Çocuklarda ve adelösanlarda, temporomandibular eklem disfonksiyon sendromu

Çiğdem Küçükeşmen; Hayriye Sönmez; Hayriye Sönmez

doi:10.17343/sdutfd.99613

Çocuklarda ve adelösanlarda, temporomandibular eklem disfonksiyon sendromu

Öz

Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi TIP FAKÜLTESİ DERGİSİ: 2007 Eylül; 14(3) Çocuklarda ve adelösanlarda, temporomandibular eklem disfonksiyon sendromu Çiğdem Küçükeşmen,* Hayriye Sönmez,** *Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi, Pedodonti Anabilim Dalı, Isparta, Türkiye. **Ankara Üniversitesi, Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi, Pedodonti Anabilim Dalı, Ankara, Türkiye. Özet Temporomandibular eklem disfonksiyon sendromu (TMD), genellikle yetişkinleri etkileyen bir hastalık olarak bilinir. Bununla birlikte, epidemiyolojik araştırmalar, bu rahatsızlığa çocuklarda da sık rastlanıldığını göstermektedir. Genellikle kabul edilir ki, TMD multifaktöriyel ve kompleks bir etyolojiye sahiptir. Çocuklarda TMD nun önlenmesi için, etyolojik faktörlerin kontrol altına alınması gerekir. TMD işaret ve semptomları; çiğneme kasları bölgesinde hassasiyet, temporomandibular eklem (TME) alanında hassasiyet/ağrı, kondiler hareket sırasında TME sesleri, fonksiyonel hareketlerde kısıtlılık, ağız açılımında kısıtlanma, mandibular kayma, çiğneme güçlüğü ve baş ağrısı. olarak tanımlanır. Sık TMD işaret ve semptomları, tekrarlayan baş ağrısı gösteren çocuklarda tedaviye ihtiyaç duyulur. Tedavi, yetişkinlerde uygulanan tedaviye benzerdir. Bununla beraber, çocuklardaki TMD teşhis, tedavi ve kontrol seansları çok önemlidir. Diş sürmeleri, oklüzyondaki dinamik değişiklikler ve yüz gelişimi önemle takip edilmelidir. Sonuç olarak, çocuklarda TMD.nun değerlendirilmesi çok önemlidir ve TMD.nun yaşamın erken dönemlerinde teşhis edilmesi ve yapılacak sık klinik kontrollerle, TME.de gelecekte meydana gelebilecek problemlerinden kaçınmak mümkündür. Anahtar kelimeler: Temporomandibüler eklem disfonksiyon sedromu, mandibüler disfonksiyon, temporomandibular bozukluklar. Abstract Temporomandiular joint dysfunction syndrome in children and adolescences Temporomandibuler joint dysfunction syndrome (TMD), was generally presumed to be a disease affecting only adults. However, epidemiological studies on children have reported high incidences of signs and symptoms of this disorder. It is generally accepted that TMJ dysfunction has a multifactorial and complex etiology. For prevention of TMD in children, the etiological factors have to controlled. The signs and symptoms of TMD are defined as .tenderness in the region of the muscles of mastication, pain or tenderness in the area of TemporoMandibular Joint (TMJ), TMJ sounds during the condylar movement, restricting of functional movements, limitation of mouth opening, mandibular deviation, chewing difficulty and headache.. Treatment of TMD is needed when signs and symptoms are shown frequently and headache repeats. Treatment of TMD in children likes to the treatment of TMD in adults. However, diagnosis, treatment and control visits of TMD in children are rather considerable and teeth eruptions, dynamical changes in occlusion and developing of face have to followed up carefully. Consequently, evaluation of TMD in children is very important and it may be possible to run away from problems of TMJ in future with diagnosis of TMD in early stages of life and frequent clinical controls. Key words: Temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome, mandibular dysfunction, temporomandibular disorders.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Temporomandibüler eklem disfonksiyon sedromu, mandibüler disfonksiyon,temporomandibular bozukluklar

