A POPULAR COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE TREATMENT: PROLOTHERAPY
Year 2023,
, 135 - 142, 14.03.2023
Aydan Örsçelik
,
İlker Solmaz
Abstract
Prolotherapy, which is a complementary medicine
treatment method used for almost centuries in the
treatment of chronic musculoskeletal diseases, has
become popular both in Turkey and in the world in the
last ten years. Prolotherapy practitioners is saying that
"prolotherapy method provides improvement in pain
and functions, increases the quality of life by treating
the disease". With its widespread usage recently,
more studies are being conducted and it is becoming
more evidence-based therapy method. In this review,
information supported by the current literature about
prolotherapy treatment has been conveyed.
References
- 1. Solmaz I. Kas İskelet Sistemi Ağrılarında Proloterapi Enjeksiyonları.
J Biotechnol Strateg Heal Res 2019;3:91–114.
- 2. Hackett G, Hemwall G, Montgomery G. Ligament and Tendon
Relaxation Treated by Prolotherapy. 5th ed. Oak Park;2008.
- 3. Solmaz I, Orscelik A. Features and Clinical Effectiveness of
the Regenerative Injection Treatments: Prolotherapy and Platelet-
Rich Plasma for Musculoskeletal Pain Management. In:
Cascella M. From Conventional to Innovative Approaches for
Pain Treatment (1st Ed) IntechOpen, 2019;73–86. Doi:10.5772/
intechopen.77716
- 4. Solmaz I. Kas iskelet sistemi ağrılarında proloterapi uygulamaları.
In: Ozlü A. Kas iskelet sistemi hastalıklarında geleneksel
ve tamamlayıcı tıp uygulamaları (1st Ed) Ankara, Akademisyen
kitabevi, 2020; 153–70.
- 5. Orscelik A, Akpancar S, Seven MM, Erdem Y, Koca K. The Efficacy
of Platelet Rich Plasma and Prolotherapy in Chondromalacia
Patella Treatment. Turkish J Sport Med 2020;55(1):28–37.
- 6. Yıldız Y, Apaydın AH, Seven MM, Orscelik A. The Effects of Prolotherapy
(Hypertonic Dextrose) in Recreational Athletes with
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome. J Exp Integr Med 2016;6(2):53.
- 7. Dagenais S, Yelland MJ, Del Mar C, Schoene ML. Prolotherapy
injections for chronic low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst
Rev 2007;2007(2):CD004059.
- 8. Waldman S. Pain Management. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders
(Elsevier); 2011.
- 9. Rabago D, Lee KS, Ryan M, Chourasia AO, Sesto ME, Zgierska
A, et al. Hypertonic dextrose and morrhuate sodium injections
(prolotherapy) for lateral epicondylosis (tennis elbow):
Results of a single-blind, pilot-level, randomized controlled trial.
Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2013;92(7):587–96.
- 10. Rabago D, Patterson JJ, Mundt M, Zgierska A, Fortney L, Grettie
J, et al. Dextrose and Morrhuate Sodium Injections (Prolotherapy)
for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Prospective Open-Label
Trial. J Altern Complement Med 2014;20(5):383–91.
- 11. Topol GA, Podesta LA, Reeves KD, Giraldo MM, Johnson LL,
Grasso R, et al. Chondrogenic Effect of Intra-articular Hypertonic-
Dextrose (Prolotherapy) in Severe Knee Osteoarthritis.
PM&R 2016;8(11):1072–82.
- 12. Seven MM, Ersen O, Akpancar S, Ozkan H, Turkkan S, Yıldız
Y, et al. Effectiveness of prolotherapy in the treatment
of chronic rotator cuff lesions. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res
2017;103(3):427–33.
- 13. Solmaz I, Orscelik A, Koroglu O. Modified prolotherapy by 5%
dextrose: Two years experiences of a traditional and complementary
medicine practice center in Turkey. J Back Musculoskelet
Rehabil 2022;35(4):763–70.
