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Use of Herbal Products and Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) During Pregnancy

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 323 - 333, 31.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.22312/sdusbed.1017158

Öz

Ideal nutrition for all stages of pregnancy is so important, and the safety of consuming common foods, herbal products, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), and nonnutritive substances is questionable. Despite the fact that herbs are entirely natural, not all of them are safe to ingest during pregnancy. Herbs such as ginger and peppermint are well known for being a powerful, safe, and effective remedy for vomiting and nausea during pregnancy. Pre-eclampsia and high blood pressure are among the important complications during pregnancy. Pre-eclampsia could be increased by drinking tea, while high blood pressure could be decreased with garlic consumption in pregnant women. During pregnancy blood glucose levels and glycogen storage are as important as blood pressure. Turmeric controls blood glucose levels, meanwhile red pepper enhances glycogen storage. Interacting with the cytochrome P450 system causes many food-drug interactions. St. John’s Wort is one of the commonly used herbs that affects this system and should be taken cautiously in pregnancy. Chamomile should be consumed cautiously as well due to its effects on individuals suffering from coagulation disorders. As a safe herb during breastfeeding, fennel should be consumed wisely in pregnancy. Fennel contains estrogen-like features that affect fetal development and birth weight. As herbal products have varying and ambiguous effects, they should be consumed (as condiments, flavoring in foods or beverages) prudently.