Kaynakça

) Okeson JP. Management of Temporomandibular Disorders. St Louis. Mosby Company 1989; 3-58, 147-207.
) Okeson JP. Temporomandibular Disorders in Children. Pediatr Dent 1989; 11(4): 325-9.
) Nilner M, Lassing SA. Prevalence of functional disturbances and disease of the stomatognathic system in 7-14 year olds. Swed Dent 1981; 5(5-6): 173-87.
) Nilner M. Prevalence of functional disturbances and diseases of the stomatognathic system in 15-18 year olds. Swed Dent 1981; 5(5-6): 189-97.
) Schneider PE, Mohamed SE, Olinde RD. Temporomandibuler Disorder in a child. J Clin Pediatr Dent 1991;16(1); 5-9.
) Kritsineli M, Shim YS. Malocclusion body posture and temporomandibular disorder in children with primary and mixed dentition. J Clin Pediatr Dent 1992;16(2): 86-93.
) Dixon DC. Diagnostic imaging of the Temporomandibular Joint. Dent Clin North Am 1991; 35(1): 53-74.
) Sari S, Sonmez H. Investigation of the relationdsýp between oral parafunction and TMD in Turkish children with mixed and permanent dentition. J Oral Rehabil 2002; 29(1): 108-12.

) Sari S, Sonmez H, Okþak Oray G, Camdeviren H. Temporomandibular joint dysfunction and occlusion in the mixed and permanent dentition. J Clin Pediatr Dent 1999; 24(1): 59-62.
) Sari S, Sonmez H. The relationship between occlusal factors and bruxism in permanent and mixed dentition in Turkish children. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2001; 25(3): 19-4.
) Sari S, Sonmez H, Okþak Oray G, Camdeviren H. Prevalance of TMD in Turkish children with mixed and permanent dentition. J Oral Rehabil 2001; 28(3):
) Magnusson T, Egermarki I, Carlsson GE. A prospective investigation over two decades on signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders and associated variables. A final summary. Acta Odontol Scand 2005; 63(2): 99-109.
) Hachmann A, Araujo Martins E, Araujo FB, Nunes R. Efficacy of the nocturnal bite plate in the control of bruxism for 3 to 5 year old children. J Clin Pediatr Dent 1999; 24(1); 9-15.
) Nielsen L, Melsen B, Terp S. Prevalence, interrelation and severity of signs of dysfunction from masticatory system in 14-16- year- old Danish children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1989; 17: 91-6.
)Ersoy A, Saðlam S, Özden AN, Kiþniþçi ÞR. Temporomandibuler rahatsýzlýklarýn tedavisinde oklüzal rehabilitasyon uygulamalarý. Türkiye Klinikleri Diþ Hekimliði Bilimleri Dergisi 1996; 2: 57-64.
) Kaplan AS, Assael LA. Temporomandibular disorder. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Company 1991; 2-23.
)Nilner M. Functional disturbances and diseases of the stomatognathic system. A cross-sectional study. J Pedod 1986;10(3): 211-38.
)Wigdorowicz-Makowerowa N, Grodzki C, Panek H, Maslanka T, Planka K, Palocha A. Epidemiologic studies on prevalance and etiology of functional disturbances of the masticatory system. J Prosthet Dent 1979; 41(1): 76-82.
)Vanderas AP. Part I Calm Group. Prevalence of craniomandibular dysfunction in white children with different emotional states. ASDC J Dent Child 1988; 55(6): 441-8.
)Macfarlane TV, Gray RJM, Kincey J, Worthington HV. Factors associated with the temporomandibular disorder, pain dysfunction syndrome (PDS): Manchester case- control study. Oral Dis 2001; 7(6): 321-30.
)Bonjardim LR, Gaviao MB, Pereira LJ, Castelo PM. Anxiety and depression in adolescents and their relationship with signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders. Int J Prosthodont 2005; 18(4): 347-52.
)Ferrando M, Andreu Y, Galdon MJ, Dura E, Poveda R, Bagan JV. Psychological variables and temporomandibular disorders: distress, coping, and personality. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004; 98(2): 153-60.