- 14. Solmaz I, Orscelik A, Karasimav Ö, Akpancar S. Is Prolotherapy
Effective in the Treatment of Avascular Necrosis of the
Femoral Head? Altern Ther Health Med 2019;25(5):57–9.
- 15. Erdem Y, Gul D, Akpancar S. Comparison of Intraarticular Injections
of Hyaluronic Acid versus Dextrose Applied with Periarticular
Prolotherapy in the Treatment of Recreational Athletes
with Knee Osteoarthritis. Turkish J Sport Med 2020;55(1):6–13.
- 16. Gül D, Orsçelik A, Akpancar S. Treatment of Osteoarthritis Secondary
to Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip with Prolotherapy
Injection versus a Supervised Progressive Exercise Control.
Med Sci Monit 2020;26:e919166.
- 17. Jensen KT, Rabago DP, Best TM, Patterson JJ, Vanderby R.
Early inflammatory response of knee ligaments to prolotherapy
in a rat model. J Orthop Res 2008;26(6):816–23.
- 18. Güran Ş, Dilşad çoban Z, Karasimav Ö, Demirhan S, Karaağaç
N, Orscelik A, et al. Dextrose solution used for prolotherapy
decreases cell viability and increases gene expressions of angiogenic
and apopitotic factors. Gulhane Med J 2018;60(2):42–6.
- 19. Solmaz I, Akpancar S, Orscelik A, Yener-Karasimav O, Gül D.
Dextrose injections for failed back surgery syndrome: a consecutive
case series. Eur Spine J 2019:21;28(7):1610–7.
- 20. Maniquis-Smigel L, Dean Reeves K, Jeffrey Rosen H, Lyftogt
J, Graham-Coleman C, Cheng A-L, et al. Short Term Analgesic
Effects of 5% Dextrose Epidural Injections for Chronic Low
Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesthesiol Pain
Med 2016;7(1):e42550.
- 21. Köroğlu O, Orscelik A, Karasimav Ö, Demir Y, Solmaz I. Is 5%
dextrose prolotherapy effective for radicular low back pain?
Gulhane Med J 2019;61(3):123.
- 22. Inceöz H, Akçalı DT, Solmaz I. Proloterapi ve Enjeksiyonlardaki
Yeri. In: Babacan A. Ağrı ve Enjeksiyonlar (1st Ed) Ankara, Türkiye
Klinikleri, 2019; 104–9.
- 23. Dagenais S, Jaime C, Scott H. A systematic review of low back
pain cost of illness studies in the United States and internationally.
Spine J 2008;8(1):8–20.
- 24. Yelland MJ, Glasziou PP, Bogduk N, Schluter PJ, McKernon
M. Prolotherapy Injections, Saline Injections, and Exercises for
Chronic Low-Back Pain: A Randomized Trial. Spine (Phila Pa
1976) 2004;29(1):9–16.
- 25. Kim WM, Lee HG, Won Jeong C, Kim CM, Yoon MH. A Randomized
Controlled Trial of Intra-Articular Prolotherapy Versus
Steroid Injection for Sacroiliac Joint Pain. J Altern Complement
Med 2010;16(12):1285–90.
- 26. Dechow E, Davies RK, Carr AJ, Thompson PW. A randomized,
double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of sclerosing injections
in patients with chronic low back pain. Rheumatology
1999;38(12):1255–9.
- 27. Dagenais S, Haldeman S, Wooley JR. Intraligamentous injection
of sclerosing solutions (prolotherapy) for spinal pain: a
critical review of the literature. Spine J 2005;5(3):310–28.
- 28. Reeves KD, Klein RG, DeLong WB. Letters. Spine (Phila Pa
1976) 2004;29(16):1839–40.
- 29. Miller, Matthew R, Matthews, Robert S RKD. Treatment of painful
advanced internal lumbar disc derangement with intradiscal
injection of hypertonic dextrose. Pain Physician 2006;9(2):115–21.