Kaynakça

  • [1] Mahan LK, Raymond JL. Krause's Food & the Nutrition Care Process. 14th Edition ed. St. Louis, Missouri: ELSEVIER; 2017.
  • [2] Damm P, Houshmand-Oeregaard A, Kelstrup L, Lauenborg J, Mathiesen ER, Clausen TD. Gestational diabetes mellitus and long-term consequences for mother and offspring: a view from Denmark. Diabetologia. 2016;59(7):1396-9.
  • [3] Lamont RF, Moller Luef B, Stener Jorgensen J. Childhood inflammatory and metabolic disease following exposure to antibiotics in pregnancy, antenatally, intrapartum and neonatally. F1000Research. 2020;9.
  • [4] Barenys M, Masjosthusmann S, Fritsche E. Is Intake of Flavonoid-Based Food Supplements During Pregnancy Safe for the Developing Child? A Literature Review. Curr Drug Targets. 2017;18(2):196-231.
  • [5] S P. Herbs and pregnancy: risks, caution & recommendations.: American Pregnancy Association; 2021 [updated 2021]. Available from: https://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-health/herbs-and-pregnancy/.
  • [6] Munoz Balbontin Y, Stewart D, Shetty A, Fitton CA, McLay JS. Herbal Medicinal Product Use During Pregnancy and the Postnatal Period: A Systematic Review. Obstetrics and gynecology. 2019;133(5):920-32.
  • [7] Hudson A, Lopez E, Almalki AJ, Roe AL, Calderon AI. A Review of the Toxicity of Compounds Found in Herbal Dietary Supplements. Planta medica. 2018;84(9-10):613-26. [8] Ahmed M, Hwang JH, Choi S, Han D. Safety classification of herbal medicines used among pregnant women in Asian countries: a systematic review. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017;17(1):489.
  • [9] Eid AM, Jaradat N. Public Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice on Herbal Remedies Used During Pregnancy and Lactation in West Bank Palestine. Frontiers in pharmacology. 2020;11:46.
  • [10] John LJ, Shantakumari N. Herbal Medicines Use During Pregnancy: A Review from the Middle East. Oman medical journal. 2015;30(4):229-36.
  • [11] Holst L, Wright D, Haavik S, Nordeng H. Safety and efficacy of herbal remedies in obstetrics-review and clinical implications. Midwifery. 2011;27(1):80-6.
  • [12] Ding M, Leach M, Bradley H. The effectiveness and safety of ginger for pregnancy-induced nausea and vomiting: a systematic review. Women Birth. 2013;26(1):e26-30.
  • [13] Viljoen E, Visser J, Koen N, Musekiwa A. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect and safety of ginger in the treatment of pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting. Nutr J. 2014;13:20.
  • [14] Shawahna R, Taha A. Which potential harms and benefits of using ginger in the management of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy should be addressed? a consensual study among pregnant women and gynecologists. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017;17(1):204.
  • [15] Jiang TA. Health Benefits of Culinary Herbs and Spices. J AOAC Int. 2019;102(2):395-411.
  • [16] Sharifzadeh F, Kashanian M, Koohpayehzadeh J, Rezaian F, Sheikhansari N, Eshraghi N. A comparison between the effects of ginger, pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and placebo for the treatment of the first trimester nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP). J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;31(19):2509-14.
  • [17]. Barenys M, Gassmann K, Baksmeier C, Heinz S, Reverte I, Schmuck M, et al. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) inhibits adhesion and migration of neural progenitor cells in vitro. Arch Toxicol. 2017;91(2):827-37.
  • [18] K L-TS. Preeclampsia: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER); 2021 [cited 2021]. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/preeclampsia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355745.
  • [19] Shi DD, Guo JJ, Zhou L, Wang N. Epigallocatechin gallate enhances treatment efficacy of oral nifedipine against pregnancy-induced severe pre-eclampsia: A double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled clinical study. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2018;43(1):21-5.
  • [20] van der Hoeven T, Browne JL, Uiterwaal C, van der Ent CK, Grobbee DE, Dalmeijer GW. Antenatal coffee and tea consumption and the effect on birth outcome and hypertensive pregnancy disorders. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0177619.
  • [21] Hachul ACL, Boldarine VT, Neto NIP, Moreno MF, Ribeiro EB, do Nascimento CMO, et al. Maternal consumption of green tea extract during pregnancy and lactation alters offspring's metabolism in rats. PLoS One. 2018;13(7):e0199969.
  • [22] Wei SQ, Xu H, Xiong X, Luo ZC, Audibert F, Fraser WD. Tea consumption during pregnancy and the risk of pre-eclampsia. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009;105(2):123-6.
  • [23] Dante G, Pedrielli G, Annessi E, Facchinetti F. Herb remedies during pregnancy: a systematic review of controlled clinical trials. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2013;26(3):306-12.
  • [24] Aalami-Harandi R, Karamali M, Asemi Z. The favorable effects of garlic intake on metabolic profiles, hs-CRP, biomarkers of oxidative stress and pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women at risk for pre-eclampsia: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2015;28(17):2020-7.