) Sonnesen L, Bakke M, Solow B. Malocclusion traits and symptoms and signs of temporomandibular disorders in children with severe malocclusion. Eur J Orthod 1998; 20(5): 543-59.
) Stockstill JW, Bowley JF, Dunning D, Spalding P, Stafford K, Erikson K. Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in children based on physical signs. ASDC J Dent Child 1998; 65(6): 459-67.
) van der Meulen MJ, Lobbezoo F, Aartman IH, Naeije M. Self-reported oral parafunctions and pain intensity in temporomandibular disorder patients. J Orofac Pain 2006; 20(1): 31-5.
)Farsi NM. Symptoms and signs of temporomandibular disorders and oral parafunctions among Saudi children. J Oral Rehabil 2003; 30(12): 1200-8.
) Josell SD. Habits affecting dental and maxillofacial growth and development. Dental care for the preschool child. Dent Clin North Am 1995; 39(4): 851-60.
) Vanderas AP. Relationship between craniomandibular dysfunction and oral parafunctions in Caucasian children with and without unpleasant life events. J Oral Rehabil 1995; 22(4): 289-94.
) Widmalm SE, Christiansen RL, Gunn SM, Hawley LM. Prevalence of signs and symptoms of craniomandibular disorders and orofacial parafunction in 4-6-year-old African- American and Caucasian children. J Oral Rehabil 1995; 22(2): 87-93.
) Gavish A, Halachmi M, Winocur E, Gazit E. Oral habits and their association with signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders in adolescent girls. J Oral Rehabil 2000; 27(1): 22-32.
) Conti A, Freitas M, Conti P, Henriques J, Janson G. Relationship between signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders and orthodontic treatment: a cross-sectional study. Angle Orthod 2003; 73(4): 411-7.
) Koch G, Madeer T, Poulsen S, Casmussen P. Pedodontics - A Clinical Approach. Copenhagen. Blackwell Munksgaard, 2001; 411-9.
) Adair SM, Hecht C. Association of generalized joint hypermobility with history, signs, and symptoms of temporomandibular joint dysfunction in children. Pediatr Dent 1993; 15 (5): 323-6.
) Perrini F, Tallents RH, Katzberg RW, Ribeiro RF, Kyrhanides S, Moss ME. Generalized Joint Laxity and Temporomandibular Disorders. J Orofac Pain 1997;11(3): 215-20.
) Winocur E, Gavish A, Halachmi M, Bloom A, Gazit E. Generalized joint laxity and its relation with oral habits and temporomandibular disorders in adolescent girls. J Oral Rehabil 2000; 27: 614-22.
) Keeling SD, McGorray S, Wheeler TT, King GJ. Risk factors associated with temporomandibular joint sounds in children 6 to 12 years of age. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1994;105(3): 279-87.
)Marini I, Vecchiet F, Spiazzi L, Capurso U. Stomatognathic function in juvenil rheumatoid arthritis and in developmental open-bite subjects. ASDC J Dent Child 1999; 66(1): 30-5.
)Hu YS, Schneiderman ED. The temporomandibular joýnt in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: I. Computed tomographic findings. Pediatr Dent 1995; 17(1): 46- 53.
)Harper RP, Brown CM, Triplett MM, Villasenor A, Gatchel RJ. Masticatory function in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Pediatr Dent 2000; 22(3): 200-6.
)Attanasio R. Nocturnal bruxism and its clinical management. Dent Clin North Am 1991; 35(1): 245- 52.
)Molina OF, dos Santos J Jr. Hostility in TMD/bruxism patients and controls: a clinical comparison study and preliminary results. Cranio 2002; 20(4): 282-8.
)Krogh-Poulsen WE, Olsson A. Occlusal disharmonies and dysfunction of the stomatognatic system. Dent Clin North Am 1966; 10: 627-35.
)Kieser JA, Groeneveld HT. Relationship between juvenile bruxing and craniomandibular dysfunction. J Oral Rehabil 1998; 25(9): 662-5.
)Vanderas AP, Menenakou M, Kouimtzis TH, Papagiannoulis L. Urinary cateccholamine levels and bruxism in children. J Oral Rehabil 1999; 26(2):103- 10.
