THE EFFECTS OF OXIDANTS AND ANTIOXİDANTS PARAMETERS IN FEMALE FERTILTY

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 26 - 31, 27.04.2014

Esra Tola

Öz

Oxidative stress that is definite as an imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant systems has been identified to play an important role in female infertility. Oxidative stress can lead to a number of reproductive diseases such as polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis and unexplained infertility. This article will review the currently literature on the physiologic and pathologic effects of reactive oxygen species in the female reproductive system and the success of in vitro fertilization methods. Antioxidant supplementation may be effective in the treatment of the reproductive disease by the way of controlling the production of the free radicals. Antioxidant supplementation of in vitro fertilization culture media can increase the likelihood for the success. Future randomized controlled clinical trials are necessary to understand the effects f oxidative stress in female fertility.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Oxidative stress; female infertility; in vitro fertilization

OKSİDAN VE ANTİOKSİDAN SİSTEMLERİN KADIN FERTİLİTESİNE ETKİLERİ

Öz

Oksidan ve antioksidan mekanizmalar arasındaki dengenin oksidan parametreler lehine bozulması olarak tanımlanan oksidatif stres kadınlarda infertilite etyolopatogenezinde önemli rol oynar. Polikistik over sendromu, endometriozis ve açıklanamayan infertilite gibi reproduktif hastalıklarda da oksidatif stresin etyopatogenezde rol aldığı gösterilmiştir. Bu derlemede reaktif oksijen radikallerinin kadın reproduktivitesindeki fizyolojik ve patolojik etkilerini ve in vitro fertilizasyon yöntemlerinde fertilizasyon başarısına olan etkilerini son literatur bilgileri ışığında sunacağız. Antioksidan desteği serbest radikal üretimini kontrol altına alarak infertilite ile ilgili reproduktif hastalıkların tedavisinde etkili olabilir. Aynı şekilde in vitro fertilizasyon yöntemlerinde kültür mediumlarına antioksidan desteği bu yöntemlerin başarısını arttırmada kullanılabilir. Oksidatif stresin kadın fertilitesine olan etkilerinin daha iyi anlaşılması için randomize kontrollü klinik çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Oksidatif stres; kadın infertilitesi; in vitro fertilizasyon