  • [25] Borlinghaus J, Albrecht F, Gruhlke MC, Nwachukwu ID, Slusarenko AJ. Allicin: chemistry and biological properties. Molecules. 2014;19(8):12591-618.
  • [26] Dante G, Bellei G, Neri I, Facchinetti F. Herbal therapies in pregnancy: what works? Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2014;26(2):83-91.
  • [27] Li L, Sun T, Tian J, Yang K, Yi K, Zhang P. Garlic in clinical practice: an evidence-based overview. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2013;53(7):670-81.
  • [28] Bezerra Maia EHMS, Marques Lopes L, Murthi P, da Silva Costa F. Prevention of preeclampsia. J Pregnancy. 2012;2012:435090.
  • [29] Sehhati Shafa’i F, Darvishi F, Abbasalizadeh F, Mirghfourvand M. The Effect of Garlic Pills on Serum Nitric Oxide and Preeclampsia Prevention in Healthy Nulliparous Pregnant Women: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. Journal of Fetal Medicine. 2018;5(4):213-9.
  • [30] Meher S, Duley L. Garlic for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006(3):CD006065.
  • [31] Deligiannidis KM, Freeman MP. Complementary and alternative medicine therapies for perinatal depression. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;28(1):85-95.
  • [32] Berry-Bibee EN, Kim MJ, Tepper NK, Riley HE, Curtis KM. Co-administration of St. John's wort and hormonal contraceptives: a systematic review. Contraception. 2016;94(6):668-77.
  • [33] Frawley J, Adams J, Steel A, Broom A, Gallois C, Sibbritt D. Women's Use and Self-Prescription of Herbal Medicine during Pregnancy: An Examination of 1,835 Pregnant Women. Womens Health Issues. 2015;25(4):396-402.
  • [34] Kolding L, Pedersen LH, Henriksen TB, Olsen J, Grzeskowiak LE. Hypericum perforatum use during pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. Reprod Toxicol. 2015;58:234-7.
  • [35] Lim W, Jeong M, Bazer FW, Song G. Curcumin Suppresses Proliferation and Migration and Induces Apoptosis on Human Placental Choriocarcinoma Cells via ERK1/2 and SAPK/JNK MAPK Signaling Pathways. Biol Reprod. 2016;95(4):83.
  • [36] Hirko KA, Chai B, Spiegelman D, Campos H, Farvid MS, Hankinson SE, et al. Erythrocyte membrane fatty acids and breast cancer risk: a prospective analysis in the nurses' health study II. International journal of cancer. 2018;142(6):1116-29.
  • [37] de Boer HJ, Cotingting C. Medicinal plants for women's healthcare in southeast Asia: a meta-analysis of their traditional use, chemical constituents, and pharmacology. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;151(2):747-67.
  • [38] Soleimani V, Sahebkar A, Hosseinzadeh H. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and its major constituent (curcumin) as nontoxic and safe substances: Review. Phytother Res. 2018;32(6):985-95.
  • [39] Rahnavardi M, Heydarifard S, Mohammadi M. The Effect of Chamomile Odor on Anxiety and Some Consequences of Delivery in Primiparous Women. Journal of Health and Care. 2018;20(3):235-43.
  • [40] Guenette SA, Ross A, Marier JF, Beaudry F, Vachon P. Pharmacokinetics of eugenol and its effects on thermal hypersensitivity in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007;562(1-2):60-7.
  • [41] Mohammed OJ, McAlpine R, Chiewhatpong P, Latif ML, Pratten MK. Assessment of developmental cardiotoxic effects of some commonly used phytochemicals in mouse embryonic D3 stem cell differentiation and chick embryonic cardiomyocyte micromass culture models. Reprod Toxicol. 2016;64:86-97.
  • [42] Trabace L, Tucci P, Ciuffreda L, Matteo M, Fortunato F, Campolongo P, et al. "Natural" relief of pregnancy-related symptoms and neonatal outcomes: above all do no harm. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;174:396-402.
  • [43] Ebrahimi N, Maltepe C, Einarson A. Optimal management of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Int J Womens Health. 2010;2:241-8.
  • [44] Pasha H, Behmanesh F, Mohsenzadeh F, Hajahmadi M, Moghadamnia AA. Study of the effect of mint oil on nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2012;14(11):727-30.
  • [45] Ahmed EMS, Soliman SM, Mahmoud HM. Effect of Peppermint as One of Carminatives on Relieving Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) During Pregnancy. Journal of American Science 2012;8(4):12.
  • [46] Takooree H, Aumeeruddy MZ, Rengasamy KRR, Venugopala KN, Jeewon R, Zengin G, et al. A systematic review on black pepper (Piper nigrum L.): from folk uses to pharmacological applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019;59(sup1):S210-S43.
  • [47] Salari R, Habibi Najafi MB, Boroushaki MT, Mortazavi SA, Fathi Najafi M. Assessment of the Microbiological Quality and Mycotoxin Contamination of Iranian Red Pepper Spice. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 2012;14(7):1511-21.
  • [48] He W, Huang B. A review of chemistry and bioactivities of a medicinal spice: Foeniculum vulgare. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2011;5(16):3595-600.
  • [49] Rahimi R, Ardekani MR. Medicinal properties of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. in traditional Iranian medicine and modern phytotherapy. Chin J Integr Med. 2013;19(1):73-9.
  • [50] Nahid S, Afshin KA, Alireza N, Homayun D, Azadeh M. Study of Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) Seed Extract Effects on Serum Level of Estrogen, Progesterone and Prolactin in Mouse. . Crescent Journal Of Medical And Biological Sciences 2015;2(1):23-7.