)Lobbezoo F, Lavigne GJ. Do bruxism and temporomandibular disorders have a cause-and-effect relationship? J Orofacial Pain 1997;11(1):15-23.
)Solberg WK, Woo MW & Houston JB. Prevalence of mandibular dysfunction in young adults. J Am Dent Assoc 1979; 98(1): 25-34.
)Tuerlings V, Limme M. The prevalence of temporomandibular joint dysfunction in the mixed dentition. Eur J Orthod 2004; 26(3): 311-20.
)Bonjardim LR, Gaviao MB, Pereira LJ, Castelo PM. Bite force determination in adolescents with and without temporomandibular dysfunction. J Oral Rehabil 2005; 32(8): 577-83.
)Garina F, Capurso U, Garina GB. The role of mandibular repositioning splint in the orthodontic treatment of patients with TMJ dysfunction. Prog Orthod 2004; 5: 44-53.
)Rantala MA, Ahlberg J, Suvinen TI, Nissinen M, Lindholm H, Savolainen A, Kanonen M. Temporomandibular joint related painless symptoms, orofacial pain, neck pain, headache, and psychosocial factors among non-patients. Acta Odontol Scand 2003;
)Matsumoto MA, Matsumoto W, Bolognese AM. Study of the signs and symptoms of temporomandibular dysfunction in individuals with normal occlusion and malocclusion. Cranio 2002; 20(4): 274-81.
)Katz J, Heft M. The epidemiology of self-reported TMJ sounds and pain in young adults in Israel. J Public Health Dent 2002; 62(3): 177-9.
)Thilander B, Rubio G, Pena L, de Mayorga C. Prevalence of temporomandibular dysfunction and its association with malocclusion in children and adolescents: an epidemiologic study related to specified stages of dental development. Angle Orthod 2002; 72(2): 146-54.
)Pinkham JR, Casamassimo PS, Fields HW Jr, Mc Tigue DJ, Nowak A. Pediatric Dentistry, Ýnfancy Through Adolescence. Philadelphia. WB Saunders Company, 1999; 393-401.
)Tallents RH, Catania J, Sommers E, Temporomandibüler joint findings in pediatric popülations and young adults: a critical review. Angle Orthod 1991; 61(1): 7-16.
)Alamoudi N, Farsi N, Salako ON, Feteih R. Temporomandibular disorders among school children. J Clin Pediatr Dent 1998; 22(4): 323-8.
) Pakhala R, Qvarnstrom M. Can temporomandibular dysfunction signs be predicted by early morphological or functional variables? Eur J Orthod 2004; 26(4): 367- 73.
)Auerbach SM, Laskin DM, Frantsve LM, Orr T. Depression, pain, exposure to stressful life events, and long-term outcomes in temporomandibular disorder patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2001; 59(6): 628-33, discussion 634.
)Baba K, Tsukiyama Y, Yamazaki M, Clark GT. A review of temporomandibular disorder diagnostic techniques. J Prosthet Dent 2001; 86(2): 184-94.
)Paesani D, Salas E, Martines A, Isberg A. Prevalence of temporomandibular joint disk displacement in infants and young children. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1999; 87(1): 15-9.
)Tomas X, Pomes J, Berenguer J, Quinto L, Nicolau C, Mercader JM, Castro V. MR imaging of temporomandibular joint dysfunction: a pictorial review. Radiographics 2006; 26(3): 765-81.
)Ohnuki T, Fukuda M, Nakata A, Nagai H, Takahashi T, Sasano T, Miyamoto Y. Evaluation of the position, mobility, and morphology of the disc by MRI before and after four different treatments for temporomandibular joint disorders. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2006; 35(2): 103-9.
)Chiba M, Kumagai M, Fukui N, Echigo S. The relationship of bone marrow edema pattern in the mandibular condyle with joint pain in patients with temporomandibular joint disorders: longitudinal study with MR imaging. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006; 35(1): 55-9.
)Mc Neill C, Danzig WM, Farrer WB, Gelb H, Lerman MLD, Moffett BC, Pertes R, Solberg WK, Weinburg LA. Position paper of the American Academy of Craniomandibular Disorders. Craniomandibular (TMJ) disorders: The state of the art. J Prosthet Dent 1980; 44: 434.