- 30. Solmaz İ, Orscelik A. Approximately Three Years of Prolotherapy
Experience of a Traditional and Complementary Medicine
Center: An Epidemiologic Study. Int J Tradit Complement Med
Res 2022;3(2):64–70.
- 31. Orscelik A. The Importance of the Core Region in Sports Injuries
and Sports Performance. Turkiye Klin J Sport Med-Special
Top 2017;3(3):191–5.
- 32. Tauchi R, Imagama S, Muramoto A, Tsuboi M, Ishiguro N,
Hasegawa Y. Influence of spinal imbalance on knee osteoarthritis
in community-living elderly adults. Nagoya J Med Sci
2015;77(3):329–37.
- 33. Tsuji T, Matsuyama Y, Goto M, Yimin Y, Sato K, Hasegawa YIN.
Knee – spine syndrome: correlation between sacral inclination
and patellofemoral joint pain. J Orthop Sci 2002;7(5):519–23.
- 34. Centeno CJ, Elliott J, Elkins WL, Freeman M. Fluoroscopically
guided cervical prolotherapy for instability with blinded pre and
post radiographic reading. Pain Physician 2005;8(1):67–72.
- 35. Hooper RA, Frizzell JB, Faris P. Case series on chronic whiplash
related neck pain treated with intraarticular zygapophysial
joint regeneration injection therapy. Pain Physician
2007;10(2):313–8.
- 36. DeChellis DM, Cortazzo MH. Regenerative medicine in the
field of pain medicine: Prolotherapy, platelet-rich plasma therapy,
and stem cell therapy—Theory and evidence. Tech Reg
Anesth Pain Manag 2011;15(2):74–80.
- 37. Hung C-Y, Hsiao M-Y, Chang K-V, Han D-S, Wang T-G. Comparative
effectiveness of dextrose prolotherapy versus control
injections and exercise in the management of osteoarthritis
pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pain Res
2016;9:847–57.
- 38. Rabago D, Patterson JJ, Mundt M, Kijowski R, Grettie J, Segal
NA, et al. Dextrose Prolotherapy for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized
Controlled Trial. Ann Fam Med 20131;11(3):229–37.
- 39. Reeves KD, Hassanein KM. Long-term effects of dextrose prolotherapy
for anterior cruciate ligament laxity. Altern Ther Health
Med 2003;9(3):58–62.
- 40. Rabago D, Zgierska A, Fortney L, Kijowski R, Mundt M, Ryan
M, et al. Hypertonic Dextrose Injections (Prolotherapy) for Knee
Osteoarthritis: Results of a Single-Arm Uncontrolled Study with
1-Year Follow-Up. J Altern Complement Med 2012;18(4):408–14.
- 41. Rezasoltani Z, Taheri M, Kazempour Mofrad M, Mohajerani S.
Periarticular dextrose prolotherapy instead of intra-articular injection
for pain and functional improvement in knee osteoarthritis.
J Pain Res 2017;10:1179–87.
- 42. Avşar MT, Okudan RN, Gümüş ZZ, Samancı R. Efficacy of Prolotherapy
With Periarticular 5% Dextrose In The Treatment of
Knee Joint Osteoarthritis. Int J Tradit Complement Med Res
2021;2(3):162–6.
- 43. Scarpone M, Rabago DP, Zgierska A, Arbogast G, Snell E.
The Efficacy of Prolotherapy for Lateral Epicondylosis: A Pilot
Study. Clin J Sport Med 2008;18(3):248–54.
- 44. Akcay S, Gurel Kandemir N, Kaya T, Dogan N, Eren M. Dextrose
Prolotherapy Versus Normal Saline Injection for the Treatment
of Lateral Epicondylopathy: A Randomized Controlled
Trial. J Altern Complement Med 2020;26(12):1159–68.
- 45. Yelland M, Rabago D, Ryan M, Ng S-K, Vithanachchi D, Manickaraj
N, et al. Prolotherapy injections and physiotherapy used
singly and in combination for lateral epicondylalgia: a single-
blinded randomised clinical trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord
2019;20(1):509.