Kaynakça

• Al-Gubory KH, Fowler PA, Garrel C. The roles of cellular reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress and antioxidants in pregnancy outcomes. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2010; 42: 1634- 1650.
• Seifried HE, Anderson DE, Fisher EI, Milner JA. A review of the interaction among dietary antioxidants and reactive oxygen species. J Nutr Biochem. 2007; 18: 567-579.
• Fujii J, Iuchi Y, Okada F. Fundamental roles of reactive oxygen species and protective mechanisms in the female reproductive system. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005; 3: 43.
• Hall AG. Review: The role of glutathione in the regulation of apoptosis. Eur J Clin Invest. 1999; 29: 238-245.
• Nogueira CW, Zeni G, Rocha JB. Organoselenium and organotellurium compounds: toxicology and pharmacology. Chem Rev. 2004; 104: 6255-6285.
• Jones DP, Carlson JL, Mody VC, Cai J, Lynn MJ, Sternberg P. Redox state of glutathione in human plasma. Free Radic Biol Med. 2000; 28: 625-635.
• Agarwal A, Aponte-Mellado A, Premkumar BJ, Shaman A, Gupta S. The effects of oxidative stress on female reproduction: a review. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2012; 10: 49.
• de Matos DG, Furnus CC. The importance of having high glutathione (GSH) level after bovine in vitro maturation on embryo development effect of beta-mercaptoethanol, cysteine and cystine. Theriogenology 2000; 53: 761-771.
• Guerin P, El Mouatassim S, Menezo Y. Oxidative stress and protection against reactive oxygen species in the pre- implantation embryo and its surroundings. Hum Reprod Update. 2001; 7: 175-189.
• Agarwal A, Gupta S, Sikka S. The role of free radicals and antioxidants in reproduction. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 18: 325-32.
• Behrman HR, Kodaman PH, Preston SL, Gao S. Oxidative stress and the ovary. J Soc Gynecol Investig. 2001; 8: 40-42.
• Takami M, Preston SL, Behrman HR. Eicosatetraynoic and eicosatriynoic acids, lipoxygenase inhibitors, block meiosis via antioxidant action. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2000; 278: 646- 650.
• Takami M, Preston SL, Toyloy VA, Behrman HR. Antioxidants reversibly inhibit the spontaneous resumption of meiosis. Am J Physiol. 1999; 276: 684-688.
• Ortega-Camarillo C, Guzman-Grenfell AM, Hicks JJ. Oxidation of gonadotrophin (PMSG) by oxygen free radicals alters its structure and hormonal activity. Mol Reprod Dev. 1999; 52: 264-268.
• Briggs DA, Sharp DJ, Miller D, Gosden RG. Transferrin in the developing ovarian follicle: evidence for de-novo expression by granulosa cells. Mol Hum Reprod. 1999; 5: 1107-1114.
• Basini G, Grasselli F, Bianco F, Tirelli M, Tamanini C. Ef- fect of reduced oxygen tension on reactive oxygen species pro- duction and activity of antioxidant enzymes in swine granulosa cells. Biofactors. 2004; 20: 61-69.
• Ruder EH, Hartman TJ, Blumberg J, Goldman MB. Oxi- dative stress and antioxidants: exposure and impact on female fertility. Hum Reprod Update. 2008; 14: 345-357.
• Zuelke KA, Jeffay SC, Zucker RM, Perreault SD. Glutathi- one (GSH) concentrations vary with the cell cycle in maturing hamster oocytes, zygotes, and pre-implantation stage embryos. Mol Reprod Dev. 2003; 64: 106-112.
• Curnow EC, Ryan JP, Saunders DM, Hayes ES. In vitro developmen tal potential of macaque oocytes, derived from unstimulated ovaries, following maturation in the presence of glutathione ethyl ester. Hum Reprod. 2010; 25: 2465-2474.
• de Matos DG, Gasparrini B, Pasqualini SR, Thompson JG. Effect of glutathione synthesis stimulation during in vitro mat- uration of ovine oocytes on embryo development and intracel- lular peroxide content. Theriogenology. 2002; 57: 1443-1451.
• Ikeda S, Kitagawa M, Imai H, Yamada M. The roles of vita- min A for cytoplasmic maturation of bovine oocytes. J Reprod Dev. 2005; 51: 23-35.
• Rodgers RJ, Lavranos TC, Rodgers HF, Young FM, Vella CA. The physiology of the ovary: maturation of ovarian granu- losa cells and a novel role for antioxidants in the corpus luteum. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1995; 53: 241-246.
• Ruder EH, Hartman TJ, Goldman MB. Impact of oxidative stress on female fertility. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2009; 21: 219-222.
• Shkolnik K, Tadmor A, Ben-Dor S, Nevo N, Galiani D, De- kel N. Reactive oxygen species are indispensable in ovulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011; 108: 1462-1467.
• Wiener-Megnazi Z, Vardi L, Lissak A, Shnizer S, Reznick AZ, Ishai D, Lahav-Baratz S, Shiloh H, Koifman M, Dirnfeld M. Oxidative stress indices in follicular fluid as measured by the thermochemiluminescence assay correlate with outcome parameters in in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 2004; 82 Suppl 3: 1171-1176.
• Salmon AB, Richardson A, Perez VI. Update on the oxida- tive stress theory of aging: does oxidative stress play a role in aging or healthy aging? Free Radic Biol Med. 2010; 48: 642- 655.
• Sadraie SH, Saito H, Kaneko T, Saito T, Hiroi M. Effects of aging on ovarian fecundity in terms of the incidence of apop- totic granulosa cells. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2000; 17: 168-173. 28. Takahashi T, Takahashi E, Igarashi H, Tezuka N, Kurachi H. Impact of oxidative stress in aged mouse oocytes on calcium oscillations at fertilization. Mol Reprod Dev. 2003; 66: 143- 152.
