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Sarkopenik Yaşlı Bireylerde Dirençli Egzersiz Eğitiminin Etkileri

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 4, 494 - 499, 31.12.2020

Öz

İnsan yaşlandıkça iskelet kasında çeşitli değişiklikler meydana gelmektedir. Beslenme, kas kütlesini etkileyen önemli faktörlerden biridir ve kas kütlesinde meydana gelen devamlı kayıp yaşlanma süreci için karakteristik bir özelliktir. Ancak yaş ile ilgili iskelet kas kütlesi kaybı olarak tanımlanan sarkopeni, kas miktar ve kalitesinde bozulmaya, kademeli olarak hareketlerde yavaşlamaya, güç ve performansta azalmaya, düşme ile ilişkili yaralanma riskinin artmasına ve sıklıkla vücut ağırlığında azalmaya yol açmaktadır. Sarkopeninin genel popülasyondaki tahmini prevalansı %9-%40 arasında olup, yaş arttıkça yükselen bir eğim göstermektedir. Etiyolojisinde birçok faktör bulunan sarkopeni gelişiminin ana nedenleri olarak hormonal değişiklikler (testosteron, östrojen ve büyüme hormonunun azalması), yetersiz beslenme, kronik inflamasyon ve yaş artışıyla birlikte fiziksel aktivite düzeyinde meydana gelen azalmalar gösterilmektedir. Aynı zamanda fiziksel olarak hareketsiz bir yaşam tarzının benimsenmesi, kemik doku üzerine binen yükün azalarak, dejenerasyonuna yol açmaktadır. Sarkopeni için tedavi seçenekleri, fiziksel aktivite ve egzersiz eğitimi, tıbbi beslenme tedavisi ve farmakolojik tedaviyi içeren yaşam tarzı değişikliklerini içermektedir. Kuvvet antrenmanı, yeterli ve doğru beslenme başarılı bir sarkopeni tedavisinin temelini oluşturmaktadır. Özellikle dirençli eğitimi içeren egzersiz programları uzun zamandır yaşlı insanlar arasında kas kütlesi ve gücünü arttırmak için en umut verici yöntem olarak görülmektedir. Ayrıca dirençli egzersizlerin kemik ve kas kütlesinin korunması için de faydalı olduğu bilinmektedir. Yapılan araştırmalar, dirençli egzersiz eğitiminin yaşlı bireylerde iskelet kası fonksiyon bozukluklarını hafifletebileceğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu nedenle yaşlı bireyler, dirençli egzersiz eğitimi faaliyetlerine katılmaya teşvik edilmelidirler. Bu çalışmamızda sarkopenik yaşlı bireylerde kas ve kemik kütlesinin korunmasına yönelik dirençli egzersiz eğitimlerinin mekanizmasını özetlemek amaçlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Kato K, Hatanaka Y. The influence of trunk muscle strength on walking velocity in elderly people with sarcopenia. J Phys Ther Sci. 2020: 32(2); 166–172.
  • 2. Thomas DR. Loss of skeletal muscle mass in aging: examining the relationship of starvation, sarcopenia and cachexia. Clin Nutr. 2007; 26(4): 389–99.
  • 3. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, et al. Sarcopenia: european consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the european working group on sarcopenia in older people. Age ageing. 2010; 39(4): 412–23.
  • 4. Mayhew AJ, Amog K, Phillips S, Parise G, McNicholas PD, De Souza RJ, et al. The prevalence of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults, an exploration of differences between studies and within definitions: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Age ageing. 2019; 48(1): 48–56.
  • 5. Distefano G, Goodpaster BH. Effects of exercise and aging on skeletal muscle. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2017; 8(3): 1-16.