Gebelik Döneminde Bitkisel Ürünler ve Tamamlayıcı/Alternatif Tıp (TAT) Kullanım

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 323 - 333, 31.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.22312/sdusbed.1017158

Öz

İdeal beslenme hamileliğin tüm evrelerinde çok önemlidir. Bununla birlikte, tüketilen tüm yaygın gıdalar, bitkisel ürünler, tamamlayıcı ve alternatif tıp (TAT) ve besleyici değeri olmayan maddelerin güvenilirliği tartışılabilir. Bitkiler her ne kadar doğal olsalar da, hamilelik sırasında tüm bitkilerin tüketimi güvenli olmayabilir. Zencefil ve nane gibi bitkiler, hamilelik döneminde en sık dört ile altıncı haftaları arasında görülen gebelik kusma ve bulantıları için güçlü, güvenli ve etkili tedavi olarak tanımlanırlar. Preeklampsi ve yüksek tansiyon önemli gebelik komplikasyonlar arasında yer alır. Hamile kadınlarda çay içmek preeklampsi riskini artırabilirken, sarımsak tüketimi ile yüksek tansiyon düşürülebilir. Hamilelik sürecinde kan şekeri seviyesi ve glikojen depolanması en az kan basıncı kadar önem taşımaktadır. Zerdeçal, kan şekeri seviyesini düzenleyip kontrol ederken kırmızı biber vücutta glikojenin depolanmasını artırır. Sitokrom P450 sistemi ile etkileşim, birçok gıda-ilaç etkileşimine yol açar. Bu sistemi etkileyen ve yaygın olarak kullanılan bitkilerden biri olan sarı kantaronun hamilelik döneminde dikkatli alınması gerekir. Hamilelik döneminde tüketiminde ihtiyatlı olunması gereken bir diğer bitki de papatyadır. Papatya yan etkileri sebebiyle pıhtılaşma bozukluğu olan bireyler tarafından dikkatli tüketilmelidir. Rezene emzirme döneminde güvenli bir bitki olarak tanımlansa da, hamilelikte bilinçli ve akıllıca kullanılmalıdır. Rezene östrojen benzeri özellikler içerdiğinden, hamilelik döneminde fetal gelişimi ve doğum ağırlığını etkileybilir. Bitkisel ürünler değişken ve belirsiz etkiler gösterebildiği için çeşni, tatlandırıcı veya içecekler olarak dikkatli tüketilmelidir.