- 46. Bertrand H, Reeves KD, Bennett CJ, Bicknell S, Cheng
A-L. Dextrose Prolotherapy Versus Control Injections in Painful
Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil
2016;97(1):17–25.
- 47. Sari A, Eroglu A. Comparison of ultrasound-guided platelet-rich
plasma, prolotherapy, and corticosteroid injections in rotator
cuff lesions. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2020;33(3):387–96.
- 48. Lin C-L, Huang C-C, Huang S-W. Effects of hypertonic dextrose
injection in chronic supraspinatus tendinopathy of the shoulder:
a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Phys Rehabil
Med 2019; 55(4):480-7.
- 49. Chang Y-J, Chang F-H, Hou P-H, Tseng K-H, Lin Y-N. Effects
of Hyperosmolar Dextrose Injection in Patients With Rotator
Cuff Disease and Bursitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Arch
Phys Med Rehabil 2021;102(2):245–50.
- 50. Akpancar S, Orscelik A, Murat SM, Kenan K. The effectiveness
of prolotherapy on failed rotator cuff repair surgery. Turkish J
Phys Med Rehabil 2019;65(4):394–401.
- 51. Rabago D, Nourani B. Prolotherapy for Osteoarthritis and
Tendinopathy: a Descriptive Review. Curr Rheumatol Rep
2017;19(6):34.
- 52. Apaydin AH, Orscelik A, Yildiz Y. The Effects of Prolotherapy
in Recreational Athletes with Plantar Fasciitis. Turkish J Sport
Med 2018;53(1):37–46.
- 53. Solmaz İ, Orscelik A, Akpancar S, Seven MM. The Effectivity
Of Prolotherapy Treatment In Shin Splint: A Randomized Controlled
Study. Int J Tradit Complement Med Res 2022;3(1):1–7.
POPÜLER BİR TAMAMLAYICI TIP TEDAVİSİ: PROLOTERAPİ
Year 2023,
, 135 - 142, 14.03.2023
Aydan Örsçelik
,
İlker Solmaz
Abstract
Kronik kas iskelet sistemi hastalıklarının tedavisinde
neredeyse yüz yıllardır kullanılan bir tamamlayıcı tıp
tedavi yöntemi olan proloterapi son on yılda hem Türkiye
hem de dünyada popüler hale gelmiştir. Proloterapi
yönteminin uygulayıcıları tarafından “hastalığı
tedavi ederek ağrıda ve fonksiyonlarda iyileşme sağladığı,
yaşam kalitesini artırdığı” bilinmektedir. Son
dönemde kullanımının yaygınlaşmasıyla birlikte daha
çok çalışma yapılmakta ve kanıta dayandırılmaktadır.
Bu derleme ile proloterapi tedavisi hakkında güncel
literatür ile desteklenmiş bilgiler aktarılmıştır.
References
- 1. Solmaz I. Kas İskelet Sistemi Ağrılarında Proloterapi Enjeksiyonları.
J Biotechnol Strateg Heal Res 2019;3:91–114.
- 2. Hackett G, Hemwall G, Montgomery G. Ligament and Tendon
Relaxation Treated by Prolotherapy. 5th ed. Oak Park;2008.
- 3. Solmaz I, Orscelik A. Features and Clinical Effectiveness of
the Regenerative Injection Treatments: Prolotherapy and Platelet-
Rich Plasma for Musculoskeletal Pain Management. In:
Cascella M. From Conventional to Innovative Approaches for
Pain Treatment (1st Ed) IntechOpen, 2019;73–86. Doi:10.5772/
intechopen.77716
- 4. Solmaz I. Kas iskelet sistemi ağrılarında proloterapi uygulamaları.
In: Ozlü A. Kas iskelet sistemi hastalıklarında geleneksel
ve tamamlayıcı tıp uygulamaları (1st Ed) Ankara, Akademisyen
kitabevi, 2020; 153–70.