  • 6. Rolland Y, Czerwinski S, Abellan Van Kan G, Morley JE, Cesari M, Onder G, et al. Sarcopenia: its assessment, etiology, pathogenesis, consequences and future perspectives. J Nutr Health Aging. 2008; 12(7): 433–50.
  • 7. Giallauria F, Cittadini A, Smart NA, Vigorito C. Resistance training and sarcopenia. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2016; 84(1-2): 738.
  • 8. Fragala MS, Fukuda DH, Stout JR, Townsend JR, Emerson NS, Boone CH, et al. Muscle quality index improves with resistance exercise training in older adults. Exp Gerontol. 2014; 53: 1–6.
  • 9. Keller K. Sarcopenia. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2018; 169(7-8): 157-72.
  • 10. Braun SI, Kim Y, Jetton AE, Kang M, Morgan DW. Sedentary behavior, physical activity, and bone health in postmenopausal women. J Aging Phys Act. 2017; 25(2): 173–81.
  • 11. Vikberg S, Sörlén N, Brandén L, Johansson J, Nordström A, Hult A, et al. Effects of resistance training on functional strength and muscle mass in 70-year-old ındividuals with pre-sarcopenia: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018; 201(1): 28-34.
  • 12. Walston JD. Sarcopenia in older adults. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2012; 24(6): 623–7.
  • 13. Larsson L, Degens H, Li M, Salviati L, Lee Y, Thompson W, et al. Sarcopenia: aging-related loss of muscle mass and function. Physiol Rev. 2019; 99(1): 427–511.
  • 14. McIntire KL, Hoffman AR. The endocrine system and sarcopenia: potential therapeutic benefits. Curr Aging Sci. 2011; 4: 298-305.
  • 15. Vitale G, Cesari M, Mari D. Aging of the endocrine system and its potential impact on sarcopenia. Eur J Intern Med. 2016; 35: 10-15.
  • 16. Paddon-Jones D, Sheffield-Moore M, Katsanos CS, Zhang XJ, Wolfe RR. Differential stimulation of muscle protein synthesis in elderly humans following isocaloric ingestion of amino acids or whey protein. Exp Gerontol. 2006; 41(2): 215-9.
  • 17. Norman K, Stobäus N, Gonzalez MC, Schulzke JD, Pirlich M. Hand grip strength: outcome predictor and marker of nutritional status. Clin Nutr. 2011; 30: 135-42.
  • 18. Zengin A. Huzurevinde yaşayan yaşlılarda sarkopeni ve mini nütrisyonel araştırma tarama testi ile malnütrisyon riskinin belirlenmesi [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. [Gaziantep (Türkiye)]: Hasan Kalyoncu Üniversitesi; 2019.
  • 19. Saka B, Akın S, Tufan F, Bahat Öztürk G, Engin S, Karışık E, ve ark. Huzurevi sakinlerinin malnütrisyon prevalansı ve sarkopeni ile ilişkisi. İç Hastalıkları Dergisi. 2012; 19: 39-46.
  • 20. Janssen I, Heymsfield SB, Ross R. Low relative skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia) in older persons is associated with functional impairment and physical disability. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002; 50(5): 889–96.
  • 21. Lee SY, Tung HH, Liu CY, Chen LK. Physical activity and sarcopenia in the geriatric population: a systematic review. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018; 19(5): 378–83.
  • 22. Burton LA, Sumukadas D. Optimal management of sarcopenia. Clin Interv Aging. 2010; 5: 217–28.
  • 23. Zembroń-Łacny A, Dziubek W, Rogowski Ł, Skorupka E, Dąbrowska G. Sarcopenia: monitoring, molecular mechanisms, and physical intervention. Physiol Res. 2014; 63(6): 683–91.
  • 24. Hong AR, Kim SW. Effects of resistance exercise on bone health. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2018; 33(4): 435.
