Akdeniz Koşullarında Yetiştirilen Nar’da (Punica granatum) Ölçülen ve Tahmin edilen Evapotranspirasyon Değerlerinin Karşılaştırılması

Yıl 2018, 1. Uluslararası Tarımsal Yapılar ve Sulama Kongresi Özel Sayısı, 140 - 150, 31.12.2018

Cihan Karaca , Köksal Aydınşakir , Nazmi Dinç Dursun Büyüktaş , Ruhi Baştuğ , Begüm Polat

Öz

Değişen iklim ve azalan su kaynakları nedeniyle,
bitkinin gereksinim duyduğu su miktarını doğru belirleyerek uygun bir sulama
programı hazırlamak çok önem arz etmektedir. Bitki su ihtiyacını belirlemek
için referans evapotranspirasyon (ET_o) ve ürün katsayılarına (k_c)
dayalı FAO metodolojisi tüm dünyada yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ekonomik
açıdan önemli bitkilerin çoğunda, k_c katsayıları belirlenmiştir.
Buna karşı ET_o'yu belirlemek için farklı seviye ve düzeylerde çok
sayıda eşitlik bulunmaktadır. Belirli bir bölgede yetişen bir bitki için bu eşitlikler arasından en
uygun eşitliği seçmek çok önemlidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, iklimsel
verilere dayanan on bir farklı ET_o denklemi (ASCE-StPM, FAO-56PM, 1972-KPen,
1948-Pen, FAO-24Pn, Prs-Tylr, 1957, Makk, 1961-Turc, FAO-24Rd, FAO-24BC ve
1985-Harg) kullanarak narın su ihtiyacının (ET_c) belirlemek ve bunları ölçülen
değerle karşılaştırmaktır. En iyi ET_o tahmin eşitliğini belirlemek için,
determinasyon katsayısı (R²), tahminin standart hataları (RMSE),
göreli hata (RE), ortalama taraflı hata (MBE) ve Willmott indeksini (d) içeren
performans kriterleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre,
kombinasyona dayalı ve sıcaklığa dayalı eşitliklerin, bitki su tüketimi
değerlerini gereğinden fazla tahmin ettiği belirlenmiştir. En iyi sonuçlar
radyasyona dayalı eşitlikler kullanılarak elde edilmiştir Antalya bölgesinde
yetişen nar için en iyi ET_o denkleminin Makkink eşitliği (1957-Makk) olduğu
belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antalya, Kıyas bitki su tüketimi, Sulama suyu ihtiyacı, Bitki su tüketimi

Comparison of Measured and Estimated Evapotranspiration of Pomegranate Grown Under Mediterranean Conditions

Öz

Due to the climatic changes and the decreasing water resources, it is very important to determine the correct crop water requirement and schedule an appropriate irrigation. FAO methodology based on reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop coefficients (kc) is widely used all over the world to determine crop water requirement. For many of the economically important plants, the kc coefficients have been determined. In contrast, many equations have been developed at different levels of detail to determine ETo. For this reason, it is essential to choose the most suitable ETo equation for a region and a plant. The aim of this study is to determine the crop water requirement (ETc) of the pomegranate using eleven different ETo equations (ASCE-StPM, FAO-56PM, 1972-KPen, 1948-Pen, FAO-24Pn, Prs-Tylr, 1957-Makk, 1961-Turc, FAO-24Rd, FAO-24BC and 1985-Harg) based on climatic data and to compare them with the measured crop evapotranspiration (ETc) value. To determine the best estimation equation of ETo, some performance criteria were used including coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), relative error (RE), mean bias error (MBE), the Willmott index of agreement (d). According to the obtained results of the study, it was determined that the combination based and temperature based methods overestimated the crop water use. The best results were obtained using radiation-based equations. Makkink model (1957-Makk) was the best ETo equation for pomegranate grown in the Antalya region.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antalya, Referance Evapotranspiration, Crop Water Requirement, Crop Water Use