)van der Meij EH, Becking AG, van der Waal I. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. An unusual cause of restricted mandibular movement. Oral Dis 2006; 12(2): 204-7.
)Mezitis M, Rallis G, Zachariades N. The normal range of mouth opening. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1989; 47(10): 1028-9.
)Mc Neill C, Danzig WM, Farrer WB, Gelb H, Lerman MLD, Moffett BC, Pertes R, Solberg WK, Weinburg LA. Position paper of the American Academy of Craniomandibular Disorders. Craniomandibular (TMJ) disorders: The state of the art. J Prosthet Dent 1980; 44(4): 434-7.
)Westling L, Helkimo E. Maximum jaw opening capacity in adolescents in relation to general joint mobility. J Oral Rehabil 1992; 19(5): 485-94.
)Miller VJ, Karic VV, Myers SL, & Exner HV. Myogenous temporomandibular disorder patients and the temporomandibular opening index. J Oral Rehabil 2000a; 27(8): 720-2.
)Moipolai P, Karic VV, Miller VJ. The effect of the gonial angle, ramus length, age and gender on the temporomandibular opening index. J Oral Rehabil 2003; 30(12):1195-9.
)Vanderas AP. Mandibular movements and their relationship to age and body height in children with or without clinical signs of craniomandibular dysfunction: Part IV. A comparative study. ASDC J Dent Child 1992; 59(5): 338-41.
)Vanderas AP. Synergistic effect of malocclusion and oral parafunctions on craniomandibular dysfunction in children with and without unpleasant life events. J Oral Rehabil 1996; 23(1); 61-5.
)Vanderas AP. Relationship between malocclusion and craniomandibular dysfunction in children and adolescents: a review. Pediatr Dent 1993; 15(5): 317- 22.
)Vanderas AP. Relationship between craniomandibular dysfunction and malocclusion in white children with and without unpleasant life events. J Oral Rehabil
)Gallagher C, Gallagher V, Whelton H, Cronin M. The normal range of mouth opening in an Irish population. J Oral Rehabil 2004; 31(2): 110-6.
)Miller VJ, Bookhan V, Brummer D & Singh JC. A mouth opening index for patients with temporomandibular disorders. J Oral Rehabil 1999;
)Miller VJ, Karic VV, Myers SL & Exner HV. The temporomandibular opening index (TOI) in patients with closed lock and a control group with no temporomandibular disorders (TMD): an initial study. J Oral Rehabil. 2000b; 27(9): 815-6.
)Miller VJ, Karic VV, Myers L, Bodner L. Following treatment of myogenous TMD patients with the temporomandibular opening index: an initial report. J Oral Rehabil 2003; 30(6): 668-70.
)Miller VJ, Karic VV, Myers SL. Differences in initial symptom scores between myogenous TMD patients with high and low temporomandibular opening index. Cranio 2006; 24(1): 25-8.
)Bradley PF. Conservative treatment for temporomandibular joint pain dysfunction. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1987;25(2): 125-37.
)De Boever JA, Adriaens PA. Occlusal relationship with pain-dysfunction symptoms in temporomandibular joints. J Oral Rehabil 1983; 10(1): 1-7.
)Tanne K, Tanaka E, Sakuda M, Association between malocclusion and temporomandibular disorders in orthodontic patients before treatment. J Orofac Pain 1993; 7(2):156-62.
)Dibbets JMH, Van der Weele LT. Orthodontic treatment in relation to symptoms attributed to dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint.. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1987; 91(3):193-9.
)Yamada K, Hanada K, Sultana MH, Kohno S, Yamada Y. The relationship between frontal facial morphology and occlusal force in orthodontic patients with temporomandibular disorder. J Oral Rehabil 2000; 27: 413-21.
)Celic R, Jerolimov V, Panduric J. A study of the influence of occlusal factors and parafunctional habits on the prevalence of signs and symptoms of TMD. Int J Prosthodont 2002; 15(1): 43-8.