• Carbone MC, Tatone C, Delle Monache S, Marci R, Caserta D, Colonna R, Amicarelli F. Antioxidant enzymatic defences in human follicular fluid: characterization and age-dependent changes. Mol Hum Reprod. 2003; 9: 639-643.
• Kawamura Y, Uchijima Y, Horike N, Tonami K, Nishiyama K, Amano T, Asano T, Kurihara Y, Kurihara H. Sirt3 protects in vitro-fertilized mouse preimplantation embryos against oxida- tive stress-induced p53-mediated developmental arrest. J Clin Invest. 2010; 120: 2817-2828.
• Wang Y, Sharma RK, Falcone T, Goldberg J, Agarwal A. Importance of reactive oxygen species in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis or idiopathic infertility. Fertil Steril. 1997; 68: 826-830.
• Tanghe S, Van Soom A, Nauwynck H, Coryn M, de Kruif A. Minireview: Functions of the cumulus oophorus during oocyte maturation, ovulation, and fertilization. Mol Reprod Dev. 2002; 61: 414-424.
• Revelli A, Delle Piane L, Casano S, Molinari E, Massobrio M, Rinaudo P. Follicular fluid content and oocyte quality: from single biochemical markers to metabolomics. Reprod Biol En- docrinol. 2009; 7: 40.
• Jana SK, K NB, Chattopadhyay R, Chakravarty B, Chaud- hury K. Upper control limit of reactive oxygen species in follic- ular fluid beyond which viable embryo formation is not favor- able. Reprod Toxicol. 2010; 29: 447-451.
• Oyawoye O, Abdel Gadir A, Garner A, Constantinovici N, Perrett C, Hardiman P. Antioxidants and reactive oxygen spe- cies in follicular fluid of women undergoing IVF: relationship to outcome. Hum Reprod. 2003; 18: 2270-2274.
• Paszkowski T, Clarke RN. Antioxidative capacity of pre- implantation embryo culture medium declines following the incubation of poor quality embryos. Hum Reprod. 1996; 11: 2493-2495.
• Jancar N, Kopitar AN, Ihan A, Virant Klun I, Bokal EV. Effect of apoptosis and reactive oxygen species production in human granulosa cells on oocyte fertilization and blastocyst de- velopment. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2007; 24: 91-97.
• Matos L, Stevenson D, Gomes F, Silva-Carvalho JL, Almei- da H. Superoxide dismutase expression in human cumulus oo- phorus cells. Mol Hum Reprod. 2009; 15: 411-419.
• Seino T, Saito H, Kaneko T, Takahashi T, Kawachiya S, Ku- rachi H. Eight-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine in granulosa cells is correlated with the quality of oocytes and embryos in an in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer program. Fertil Steril. 2002; 77: 1184-1190.
• Paszkowski T, Traub AI, Robinson SY, McMaster D. Sele- nium dependent glutathione peroxidase activity in human fol- licular fluid. Clin Chim Acta. 1995; 236: 173-180.
• Attaran M, Pasqualotto E, Falcone T, Goldberg JM, Miller KF, Agarwal A, Sharma RK. The effect of follicular fluid reac- tive oxygen species on the outcome of in vitro fertilization. Int J Fertil Womens Med. 2000; 45: 314-320.
• Liu J, Li Y. [Effect of oxidative stress and apoptosis in gran- ulosa cells on the outcome of IVF-ET]. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2010; 35: 990-994.
• Pasqualotto EB, Agarwal A, Sharma RK, Izzo VM, Pinotti JA, Joshi NJ, Rose BI. Effect of oxidative stress in follicular fluid on the outcome of assisted reproductive procedures. Fertil Steril. 2004; 81: 973-976.
• Ebisch IM, Peters WH, Thomas CM, Wetzels AM, Peer PG, Steegers-Theunissen RP. Homocysteine, glutathione and relat- ed thiols affect fertility parameters in the (sub)fertile couple. Hum Reprod. 2006; 21: 1725-1733.
• Tamura H, Takasaki A, Miwa I, Taniguchi K, Maekawa R, Asada H, Taketani T, Matsuoka A, Yamagata Y, Shimamura K, Morioka H, Ishikawa H, Reiter RJ, Sugino N. Oxidative stress impairs oocyte quality and melatonin protects oocytes from free radical damage and improves fertilization rate. J Pineal Res. 2008; 44 (3): 280-287.
• Yang HW, Hwang KJ, Kwon HC, Kim HS, Choi KW, Oh KS. Detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis in human fragmented embryos. Hum Reprod. 1998; 13: 998- 1002.
• Bedaiwy MA, Falcone T, Mohamed MS, Aleem AA, Shar- ma RK, Worley SE, Thornton J, Agarwal A. Differential growth of human embryos in vitro: role of reactive oxygen species. Fertil Steril. 2004; 82: 593-600.
• Whanger PD. Selenium and the brain: a review. Nutr Neu- rosci. 2001; 4: 81-97.
• Acevedo CG, Carrasco G, Burotto M, Rojas S, Bravo I. Eth- anol inhibits L-arginine uptake and enhances NO formation in human placenta. Life Sci. 2001; 68: 2893-903.
• Alberg A. The influence of cigarette smoking on circulat- ing concentrations of antioxidant micronutrients. Toxicology. 2002; 180: 121-137.
• Allaire C. Endometriosis and infertility: a review. J Reprod Med. 2006; 51: 164-168.
• Marsillach J, Checa MA, Pedro-Botet J, Carreras R, Joven J, Camps J. Paraoxonase-1 in female infertility: a possible role against oxidative stress-induced inflammation. Fertil Steril. 2010; 94: 1132-1134.
• Ozkaya MO, Naziroglu M. Multivitamin and mineral sup- plementation modulates oxidative stress and antioxidant vita- min levels in serum and follicular fluid of women undergoing in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 2010; 94: 2465-2466.
• Martín-Romero FJ, Miguel-Lasobras EM, Domínguez-Ar- royo JA, González-Carrera E, Alvarez IS. Contribution of cul- ture media to oxidative stress and its effect on human oocytes. Reprod Biomed Online. 2008; 17: 652-661.