Kaynakça

• AKİB, 2018. 2016/2017 Ocak-Aralik Dönemi. Yaş Meyve Ve Sebze Sektörü Türkiye Geneli Değerlendirme Raporu. URL http://www.yms.org.tr/files/downloads/istatistikler/2017/ocak-aralik-2017.pdf (accessed 4.18.18).
• Allen, R.G., 2015. REF-ET: Reference Evapotranspıratıon Calculatıon Software for FAO and ASCE Standardized Equations, University of Idaho.
• Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D. and Smith, M., 1998. Crop evapotranspiration: Guidelines for computing crop water requirements, FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56. FAO, Roma.
• Aseri, G.K., Jain, N., Panwar, J., Rao, A. V. and Meghwal, P.R., 2008. Biofertilizers improve plant growth, fruit yield, nutrition, metabolism and rhizosphere enzyme activities of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) in Indian Thar Desert. Scientia Horticulturae 117, 130–135. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2008.03.014
• Ayars, J.E., Phene, C.J., Phene, R.C., Gao, S., Wang, D., Day, K.R. and Makus, D.J., 2017. Determining pomegranate water and nitrogen requirements with drip irrigation. Agricultural Water Management 187, 11–23. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2017.03.007
• BAİB, 2018. Ürün Grubu Bazında İhracat Raporu. Bati Akdeniz İhracatçılar Birliği Genel Sekreterliği. URL http://www.baib.org.tr/tr/oi_istmalgr.asp (accessed 4.18.18).
• Bhagat, A. and Patil, M., 2014. Water excess/deficit studies at different seasons (bahars) of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cultivation. International Journal of Agricultural Engineering 7, 323–327.
• Bhagat, A.D. and Popale, P.G., 2016. Water requirement of pomegranate (Punica granatumL.) orchards for season August-March (Mrig bahar). International Journal of Agricultural Engineering 9, 130–139. doi:10.15740/HAS/IJAE/9.2/130-139
• Bhantana, P. and Lazarovitch, N., 2010. Evapotranspiration, crop coefficient and growth of two young pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) varieties under salt stress. Agricultural Water Management 97, 715–722. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2009.12.016
• Blaney, H.F. and Criddle, W.D., 1950. Determining Water Requeriments in Irrigated Areas from Climatological and Irrigation Data. Soil Conservation Service. US Department of Agriculture technical, p 48.
• Dinc, N., Aydinsakir, K., Isik, M., Bastug, R., Ari, N., Sahin, A. and Buyuktas, D., 2018. Assessment of different irrigation strategies on yield and quality characteristics of drip irrigated pomegranate under mediterranean conditions. Irrigation Science 36, 87–96. doi:10.1007/s00271-017-0565-5
• Dinç, N., Işik, M., Ari, N., Alican, M., Şahin, A. and Baştuğ, R., 2017. Antalya Koşullarinda Damla Sulama Yöntemi Ile Sulanan Narin Sulama Programinin Oluşturulmasi, Proje Sonuç Raporu- Bati Akdeniz Tarimsal Araştirma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü.
• Farzanpour, H., Shiri, J., Sadraddini, A.A. and Trajkovic, S., 2018. Global comparison of 20 reference evapotranspiration equations in a semi-arid region of Iran. Hydrology Research 49.
• Galindo, A., Calín-Sánchez, Á., Collado-González, J., Ondoño, S., Hernández, F., Torrecillas, A. and Carbonell-Barrachina, Á.A., 2014. Phytochemical and quality attributes of pomegranate fruits for juice consumption as affected by ripening stage and deficit irrigation. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 94, 2259–2265. doi:10.1002/jsfa.6551