  • 25. Beckwée D, Delaere A, Aelbrecht S, Baert V, Beaudart C, Bruyere, O, et al. Exercise interventions for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia. A systematic umbrella review. J Nutr Health Aging. 2019; 23(6): 494-502.
  • 26. Del Campo Cervantes JM, Macías Cervantes MH, Monroy Torres R. Effect of a resistance training program on sarcopenia and functionality of the older adults living in a nursing home. J Nutr Health Aging. 2019; 23(9): 829–36.
  • 27. Scanlon TC, Fragala MS, Stout JR, Emerson NS, Beyer KS, Oliveira LP, et al. Muscle architecture and strength: adaptations to short-term resistance training in older adults. Muscle Nerve. 2014; 49(4): 584–92.
  • 28. Frontera WR, Meredith CN, O'Reilly KP, Knuttgen HG, Evans WJ. Strength conditioning in older men: skeletal muscle hypertrophy and improved function. J Appl Physiol. 1988; 64(3): 1038–44.
  • 29. Hassan BH, Hewitt J, Keogh JWL, Bermeo S, Duque G, Henwood TR. Impact of resistance training on sarcopenia in nursing care facilities: A pilot study. Geriatr Nurs. 2016; 37(2): 116–21.
  • 30. Fry CS, Drummond MJ, Glynn EL, Dickinson JM, Gundermann DM, Timmerman KL,et al. Skeletal muscle autophagy and protein breakdown following resistance exercise are similar in younger and older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013; 68(5): 599–607.
  • 31. Damas F, Phillips S, Vechin FC, Ugrinowitsch C. A review of resistance training-ınduced changes in skeletal muscle protein synthesis and their contribution to hypertrophy. Sports Med. 2015; 45(6): 801–7.
  • 32. Damas F, Libardi CA, Ugrinowitsch C. The development of skeletal muscle hypertrophy through resistance training: the role of muscle damage and muscle protein synthesis. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2018; 118(3): 485–500.
  • 33. Naseeb MA, Volpe SL. Protein and exercise in the prevention of sarcopenia and aging. Nutr Res. 2017; 40: 1–20.
  • 34. Reidy PT, Borack MS, Markofski MM, Dickinson JM, Fry CS, Deer RR, et al. Post-absorptive muscle protein turnover affects resistance training hypertrophy. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2017; 117(5): 853–66.
  • 35. Turżańska K, Drelich M, Posturzyńska A. Protein and physical activity in prevention and treatment of sarcopenia. Wiad Lek. 2019; 72(9;1): 1660–6.
  • 36. Yarasheski KE, Pak-Loduca J, Hasten DL, Obert KA, Brown MB, Sinacore DR. Resistance exercise training increases mixed muscle protein synthesis rate in frail women and men>/=76 yr old. Am J Physiol. 1999; 277(1): 118–25.
  • 37. Montero-Fernández N, Serra-Rexach JA. Role of exercise on sarcopenia in the elderly. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2013; 49(1): 131–43.
  • 38. Huovinen V, Ivaska KK, Kiviranta R, Bucci M, Lipponen H, Sandboge S, et al. Bone mineral density is increased after a 16-week resistance training intervention in elderly women with decreased muscle strength. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016; 175(6): 571–82.
  • 39. Hunter GR, Wetzstein CJ, Fields DA, Brown A, Bamman MM. Resistance training increases total energy expenditure and free-living physical activity in older adults. J Appl Physiol. 2000; 89(3): 977–84.
  • 40. Bolam KA, Van Uffelen JGZ, Taaffe DR. The effect of physical exercise on bone density in middle-aged and older men: a systematic review. Osteoporos Int. 2013; 24(11): 2749–62.