Kaynakça

  • [1] Mahan LK, Raymond JL. Krause's Food & the Nutrition Care Process. 14th Edition ed. St. Louis, Missouri: ELSEVIER; 2017.
  • [2] Damm P, Houshmand-Oeregaard A, Kelstrup L, Lauenborg J, Mathiesen ER, Clausen TD. Gestational diabetes mellitus and long-term consequences for mother and offspring: a view from Denmark. Diabetologia. 2016;59(7):1396-9.
  • [3] Lamont RF, Moller Luef B, Stener Jorgensen J. Childhood inflammatory and metabolic disease following exposure to antibiotics in pregnancy, antenatally, intrapartum and neonatally. F1000Research. 2020;9.
  • [4] Barenys M, Masjosthusmann S, Fritsche E. Is Intake of Flavonoid-Based Food Supplements During Pregnancy Safe for the Developing Child? A Literature Review. Curr Drug Targets. 2017;18(2):196-231.
  • [5] S P. Herbs and pregnancy: risks, caution & recommendations.: American Pregnancy Association; 2021 [updated 2021]. Available from: https://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-health/herbs-and-pregnancy/.
  • [6] Munoz Balbontin Y, Stewart D, Shetty A, Fitton CA, McLay JS. Herbal Medicinal Product Use During Pregnancy and the Postnatal Period: A Systematic Review. Obstetrics and gynecology. 2019;133(5):920-32.
  • [7] Hudson A, Lopez E, Almalki AJ, Roe AL, Calderon AI. A Review of the Toxicity of Compounds Found in Herbal Dietary Supplements. Planta medica. 2018;84(9-10):613-26. [8] Ahmed M, Hwang JH, Choi S, Han D. Safety classification of herbal medicines used among pregnant women in Asian countries: a systematic review. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017;17(1):489.
  • [9] Eid AM, Jaradat N. Public Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice on Herbal Remedies Used During Pregnancy and Lactation in West Bank Palestine. Frontiers in pharmacology. 2020;11:46.
  • [10] John LJ, Shantakumari N. Herbal Medicines Use During Pregnancy: A Review from the Middle East. Oman medical journal. 2015;30(4):229-36.
  • [11] Holst L, Wright D, Haavik S, Nordeng H. Safety and efficacy of herbal remedies in obstetrics-review and clinical implications. Midwifery. 2011;27(1):80-6.
  • [12] Ding M, Leach M, Bradley H. The effectiveness and safety of ginger for pregnancy-induced nausea and vomiting: a systematic review. Women Birth. 2013;26(1):e26-30.
  • [13] Viljoen E, Visser J, Koen N, Musekiwa A. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect and safety of ginger in the treatment of pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting. Nutr J. 2014;13:20.
  • [14] Shawahna R, Taha A. Which potential harms and benefits of using ginger in the management of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy should be addressed? a consensual study among pregnant women and gynecologists. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017;17(1):204.
  • [15] Jiang TA. Health Benefits of Culinary Herbs and Spices. J AOAC Int. 2019;102(2):395-411.
  • [16] Sharifzadeh F, Kashanian M, Koohpayehzadeh J, Rezaian F, Sheikhansari N, Eshraghi N. A comparison between the effects of ginger, pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and placebo for the treatment of the first trimester nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP). J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;31(19):2509-14.
  • [17]. Barenys M, Gassmann K, Baksmeier C, Heinz S, Reverte I, Schmuck M, et al. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) inhibits adhesion and migration of neural progenitor cells in vitro. Arch Toxicol. 2017;91(2):827-37.
  • [18] K L-TS. Preeclampsia: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER); 2021 [cited 2021]. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/preeclampsia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355745.
  • [19] Shi DD, Guo JJ, Zhou L, Wang N. Epigallocatechin gallate enhances treatment efficacy of oral nifedipine against pregnancy-induced severe pre-eclampsia: A double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled clinical study. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2018;43(1):21-5.
  • [20] van der Hoeven T, Browne JL, Uiterwaal C, van der Ent CK, Grobbee DE, Dalmeijer GW. Antenatal coffee and tea consumption and the effect on birth outcome and hypertensive pregnancy disorders. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0177619.
  • [21] Hachul ACL, Boldarine VT, Neto NIP, Moreno MF, Ribeiro EB, do Nascimento CMO, et al. Maternal consumption of green tea extract during pregnancy and lactation alters offspring's metabolism in rats. PLoS One. 2018;13(7):e0199969.
  • [22] Wei SQ, Xu H, Xiong X, Luo ZC, Audibert F, Fraser WD. Tea consumption during pregnancy and the risk of pre-eclampsia. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009;105(2):123-6.
  • [23] Dante G, Pedrielli G, Annessi E, Facchinetti F. Herb remedies during pregnancy: a systematic review of controlled clinical trials. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2013;26(3):306-12.
  • [24] Aalami-Harandi R, Karamali M, Asemi Z. The favorable effects of garlic intake on metabolic profiles, hs-CRP, biomarkers of oxidative stress and pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women at risk for pre-eclampsia: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2015;28(17):2020-7.
  • [25] Borlinghaus J, Albrecht F, Gruhlke MC, Nwachukwu ID, Slusarenko AJ. Allicin: chemistry and biological properties. Molecules. 2014;19(8):12591-618.
  • [26] Dante G, Bellei G, Neri I, Facchinetti F. Herbal therapies in pregnancy: what works? Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2014;26(2):83-91.
  • [27] Li L, Sun T, Tian J, Yang K, Yi K, Zhang P. Garlic in clinical practice: an evidence-based overview. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2013;53(7):670-81.