- 5. Orscelik A, Akpancar S, Seven MM, Erdem Y, Koca K. The Efficacy
of Platelet Rich Plasma and Prolotherapy in Chondromalacia
Patella Treatment. Turkish J Sport Med 2020;55(1):28–37.
- 6. Yıldız Y, Apaydın AH, Seven MM, Orscelik A. The Effects of Prolotherapy
(Hypertonic Dextrose) in Recreational Athletes with
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome. J Exp Integr Med 2016;6(2):53.
- 7. Dagenais S, Yelland MJ, Del Mar C, Schoene ML. Prolotherapy
injections for chronic low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst
Rev 2007;2007(2):CD004059.
- 8. Waldman S. Pain Management. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders
(Elsevier); 2011.
- 9. Rabago D, Lee KS, Ryan M, Chourasia AO, Sesto ME, Zgierska
A, et al. Hypertonic dextrose and morrhuate sodium injections
(prolotherapy) for lateral epicondylosis (tennis elbow):
Results of a single-blind, pilot-level, randomized controlled trial.
Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2013;92(7):587–96.
- 10. Rabago D, Patterson JJ, Mundt M, Zgierska A, Fortney L, Grettie
J, et al. Dextrose and Morrhuate Sodium Injections (Prolotherapy)
for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Prospective Open-Label
Trial. J Altern Complement Med 2014;20(5):383–91.
- 11. Topol GA, Podesta LA, Reeves KD, Giraldo MM, Johnson LL,
Grasso R, et al. Chondrogenic Effect of Intra-articular Hypertonic-
Dextrose (Prolotherapy) in Severe Knee Osteoarthritis.
PM&R 2016;8(11):1072–82.
- 12. Seven MM, Ersen O, Akpancar S, Ozkan H, Turkkan S, Yıldız
Y, et al. Effectiveness of prolotherapy in the treatment
of chronic rotator cuff lesions. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res
2017;103(3):427–33.
- 13. Solmaz I, Orscelik A, Koroglu O. Modified prolotherapy by 5%
dextrose: Two years experiences of a traditional and complementary
medicine practice center in Turkey. J Back Musculoskelet
Rehabil 2022;35(4):763–70.
- 14. Solmaz I, Orscelik A, Karasimav Ö, Akpancar S. Is Prolotherapy
Effective in the Treatment of Avascular Necrosis of the
Femoral Head? Altern Ther Health Med 2019;25(5):57–9.
- 15. Erdem Y, Gul D, Akpancar S. Comparison of Intraarticular Injections
of Hyaluronic Acid versus Dextrose Applied with Periarticular
Prolotherapy in the Treatment of Recreational Athletes
with Knee Osteoarthritis. Turkish J Sport Med 2020;55(1):6–13.
- 16. Gül D, Orsçelik A, Akpancar S. Treatment of Osteoarthritis Secondary
to Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip with Prolotherapy
Injection versus a Supervised Progressive Exercise Control.
Med Sci Monit 2020;26:e919166.
- 17. Jensen KT, Rabago DP, Best TM, Patterson JJ, Vanderby R.
Early inflammatory response of knee ligaments to prolotherapy
in a rat model. J Orthop Res 2008;26(6):816–23.
- 18. Güran Ş, Dilşad çoban Z, Karasimav Ö, Demirhan S, Karaağaç
N, Orscelik A, et al. Dextrose solution used for prolotherapy
decreases cell viability and increases gene expressions of angiogenic
and apopitotic factors. Gulhane Med J 2018;60(2):42–6.
- 19. Solmaz I, Akpancar S, Orscelik A, Yener-Karasimav O, Gül D.
Dextrose injections for failed back surgery syndrome: a consecutive
case series. Eur Spine J 2019:21;28(7):1610–7.
- 20. Maniquis-Smigel L, Dean Reeves K, Jeffrey Rosen H, Lyftogt
J, Graham-Coleman C, Cheng A-L, et al. Short Term Analgesic
Effects of 5% Dextrose Epidural Injections for Chronic Low
Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesthesiol Pain
Med 2016;7(1):e42550.