• Galindo, A., Collado-González, J., Griñán, I., Corell, M., Centeno, A., Martín-Palomo, M.J., Girón, I.F., Rodríguez, P., Cruz, Z.N., Memmi, H., Carbonell-Barrachina, A.A., Hernández, F., Torrecillas, A., Moriana, A. and López-Pérez, D., 2018. Deficit irrigation and emerging fruit crops as a strategy to save water in Mediterranean semiarid agrosystems. Agricultural Water Management 202, 311–324. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2017.08.015
• Gavilán, P. and Castillo-Llanque, F., 2009. Estimating reference evapotranspiration with atmometers in a semiarid environment. Agricultural Water Management 96, 465–472. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2008.09.011
• GTHB, 2017. Türkiyede’de Sulanan Bitkilerin Bitki Su Tüketimleri, T.C Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı. ISBN: 978-605-9175-93-7 p:590.
• Hargreaves, G. and Samani, Z., 1985. Reference Crop Evapotranspiration from Temperature. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 1, 96–99. doi:10.13031/2013.26773
• Intrigliolo, D.S., García, J., Lozoya, A., Bonet, L., Nicolás, E., Alarcón, J.J. and Bartual, J., 2012. Regulated deficit irrigation in pomegranate (Punica granatum) trees. Yield and its components. Options Méditerranéennes. Séries A: Mediterranean Seminars 103, 101–106.
• Intrigliolo, D.S., Nicolas, E., Bonet, L., Ferrer, P., Alarcón, J.J. and Bartual, J., 2011. Water relations of field grown Pomegranate trees (Punica granatum) under different drip irrigation regimes. Agricultural Water Management 98, 691–696. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2010.11.006
• Irmak, S., Irmak, A., Allen, R.G. and Jones, J.W., 2003. Solar and Net Radiation-Based Equations to Estimate Reference Evapotranspiration in Humid Climates. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 129, 336–347. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2003)129:5(336)
• Jedhe, S.H., Jadhav, S.B. and Mandale, V.P., 2014. Weekly water balance of pomegranate in Parbhani district. Asian Journal of Environmental Science 9, 103–105. doi:10.15740/HAS/AJES/9.2/103-105
• Karaca, C., Büyüktaş, D., Baştuğ, R., Aydinşakir, K. and Büyüktaş, K., 2017a. Comparing Eight Different ETo Equations with Penman-Monteith for Antalya, Turkey. 2nd International Conference On Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, Antalya, TURKEY 189.
• Karaca, C., Tekelioğlu, B. and Büyüktaş, D., 2017b. Sürdürülebilir Tarımsal Üretim için Toprak Nem Sensörlerinin Etkin Kullanımı. Academia Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 2, 33–41.
• Karaca, C., Tekelioğlu, B., Büyüktaş, D. and Baştuğ, R., 2017c. Kıyas Bitki Su Tüketiminin Hesaplanmasında Kullanılan Eşitliklerin Değerlendirilmesi. Akademia Mühendislik ve Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 144–161.
• Kashyap, P.S. and Panda, R.K., 2001. Evaluation of Evapotranspiration Estimation Methods and Development of Crop-Coefficients for Potato Crop in a Sub-Humid Region. Agricultural Water Management 50, 9–25. doi:10.1016/S0378-3774(01)00102-0
• Khattab, M.M., Shaban, A.E., El-Shrief, A.H. and Mohamed, A.S.E.D., 2011. Growth and Productivity of Pomegranate Trees under Different Irrigation Levels I: Vegetative Growth and Fruiting. Journal of Horticultural Science & Ornamental Plants 3, 194–198.
• Kurt, H. and Şahin, G., 2013. Bir Ziraat Coğrafyasi Çalişmasi: Türkiye’de Nar (Punica granatum L.) Tarimi. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi 27, 551–574.
• Makkink, G.F., 1957. Testing the Penman Formula by Means of Lysimeters. Journal Inst. Water Engineering 11, 277–288.