  • [28] Bezerra Maia EHMS, Marques Lopes L, Murthi P, da Silva Costa F. Prevention of preeclampsia. J Pregnancy. 2012;2012:435090.
  • [29] Sehhati Shafa’i F, Darvishi F, Abbasalizadeh F, Mirghfourvand M. The Effect of Garlic Pills on Serum Nitric Oxide and Preeclampsia Prevention in Healthy Nulliparous Pregnant Women: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. Journal of Fetal Medicine. 2018;5(4):213-9.
  • [30] Meher S, Duley L. Garlic for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006(3):CD006065.
  • [31] Deligiannidis KM, Freeman MP. Complementary and alternative medicine therapies for perinatal depression. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;28(1):85-95.
  • [32] Berry-Bibee EN, Kim MJ, Tepper NK, Riley HE, Curtis KM. Co-administration of St. John's wort and hormonal contraceptives: a systematic review. Contraception. 2016;94(6):668-77.
  • [33] Frawley J, Adams J, Steel A, Broom A, Gallois C, Sibbritt D. Women's Use and Self-Prescription of Herbal Medicine during Pregnancy: An Examination of 1,835 Pregnant Women. Womens Health Issues. 2015;25(4):396-402.
  • [34] Kolding L, Pedersen LH, Henriksen TB, Olsen J, Grzeskowiak LE. Hypericum perforatum use during pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. Reprod Toxicol. 2015;58:234-7.
  • [35] Lim W, Jeong M, Bazer FW, Song G. Curcumin Suppresses Proliferation and Migration and Induces Apoptosis on Human Placental Choriocarcinoma Cells via ERK1/2 and SAPK/JNK MAPK Signaling Pathways. Biol Reprod. 2016;95(4):83.
  • [36] Hirko KA, Chai B, Spiegelman D, Campos H, Farvid MS, Hankinson SE, et al. Erythrocyte membrane fatty acids and breast cancer risk: a prospective analysis in the nurses' health study II. International journal of cancer. 2018;142(6):1116-29.
  • [37] de Boer HJ, Cotingting C. Medicinal plants for women's healthcare in southeast Asia: a meta-analysis of their traditional use, chemical constituents, and pharmacology. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;151(2):747-67.
  • [38] Soleimani V, Sahebkar A, Hosseinzadeh H. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and its major constituent (curcumin) as nontoxic and safe substances: Review. Phytother Res. 2018;32(6):985-95.
  • [39] Rahnavardi M, Heydarifard S, Mohammadi M. The Effect of Chamomile Odor on Anxiety and Some Consequences of Delivery in Primiparous Women. Journal of Health and Care. 2018;20(3):235-43.
  • [40] Guenette SA, Ross A, Marier JF, Beaudry F, Vachon P. Pharmacokinetics of eugenol and its effects on thermal hypersensitivity in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007;562(1-2):60-7.
  • [41] Mohammed OJ, McAlpine R, Chiewhatpong P, Latif ML, Pratten MK. Assessment of developmental cardiotoxic effects of some commonly used phytochemicals in mouse embryonic D3 stem cell differentiation and chick embryonic cardiomyocyte micromass culture models. Reprod Toxicol. 2016;64:86-97.
  • [42] Trabace L, Tucci P, Ciuffreda L, Matteo M, Fortunato F, Campolongo P, et al. "Natural" relief of pregnancy-related symptoms and neonatal outcomes: above all do no harm. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;174:396-402.
  • [43] Ebrahimi N, Maltepe C, Einarson A. Optimal management of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Int J Womens Health. 2010;2:241-8.
  • [44] Pasha H, Behmanesh F, Mohsenzadeh F, Hajahmadi M, Moghadamnia AA. Study of the effect of mint oil on nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2012;14(11):727-30.
  • [45] Ahmed EMS, Soliman SM, Mahmoud HM. Effect of Peppermint as One of Carminatives on Relieving Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) During Pregnancy. Journal of American Science 2012;8(4):12.
  • [46] Takooree H, Aumeeruddy MZ, Rengasamy KRR, Venugopala KN, Jeewon R, Zengin G, et al. A systematic review on black pepper (Piper nigrum L.): from folk uses to pharmacological applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019;59(sup1):S210-S43.
  • [47] Salari R, Habibi Najafi MB, Boroushaki MT, Mortazavi SA, Fathi Najafi M. Assessment of the Microbiological Quality and Mycotoxin Contamination of Iranian Red Pepper Spice. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 2012;14(7):1511-21.
  • [48] He W, Huang B. A review of chemistry and bioactivities of a medicinal spice: Foeniculum vulgare. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2011;5(16):3595-600.
  • [49] Rahimi R, Ardekani MR. Medicinal properties of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. in traditional Iranian medicine and modern phytotherapy. Chin J Integr Med. 2013;19(1):73-9.
  • [50] Nahid S, Afshin KA, Alireza N, Homayun D, Azadeh M. Study of Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) Seed Extract Effects on Serum Level of Estrogen, Progesterone and Prolactin in Mouse. . Crescent Journal Of Medical And Biological Sciences 2015;2(1):23-7.
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Aylar Kargar 0000-0001-8020-8095

Gül Kızıltan 0000-0001-5012-5838

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Kasım 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Kargar A, Kızıltan G. Use of Herbal Products and Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) During Pregnancy. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2022;13(2):323-3.

SDÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, makalenin gönderilmesi ve yayınlanması dahil olmak üzere hiçbir aşamada herhangi bir ücret talep etmemektedir. Dergimiz, bilimsel araştırmaları okuyucuya ücretsiz sunmanın bilginin küresel paylaşımını artıracağı ilkesini benimseyerek, içeriğine anında açık erişim sağlamaktadır.