, Çolakoğlu FF, Baltacı G. Plantar basınç dağılımı ile stabilite ve koordinasyon arasındaki ilişki: Milli olimpik yelken takımı örneği. BÜSBİD. 2017;2(2):135-50.
  • 24. Scoppa F, Gallamini M, Belloni G, Messina G. Clinical stabilometry standardization: Feet position in static stabilometric assessment of postural stability. Acta Med Mediterr. 2017;33:707-13. doi: 10.19193/0393-6384_2017_4_105.
  • 25. Esnafoğlu E. Özgül öğrenme bozukluğu bulunan çocuklarda serum folat, vitamin B12, homosistein ve vitamin D seviyeleri. Bozok Tıp Derg. 2018;8(3):59-64. doi: 10.16919/bozoktip.390908.
  • 26. Logan SW, Getchell N. The relationship between motor skill proficiency and body mass index in children with and without dyslexia: A pilot study. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2010;81(4):518-23. doi: 10.1080/02701367.2010.10599713.
  • 27. Ölçek G, Çelik İ, Başoğlu Y, Kaymakçı S, Gürlek E. Comparison of children with and without dyslexia using functional head impulse test and pediatric balance scale. Front Neurol. 2023;14:1153650. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1153650.
  • 28. Selçuk R, Tarakçı D, Taşkıran H, Algun ZC. Özel öğrenme güçlüğü olan çocuklarda çift görev odaklı denge egzersizlerinin denge ve öğrenme üzerine etkisi. JETR. 2018;5(2):65-73.
  • 29. Chaix Y, Albaret JM, Brassard C, Cheuret E, de Castelnau P, Benesteau J, Karsenty C, Démonet JF. Motor impairment in dyslexia: The influence of attention disorders. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2007;11(6):368-374. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2007.03.006.
  • 30. Dowling AM, Steele JR, Baur LA. What are the effects of obesity in children on plantar pressure distributions? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28(11):1514-9. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802729.
  • 31. Jafarnezhadgero AA, Dehghani M, Abdollahpourdarvishani M, Sheikhalizadeh H, Akrami M. Effect of textured foot orthoses on walking plantar pressure variables in children with autism spectrum disorders. J Biomech. 2021;129:110775. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110775.
  • 32. Karatel KM, Bulut Zİ, Çınar MA, Bayramlar K, Yakut Y. Okul öncesi kız ve erkek çocukların ayak basınç dağılımları, ayakkabı uygunluğu ve kaba motor gelişimleri açısından incelenmesi: Pilot çalışma. Zeugma Sağlık Araştırmaları Derg. 2019;1(1):1-8.
  • 33. Mackey DC, Robinovitch SN. Postural steadiness during quiet stance does not associate with ability to recover balance in older women. Clin Biomech. 2005;20(8):776-783. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2005.05.002.
  • 34. Hyun GJ, Jung TW, Park JH, Kang KD, Kim SM, Son YD, Cheong JH, Kim BN, Han DH. Changes in gait balance and brain connectivity in response to equine-assisted activity and training in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Altern Complement Med. 2016;22(4):286-93. doi: 10.1089/acm.2015.0299.
  • 35. Barela J, Dias J, Godoi D, Viana A, Freitas P. Postural control and automaticity in dyslexic children: The relationship between visual information and body sway. Res Dev Disabil. 2011;32:1814-21. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2011.03.011.
  • 36. Gouleme N, Villeneuve P, Gérard CL, Bucci MP. Influence of both cutaneous input from the foot soles and visual information on the control of postural stability in dyslexic children. Gait Posture. 2017;56:141-6. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.04.039.
  • 37. Naz S, Najam N. Neurological deficits and comorbidity in children with reading disorder. Psychiatry Clin Psychopharmacol. 2019;29:674-681. doi:10.1080/24750573.2019.1589174.
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Fizyoterapi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Meryem Sevim 0000-0001-6368-0398

Bahar Külünkoğlu 0000-0002-2148-0379

Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Mart 2025
Kabul Tarihi 12 Kasım 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Nisan 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.22312/sdusbed.1661172
IZ https://izlik.org/JA65WU57YK
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver 1.Meryem Sevim, Bahar Külünkoğlu. Özel Öğrenme Güçlüğü Olan ve Olmayan Çocuklarda Plantar Basınç Dağılımı ve Denge Parametrelerinin Karşılaştırılması. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 01 Nisan 2026;17(1):183-94. doi:10.22312/sdusbed.1661172

CC

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

Atıf gereklidir, ticari olmayan amaçlarla kullanılabilir ve değişiklik yapılarak türev eser üretilemez.