• Mellisho, C.D., Egea, I., Galindo, A., Rodríguez, P., Rodríguez, J., Conejero, W. and Romojaro, F., 2012. Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit response to different deficit irrigation conditions. Agricultural Water Management 114, 30–36. doi:10.1016/J.AGWAT.2012.06.010
• Meshram, D.T., Gorantiwar, S.D., Jadhav, V.T. and Chandra, R., 2011a. Evaluation of ET Models to Study Water Requirement of Pomegranate (Punica Granatum L.) For Satara District of Maharashtra. Indian Journal of Soil Conservation 39, 142–148.
• Meshram, D.T., Gorantiwar, S.D., Silva, Jaime A. Teixeira Jadhav, V.T. and Chandra, R., 2010. Water Management in Pomegranate. Fruit, Vegetable and Cereal Science and Biotechnology 4, 106–112.
• Meshram, D.T., Mittal, H.K., Purohit, R.C. and Gorantiwar, S.D., 2011b. Water Requirement of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) for Solapur District of Maharashtra State. Acta Hortic. 890, 311–322.
• Noitsakis, B., Chouzouri, A., Papa, L. and Patakas, A., 2016. Pomegranate physiological responses to partial root drying under field conditions. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture 28, 410–414. doi:10.9755/ejfa.2016-04-343
• Pandey, P.K., Dabral, P.P. and Pandey, V., 2016. Evaluation of reference evapotranspiration methods for the northeastern region of India. International Soil and Water Conservation Research 4, 52–63. doi:10.1016/j.iswcr.2016.02.003
• Parvizi, H., Sepaskhah, A.R. and Ahmadi, S.H., 2016. Physiological and growth responses of pomegranate tree (Punica granatum (L.) cv. Rabab) under partial root zone drying and deficit irrigation regimes. Agricultural Water Management 163, 146–158. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2015.09.019
• Parvizi, H., Sepaskhah, A.R. and Ahmadi, S.H., 2014. Effect of drip irrigation and fertilizer regimes on fruit yields and water productivity of a pomegranate (Punica granatum (L.) cv. Rabab) orchard. Agricultural Water Management 146, 45–56. doi:10.1016/J.AGWAT.2014.07.005
• Pourghayoumi, M., Rahemi, M., Bakhshi, D., Aalami, A. and Kamgar-Haghighi, A.A., 2017. Responses of pomegranate cultivars to severe water stress and recovery: changes on antioxidant enzyme activities, gene expression patterns and water stress responsive metabolites. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 23, 321–330. doi:10.1007/s12298-017-0435-x
• Priestley, C. and Taylor, R., 1972. On the Assessment of Surface Heat Flux and Evaporation Using Large-Scale Parameters. Monthly Weather Review 100, 81–92. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1972)100<0081:OTAOSH>2.3.CO;2
• Tabari, H., Grismer, M.E. and Trajkovic, S., 2013. Comparative Analysis of 31 Reference Evapotranspiration Methods Under Humid Conditions. Irrigation Science 31, 107–117. doi:10.1007/s00271-011-0295-z
• Tavousi, M., Kaveh, F. and Alizadeh, A., Babazadeh, H., Tehranifar, A., 2015. Effects of Drought and Salinity on Yield and Water Use Efficiency in Pomegranate Tree. J. Mater. Environ. Sci. 6, 1975–1980.
• TUİK, 2018. Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri [WWW Document]. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. URL https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr (accessed 4.18.18).
• Turc, L., 1961. Estimation of İrrigation Water Requirements, Potential Evapotranspiration: A Simple Climatic Formula Evolved Up to Date. Annals of Agronomy 2, 13–49.
• USAID, 2008. Model Guidelines for River Basin Management Planning in Armenia. United States Agency for International Development Armenia Mission 221.
• Xie, S., Lu, X., Zhao, X. and Nie, Q., 2015. Effect of Water Stress on Vegetative Growth and Nitrogen Metabolism of Pomegranate Seedling. Acta Horticulturae 1089, 63–69.