Effects of Resistant Exercise Training on Sarcopenic Elderly Individuals

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 4, 494 - 499, 31.12.2020

Öz

As the human ages, various changes occur in the skeletal muscle. Nutrition, It is one of the important factors affecting muscle mass and the constant loss of muscle mass is a characteristic feature of the aging process. However, sarcopenia, defined as the loss of skeletal muscle mass related to age, causes deterioration in muscle quantity and quality, gradual slowing of movements, decrease in strength and performance, increased risk of injury associated with falling, and often a decrease in body weight. The estimated prevalence of sarcopenia in the general population is between 9% and 40%, with an increasing trend with increasing age. Hormonal changes (decrease in testosterone, estrogen and growth hormone), malnutrition, chronic inflammation and decreases in physical activity with increasing age are shown as the main causes of sarcopenia development, which has many factors in its etiology. At the same time, the adoption of a physically sedentary lifestyle causes the degeneration of the bone tissue by decreasing the load on it. Treatment options for sarcopenia include lifestyle changes including physical activity and exercise training, medical nutrition therapy, and pharmacological treatment. Strength training, adequate and proper nutrition are the basis of successful sarcopenia treatment. Exercise programs involving particularly resistant training have long been seen as the most promising method to increase muscle mass and strength among older people. It is also known that resistant exercises are beneficial for preserving bone and muscle mass. Research shows that resistant exercise training can alleviate skeletal muscle dysfunction in older individuals. Therefore, older individuals should be encouraged to participate in resilient exercise training activities. In this study, we aimed to summarize the mechanism of resistance exercise training for preserving muscle and bone mass in elderly individuals with sarcopenia.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Kato K, Hatanaka Y. The influence of trunk muscle strength on walking velocity in elderly people with sarcopenia. J Phys Ther Sci. 2020: 32(2); 166–172.
  • 2. Thomas DR. Loss of skeletal muscle mass in aging: examining the relationship of starvation, sarcopenia and cachexia. Clin Nutr. 2007; 26(4): 389–99.
  • 3. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, et al. Sarcopenia: european consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the european working group on sarcopenia in older people. Age ageing. 2010; 39(4): 412–23.
  • 4. Mayhew AJ, Amog K, Phillips S, Parise G, McNicholas PD, De Souza RJ, et al. The prevalence of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults, an exploration of differences between studies and within definitions: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Age ageing. 2019; 48(1): 48–56.
  • 5. Distefano G, Goodpaster BH. Effects of exercise and aging on skeletal muscle. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2017; 8(3): 1-16.
  • 6. Rolland Y, Czerwinski S, Abellan Van Kan G, Morley JE, Cesari M, Onder G, et al. Sarcopenia: its assessment, etiology, pathogenesis, consequences and future perspectives. J Nutr Health Aging. 2008; 12(7): 433–50.
  • 7. Giallauria F, Cittadini A, Smart NA, Vigorito C. Resistance training and sarcopenia. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2016; 84(1-2): 738.
  • 8. Fragala MS, Fukuda DH, Stout JR, Townsend JR, Emerson NS, Boone CH, et al. Muscle quality index improves with resistance exercise training in older adults. Exp Gerontol. 2014; 53: 1–6.
  • 9. Keller K. Sarcopenia. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2018; 169(7-8): 157-72.
  • 10. Braun SI, Kim Y, Jetton AE, Kang M, Morgan DW. Sedentary behavior, physical activity, and bone health in postmenopausal women. J Aging Phys Act. 2017; 25(2): 173–81.
  • 11. Vikberg S, Sörlén N, Brandén L, Johansson J, Nordström A, Hult A, et al. Effects of resistance training on functional strength and muscle mass in 70-year-old ındividuals with pre-sarcopenia: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018; 201(1): 28-34.
  • 12. Walston JD. Sarcopenia in older adults. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2012; 24(6): 623–7.
  • 13. Larsson L, Degens H, Li M, Salviati L, Lee Y, Thompson W, et al. Sarcopenia: aging-related loss of muscle mass and function. Physiol Rev. 2019; 99(1): 427–511.
  • 14. McIntire KL, Hoffman AR. The endocrine system and sarcopenia: potential therapeutic benefits. Curr Aging Sci. 2011; 4: 298-305.
  • 15. Vitale G, Cesari M, Mari D. Aging of the endocrine system and its potential impact on sarcopenia. Eur J Intern Med. 2016; 35: 10-15.
  • 16. Paddon-Jones D, Sheffield-Moore M, Katsanos CS, Zhang XJ, Wolfe RR. Differential stimulation of muscle protein synthesis in elderly humans following isocaloric ingestion of amino acids or whey protein. Exp Gerontol. 2006; 41(2): 215-9.
  • 17. Norman K, Stobäus N, Gonzalez MC, Schulzke JD, Pirlich M. Hand grip strength: outcome predictor and marker of nutritional status. Clin Nutr. 2011; 30: 135-42.
