Antibacterial Nanoparticles Used in Disinfection of Root Canal

Öz

The infected root canal contains a multispecies biofilm, in which many species of bacteria are combined. One of the most important reasons for the failure of root canal treatment is the inability to completely eliminate the biofilm in the root canal system. Different agents have been used in different concentrations for many years to remove microorganisms from root canals. However, it is still difficult to completely disinfect the infected root canal with the methods used today. In recent years, developments in nanotechnology have been reflected in the field of endodontics; in order to benefit from the superior properties of nanoscale materials, the use of nanoparticles in different fields has accelerated. The aim of this review is to investigate the nanoparticles used in root canal disinfection and their mechanism of action.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• disinfection,nanoparticles,root canal

Kök Kanallarının Dezenfeksiyonunda Kullanılan Antibakteriyel Etkili Nanopartiküller

Öz

Enfekte kök kanalı, birçok bakteri türünün bir arada bulunduğu çok türlü biyofilm barındırır. Kök kanal tedavisinin başarısızlıkla sonuçlanmasının en önemli nedenlerinden biri, kök kanal sistemindeki biyofilmin tamamen elimine edilememesidir. Mikroorganizmaların kök kanallarından uzaklaştırılmasında uzun yıllardır farklı ajanlar değişik konsantrasyonlarda kullanılmaktadır. Fakat günümüzde kullanılan yöntemler ile hala enfekte kök kanalını tamamen dezenfekte edebilmek oldukça güçtür. Son yıllarda nanoteknoloji alanındaki gelişmeler endodonti alanına da yansımış, nano boyuttaki materyallerin kazandığı üstün özellikler sayesinde farklı alanlarda nanopartikül kullanımı araştırmaları hız kazanmıştır. Bu derlemenin amacı kök kanal dezenfeksiyonunda kullanılan nanopartikülleri ve çalışma prensiplerini incelemektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dezenfeksiyon,kök kanalı,nanopartikül

Kaynakça

1. Shrestha A, Kishen A. Antibacterial Nanoparticles in Endodontics: A Review. J Endod. 2016;42(10):1417-26.
2. Lide DR. Physical Constant of Inorganic Compound. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 2005;474.
3. Barillo DJ, Marx DE. Silver in medicine: a brief history BC 335 to present. Burns. 2014;40 Suppl 1:S3-8.
4. Chaloupka K, Malam Y, Seifalian AM. Nanosilver as a new generation of nanoproduct in biomedical applications. Trends Biotechnol. 2010;28(11):580-8.
5. Morones JR, Elechiguerra JL, Camacho A, Holt K, Kouri JB, Ramirez JT, et al. The bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles. Nanotechnology. 2005;16(10):2346-53.
6. Correa JM, Mori M, Sanches HL, da Cruz AD, Poiate E, Jr., Poiate IA. Silver nanoparticles in dental biomaterials. Int J Biomater. 2015;2015:485275.
7. Cheng L, Zhang K, Melo MA, Weir MD, Zhou X, Xu HH. Anti-biofilm dentin primer with quaternary ammonium and silver nanoparticles. J Dent Res. 2012;91(6):598-604.
8. Palza H. Antimicrobial polymers with metal nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16(1):2099-116.

9. Hernandez-Sierra JF, Ruiz F, Pena DC, Martinez-Gutierrez F, Martinez AE, Guillen Ade J, et al. The antimicrobial sensitivity of Streptococcus mutans to nanoparticles of silver, zinc oxide, and gold. Nanomedicine. 2008;4(3):237-40.
10. Acosta-Torres LS, Mendieta I, Nunez-Anita RE, Cajero-Juarez M, Castano VM. Cytocompatible antifungal acrylic resin containing silver nanoparticles for dentures. Int J Nanomedicine. 2012;7:4777-86.
11. Flores CY, Diaz C, Rubert A, Benitez GA, Moreno MS, Fernandez Lorenzo de Mele MA, et al. Spontaneous adsorption of silver nanoparticles on Ti/TiO2 surfaces. Antibacterial effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2010;350(2):402-8.
12. Lu X, Zhang B, Wang Y, Zhou X, Weng J, Qu S, et al. Nano-Ag-loaded hydroxyapatite coatings on titanium surfaces by electrochemical deposition. J R Soc Interface. 2011;8(57):529-39.
13. Afkhami F, Akbari S, Chiniforush N. Entrococcus faecalis Elimination in Root Canals Using Silver Nanoparticles, Photodynamic Therapy, Diode Laser, or Laser-activated Nanoparticles: An In Vitro Study. J Endod. 2017;43(2):279-82.
14. Lotfi M, Vosoughhosseini S, Ranjkesh B, Khani S, Saghiri M, Zand V. Antimicrobial efficacy of nanosilver, sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine gluconate against Enterococcus faecalis. Afr J Biotechnol. 2011;10(35):6799-803.
15. Rodrigues CT, de Andrade FB, de Vasconcelos L, Midena RZ, Pereira TC, Kuga MC, et al. Antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles as a root canal irrigant against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm and infected dentinal tubules. Int Endod J. 2018;51(8):901-11.
16. Shantiaee Y, Maziar F, Dianat O, Mahjour F. Comparing microleakage in root canals obturated with nanosilver coated gutta-percha to standard gutta-percha by two different methods. Iran Endod J. 2011;6(4):140-5.
17. Kishen A, Shi Z, Shrestha A, Neoh KG. An investigation on the antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of cationic nanoparticulates for root canal disinfection. J Endod. 2008;34(12):1515-20.
18. DaSilva L, Finer Y, Friedman S, Basrani B, Kishen A. Biofilm formation within the interface of bovine root dentin treated with conjugated chitosan and sealer containing chitosan nanoparticles. J Endod. 2013;39(2):249-53.
19. Silva PV, Guedes DF, Nakadi FV, Pecora JD, Cruz-Filho AM. Chitosan: a new solution for removal of smear layer after root canal instrumentation. Int Endod J. 2013;46(4):332-8.
20. Silva PV, Guedes DF, Pecora JD, da Cruz-Filho AM. Time-dependent effects of chitosan on dentin structures. Braz Dent J. 2012;23(4):357-61.
21. Del Carpio-Perochena A, Bramante CM, Duarte MA, de Moura MR, Aouada FA, Kishen A. Chelating and antibacterial properties of chitosan nanoparticles on dentin. Restor Dent Endod. 2015;40(3):195-201.
22. Zehnder M, Soderling E, Salonen J, Waltimo T. Preliminary evaluation of bioactive glass S53P4 as an endodontic medication in vitro. J Endod. 2004;30(4):220-4.
23. Zehnder M, Luder HU, Schatzle M, Kerosuo E, Waltimo T. A comparative study on the disinfection potentials of bioactive glass S53P4 and calcium hydroxide in contra-lateral human premolars ex vivo. Int Endod J. 2006;39(12):952-8.
24. Waltimo T, Brunner TJ, Vollenweider M, Stark WJ, Zehnder M. Antimicrobial effect of nanometric bioactive glass 45S5. J Dent Res. 2007;86(8):754-7.
25. Pagonis TC, Chen J, Fontana CR, Devalapally H, Ruggiero K, Song X, et al. Nanoparticle-based endodontic antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. J Endod. 2010;36(2):322-8.
26. Priyadarshini BM, Selvan ST, Lu TB, Xie H, Neo J, Fawzy AS. Chlorhexidine Nanocapsule Drug Delivery Approach to the Resin-Dentin Interface. J Dent Res 2016;95(9):1065-72.