)Alamoudi N. The correlation between occlusal characteristics and temporomandibular dysfunction in Saudi Arabian children. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2000; 24(3): 229-36.
)Bernal M, Tsamtsouris A. Signs and symptoms of temporomandibular joint dysfunction in 3 to 5 year old children. J Pedod 1986;10(2): 127-40.
)Egermark-Eriksson I, Carlsson GE, Magnusson T, Thilander B. A longitudinal study on malocclusion in relation to signs and symptoms of cranio-mandibular disorders in children and adolescents. Eur J Orthod 1990; 12(4): 399-407.
)Heikinheimo K, Salmi K, Myllarniemi S, Kirveskari P. A longitudinal study of occlusal interferences and signs of craniomandibular disorder at the ages of 12 and 15 years. Eur J Orthod 1990; 12(2): 190-7.
)Riolo ML, Brandt D, Tenhave TH. Associations between occlusal characteristics and signs and symtpoms of TMJ disfunction in children and young adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1987; 92(6): 467-77.
)Milosevic A, Samuels RHA. The post-orthodontic prevalence of temporomandibular disorder and functional occlusion contacts in surgical and non- surgical cases. J Oral Rehabil 2000; 27(2): 142-8.
)Pullinger AG, Liu SP, Low G & Tay D. Differences between sexes in maximum jaw opening when corrected to body size. J Oral Rehabil 1987; 14(3): 291-9.
)Hiyama S, Asakawa S, Ono T, Mochida-Matsubara M, Ohyama K. Evaluation of stomatognathic function in orthodontic treatment. World J Orthod 2005; 6(4):
)Egermark I, Magnusson T, Carlsson GE. A 20-year follow-up of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders and malocclusions in subjects with and without orthodontic treatment in childhood. Angle Orthod 2003; 73(2): 109-15.
)Tecco S, Festa F, Salini V, Epifania E, DAttilio M. Treatment of joint pain and joint noises associated with a recent TMJ internal derangement: a comparison of an anterior repositioning splint, a full-arch maxillary stabilization splint, and an untreated control group. Cranio 2004; 22(3): 209-19.
)Wahlund K, List T, Larsson B. Treatment of temporomandibular disorders among adolescents: a comparison between occlusal appliance, relaxation training, and brief information. Acta Odontol Scand 2003; 61(4): 203-11.
)Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Tartaglia GM, Dellavio C. Immediate effect of a stabilization splint on masticatory muscle activity in temporomandibular disorder patients. J Oral Rehabil 2002; 29(9): 810-5.
)Gray RJ, Davies SJ. Occlusal splints and temporomandibular disorders: why, when, how? Dent Update 2001; 28(4): 194-9.
)Leib AM. Patient preference for light-cured composite bite splint compared to heat-cured acrylic bite splint. J Periodontol 2001; 72(8): 1108 -12.
)Bertolami CN, Clark GT, Shetty V, Swann DA. Use of sodiumhyaluronate in treating temporomandibular joint disorders: A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial. Oral Maxillofac Surg 1993; 51(3): 232- 42.
)Yaltýrýk M, Büyükakyüz N, Koldaþ T. Temporomandibüler eklem disfonksiyonunda eklem içi enjeksiyonun önemi. Diþhekimliðinde Klinik Dergisi
)Zetz MR, Irby VB, Dobs LRA. A simplified method for injection or aspiration of the temporomandibular joint. J Am Dent Assoc 1982; 104(6): 855 -7.
)Arabshahi B, Dewitt EM, Cahill AM, Kaye RD, Baskin KM, Towbin RB, Cron RQ. Utility of corticostreoid injection for temporomandibular artritis in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52(11): 3563 -9.
)De Boever JA, Carlsson GE, Klineberg IJ. Need for occlusal therapy and prosthodontic treatment in the management of temporomandibular disorders. Part II. Tooth loss and prosthodontic treatment. J Oral Rehabil 2000; 27(8):647- 59.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