- 21. Köroğlu O, Orscelik A, Karasimav Ö, Demir Y, Solmaz I. Is 5%
dextrose prolotherapy effective for radicular low back pain?
Gulhane Med J 2019;61(3):123.
- 22. Inceöz H, Akçalı DT, Solmaz I. Proloterapi ve Enjeksiyonlardaki
Yeri. In: Babacan A. Ağrı ve Enjeksiyonlar (1st Ed) Ankara, Türkiye
Klinikleri, 2019; 104–9.
- 23. Dagenais S, Jaime C, Scott H. A systematic review of low back
pain cost of illness studies in the United States and internationally.
Spine J 2008;8(1):8–20.
- 24. Yelland MJ, Glasziou PP, Bogduk N, Schluter PJ, McKernon
M. Prolotherapy Injections, Saline Injections, and Exercises for
Chronic Low-Back Pain: A Randomized Trial. Spine (Phila Pa
1976) 2004;29(1):9–16.
- 25. Kim WM, Lee HG, Won Jeong C, Kim CM, Yoon MH. A Randomized
Controlled Trial of Intra-Articular Prolotherapy Versus
Steroid Injection for Sacroiliac Joint Pain. J Altern Complement
Med 2010;16(12):1285–90.
- 26. Dechow E, Davies RK, Carr AJ, Thompson PW. A randomized,
double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of sclerosing injections
in patients with chronic low back pain. Rheumatology
1999;38(12):1255–9.
- 27. Dagenais S, Haldeman S, Wooley JR. Intraligamentous injection
of sclerosing solutions (prolotherapy) for spinal pain: a
critical review of the literature. Spine J 2005;5(3):310–28.
- 28. Reeves KD, Klein RG, DeLong WB. Letters. Spine (Phila Pa
1976) 2004;29(16):1839–40.
- 29. Miller, Matthew R, Matthews, Robert S RKD. Treatment of painful
advanced internal lumbar disc derangement with intradiscal
injection of hypertonic dextrose. Pain Physician 2006;9(2):115–21.
- 30. Solmaz İ, Orscelik A. Approximately Three Years of Prolotherapy
Experience of a Traditional and Complementary Medicine
Center: An Epidemiologic Study. Int J Tradit Complement Med
Res 2022;3(2):64–70.
- 31. Orscelik A. The Importance of the Core Region in Sports Injuries
and Sports Performance. Turkiye Klin J Sport Med-Special
Top 2017;3(3):191–5.
- 32. Tauchi R, Imagama S, Muramoto A, Tsuboi M, Ishiguro N,
Hasegawa Y. Influence of spinal imbalance on knee osteoarthritis
in community-living elderly adults. Nagoya J Med Sci
2015;77(3):329–37.
- 33. Tsuji T, Matsuyama Y, Goto M, Yimin Y, Sato K, Hasegawa YIN.
Knee – spine syndrome: correlation between sacral inclination
and patellofemoral joint pain. J Orthop Sci 2002;7(5):519–23.
- 34. Centeno CJ, Elliott J, Elkins WL, Freeman M. Fluoroscopically
guided cervical prolotherapy for instability with blinded pre and
post radiographic reading. Pain Physician 2005;8(1):67–72.
- 35. Hooper RA, Frizzell JB, Faris P. Case series on chronic whiplash
related neck pain treated with intraarticular zygapophysial
joint regeneration injection therapy. Pain Physician
2007;10(2):313–8.
- 36. DeChellis DM, Cortazzo MH. Regenerative medicine in the
field of pain medicine: Prolotherapy, platelet-rich plasma therapy,
and stem cell therapy—Theory and evidence. Tech Reg
Anesth Pain Manag 2011;15(2):74–80.
- 37. Hung C-Y, Hsiao M-Y, Chang K-V, Han D-S, Wang T-G. Comparative
effectiveness of dextrose prolotherapy versus control
injections and exercise in the management of osteoarthritis
pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pain Res
2016;9:847–57.