  • 18. Zengin A. Huzurevinde yaşayan yaşlılarda sarkopeni ve mini nütrisyonel araştırma tarama testi ile malnütrisyon riskinin belirlenmesi [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. [Gaziantep (Türkiye)]: Hasan Kalyoncu Üniversitesi; 2019.
  • 19. Saka B, Akın S, Tufan F, Bahat Öztürk G, Engin S, Karışık E, ve ark. Huzurevi sakinlerinin malnütrisyon prevalansı ve sarkopeni ile ilişkisi. İç Hastalıkları Dergisi. 2012; 19: 39-46.
  • 20. Janssen I, Heymsfield SB, Ross R. Low relative skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia) in older persons is associated with functional impairment and physical disability. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002; 50(5): 889–96.
  • 21. Lee SY, Tung HH, Liu CY, Chen LK. Physical activity and sarcopenia in the geriatric population: a systematic review. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018; 19(5): 378–83.
  • 22. Burton LA, Sumukadas D. Optimal management of sarcopenia. Clin Interv Aging. 2010; 5: 217–28.
  • 23. Zembroń-Łacny A, Dziubek W, Rogowski Ł, Skorupka E, Dąbrowska G. Sarcopenia: monitoring, molecular mechanisms, and physical intervention. Physiol Res. 2014; 63(6): 683–91.
  • 24. Hong AR, Kim SW. Effects of resistance exercise on bone health. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2018; 33(4): 435.
  • 25. Beckwée D, Delaere A, Aelbrecht S, Baert V, Beaudart C, Bruyere, O, et al. Exercise interventions for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia. A systematic umbrella review. J Nutr Health Aging. 2019; 23(6): 494-502.
  • 26. Del Campo Cervantes JM, Macías Cervantes MH, Monroy Torres R. Effect of a resistance training program on sarcopenia and functionality of the older adults living in a nursing home. J Nutr Health Aging. 2019; 23(9): 829–36.
  • 27. Scanlon TC, Fragala MS, Stout JR, Emerson NS, Beyer KS, Oliveira LP, et al. Muscle architecture and strength: adaptations to short-term resistance training in older adults. Muscle Nerve. 2014; 49(4): 584–92.
  • 28. Frontera WR, Meredith CN, O'Reilly KP, Knuttgen HG, Evans WJ. Strength conditioning in older men: skeletal muscle hypertrophy and improved function. J Appl Physiol. 1988; 64(3): 1038–44.
  • 29. Hassan BH, Hewitt J, Keogh JWL, Bermeo S, Duque G, Henwood TR. Impact of resistance training on sarcopenia in nursing care facilities: A pilot study. Geriatr Nurs. 2016; 37(2): 116–21.
  • 30. Fry CS, Drummond MJ, Glynn EL, Dickinson JM, Gundermann DM, Timmerman KL,et al. Skeletal muscle autophagy and protein breakdown following resistance exercise are similar in younger and older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013; 68(5): 599–607.
  • 31. Damas F, Phillips S, Vechin FC, Ugrinowitsch C. A review of resistance training-ınduced changes in skeletal muscle protein synthesis and their contribution to hypertrophy. Sports Med. 2015; 45(6): 801–7.
  • 32. Damas F, Libardi CA, Ugrinowitsch C. The development of skeletal muscle hypertrophy through resistance training: the role of muscle damage and muscle protein synthesis. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2018; 118(3): 485–500.
  • 33. Naseeb MA, Volpe SL. Protein and exercise in the prevention of sarcopenia and aging. Nutr Res. 2017; 40: 1–20.
  • 34. Reidy PT, Borack MS, Markofski MM, Dickinson JM, Fry CS, Deer RR, et al. Post-absorptive muscle protein turnover affects resistance training hypertrophy. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2017; 117(5): 853–66.
  • 35. Turżańska K, Drelich M, Posturzyńska A. Protein and physical activity in prevention and treatment of sarcopenia. Wiad Lek. 2019; 72(9;1): 1660–6.
  • 36. Yarasheski KE, Pak-Loduca J, Hasten DL, Obert KA, Brown MB, Sinacore DR. Resistance exercise training increases mixed muscle protein synthesis rate in frail women and men>/=76 yr old. Am J Physiol. 1999; 277(1): 118–25.
  • 37. Montero-Fernández N, Serra-Rexach JA. Role of exercise on sarcopenia in the elderly. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2013; 49(1): 131–43.
  • 38. Huovinen V, Ivaska KK, Kiviranta R, Bucci M, Lipponen H, Sandboge S, et al. Bone mineral density is increased after a 16-week resistance training intervention in elderly women with decreased muscle strength. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016; 175(6): 571–82.
  • 39. Hunter GR, Wetzstein CJ, Fields DA, Brown A, Bamman MM. Resistance training increases total energy expenditure and free-living physical activity in older adults. J Appl Physiol. 2000; 89(3): 977–84.
  • 40. Bolam KA, Van Uffelen JGZ, Taaffe DR. The effect of physical exercise on bone density in middle-aged and older men: a systematic review. Osteoporos Int. 2013; 24(11): 2749–62.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Musa Güneş 0000-0001-8532-2575

Ayşe Şimşek 0000-0001-9315-1534

Büşra Demirer 0000-0003-1945-0485

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Mayıs 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Güneş M, Şimşek A, Demirer B. Sarkopenik Yaşlı Bireylerde Dirençli Egzersiz Eğitiminin Etkileri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2020;11(4):494-9.

SDÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, makalenin gönderilmesi ve yayınlanması dahil olmak üzere hiçbir aşamada herhangi bir ücret talep etmemektedir. Dergimiz, bilimsel araştırmaları okuyucuya ücretsiz sunmanın bilginin küresel paylaşımını artıracağı ilkesini benimseyerek, içeriğine anında açık erişim sağlamaktadır.