-

Bölüm

-

Yazarlar

Çiğdem Küçükeşmen

Hayriye Sönmez Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi

6 Mayıs 2009

Gönderilme Tarihi

6 Mayıs 2009

Kabul Tarihi

-

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2007 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.17343/sdutfd.99613

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA53FW95YF

Kaynak Göster

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Küçükeşmen, Ç., Sönmez, H., & Sönmez, H. (2009). Çocuklarda ve adelösanlarda, temporomandibular eklem disfonksiyon sendromu. Medical Journal of Süleyman Demirel University, 14(3), 39-47. https://doi.org/10.17343/sdutfd.99613

AMA

1.Küçükeşmen Ç, Sönmez H, Sönmez H. Çocuklarda ve adelösanlarda, temporomandibular eklem disfonksiyon sendromu. SDÜ Tıp Fak Derg. 2009;14(3):39-47. doi:10.17343/sdutfd.99613

Chicago

Küçükeşmen, Çiğdem, Hayriye Sönmez, ve Hayriye Sönmez. 2009. “Çocuklarda ve adelösanlarda, temporomandibular eklem disfonksiyon sendromu”. Medical Journal of Süleyman Demirel University 14 (3): 39-47. https://doi.org/10.17343/sdutfd.99613.

EndNote

Küçükeşmen Ç, Sönmez H, Sönmez H (01 Mayıs 2009) Çocuklarda ve adelösanlarda, temporomandibular eklem disfonksiyon sendromu. Medical Journal of Süleyman Demirel University 14 3 39–47.

IEEE

[1]Ç. Küçükeşmen, H. Sönmez, ve H. Sönmez, “Çocuklarda ve adelösanlarda, temporomandibular eklem disfonksiyon sendromu”, SDÜ Tıp Fak Derg, c. 14, sy 3, ss. 39–47, May. 2009, doi: 10.17343/sdutfd.99613.

ISNAD

Küçükeşmen, Çiğdem - Sönmez, Hayriye - Sönmez, Hayriye. “Çocuklarda ve adelösanlarda, temporomandibular eklem disfonksiyon sendromu”. Medical Journal of Süleyman Demirel University 14/3 (01 Mayıs 2009): 39-47. https://doi.org/10.17343/sdutfd.99613.

JAMA

1.Küçükeşmen Ç, Sönmez H, Sönmez H. Çocuklarda ve adelösanlarda, temporomandibular eklem disfonksiyon sendromu. SDÜ Tıp Fak Derg. 2009;14:39–47.

MLA

Küçükeşmen, Çiğdem, vd. “Çocuklarda ve adelösanlarda, temporomandibular eklem disfonksiyon sendromu”. Medical Journal of Süleyman Demirel University, c. 14, sy 3, Mayıs 2009, ss. 39-47, doi:10.17343/sdutfd.99613.

Vancouver

1.Çiğdem Küçükeşmen, Hayriye Sönmez, Hayriye Sönmez. Çocuklarda ve adelösanlarda, temporomandibular eklem disfonksiyon sendromu. SDÜ Tıp Fak Derg. 01 Mayıs 2009;14(3):39-47. doi:10.17343/sdutfd.99613