- 38. Rabago D, Patterson JJ, Mundt M, Kijowski R, Grettie J, Segal
NA, et al. Dextrose Prolotherapy for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized
Controlled Trial. Ann Fam Med 20131;11(3):229–37.
- 39. Reeves KD, Hassanein KM. Long-term effects of dextrose prolotherapy
for anterior cruciate ligament laxity. Altern Ther Health
Med 2003;9(3):58–62.
- 40. Rabago D, Zgierska A, Fortney L, Kijowski R, Mundt M, Ryan
M, et al. Hypertonic Dextrose Injections (Prolotherapy) for Knee
Osteoarthritis: Results of a Single-Arm Uncontrolled Study with
1-Year Follow-Up. J Altern Complement Med 2012;18(4):408–14.
- 41. Rezasoltani Z, Taheri M, Kazempour Mofrad M, Mohajerani S.
Periarticular dextrose prolotherapy instead of intra-articular injection
for pain and functional improvement in knee osteoarthritis.
J Pain Res 2017;10:1179–87.
- 42. Avşar MT, Okudan RN, Gümüş ZZ, Samancı R. Efficacy of Prolotherapy
With Periarticular 5% Dextrose In The Treatment of
Knee Joint Osteoarthritis. Int J Tradit Complement Med Res
2021;2(3):162–6.
- 43. Scarpone M, Rabago DP, Zgierska A, Arbogast G, Snell E.
The Efficacy of Prolotherapy for Lateral Epicondylosis: A Pilot
Study. Clin J Sport Med 2008;18(3):248–54.
- 44. Akcay S, Gurel Kandemir N, Kaya T, Dogan N, Eren M. Dextrose
Prolotherapy Versus Normal Saline Injection for the Treatment
of Lateral Epicondylopathy: A Randomized Controlled
Trial. J Altern Complement Med 2020;26(12):1159–68.
- 45. Yelland M, Rabago D, Ryan M, Ng S-K, Vithanachchi D, Manickaraj
N, et al. Prolotherapy injections and physiotherapy used
singly and in combination for lateral epicondylalgia: a single-
blinded randomised clinical trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord
2019;20(1):509.
- 46. Bertrand H, Reeves KD, Bennett CJ, Bicknell S, Cheng
A-L. Dextrose Prolotherapy Versus Control Injections in Painful
Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil
2016;97(1):17–25.
- 47. Sari A, Eroglu A. Comparison of ultrasound-guided platelet-rich
plasma, prolotherapy, and corticosteroid injections in rotator
cuff lesions. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2020;33(3):387–96.
- 48. Lin C-L, Huang C-C, Huang S-W. Effects of hypertonic dextrose
injection in chronic supraspinatus tendinopathy of the shoulder:
a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Phys Rehabil
Med 2019; 55(4):480-7.
- 49. Chang Y-J, Chang F-H, Hou P-H, Tseng K-H, Lin Y-N. Effects
of Hyperosmolar Dextrose Injection in Patients With Rotator
Cuff Disease and Bursitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Arch
Phys Med Rehabil 2021;102(2):245–50.
- 50. Akpancar S, Orscelik A, Murat SM, Kenan K. The effectiveness
of prolotherapy on failed rotator cuff repair surgery. Turkish J
Phys Med Rehabil 2019;65(4):394–401.
- 51. Rabago D, Nourani B. Prolotherapy for Osteoarthritis and
Tendinopathy: a Descriptive Review. Curr Rheumatol Rep
2017;19(6):34.
- 52. Apaydin AH, Orscelik A, Yildiz Y. The Effects of Prolotherapy
in Recreational Athletes with Plantar Fasciitis. Turkish J Sport
Med 2018;53(1):37–46.
- 53. Solmaz İ, Orscelik A, Akpancar S, Seven MM. The Effectivity
Of Prolotherapy Treatment In Shin Splint: A Randomized Controlled
Study. Int J Tradit Complement Med Res 2022;3(1):1–7.