Kadınların Fiziksel Aktiviteleri Önündeki Engeller: Sistematik Derleme Çalışması

Öz

Bireylerin fiziksel aktive seviyelerinin yeterli seviyede olması sağlığın korunmasında ve geri kazanılmasında büyük bir etkiye sahiptir. Düşük fiziksel aktivite seviyeleri bulaşıcı olmayan hastalıklar olan obezite ve tip 2 diyabet için büyük risk faktörü oluşturmaktadır. Bu bağlamda hem kadın ve hem de erkeklerde belirli düzeylerde fiziksel aktivite önerilmektedir. Yapılan çalışmalar ülkemizde ve dünya genelinde de kadınların ve erkeklerin farklı fiziksel aktivite düzeylerine sahip olduğu yönündedir. Çalışmaların çoğunluğunda kadınların fiziksel aktivite düzeylerinin erkeklerin fiziksel aktivite düzeylerinden daha düşük olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu noktada ‘Kadınların fiziksel aktivitelerinin düşük olmasına neden olan faktörler nelerdir?’ sorusu aklımıza gelmektedir. Çalışmada kadınların fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri ile ilgili çalışmalar taranarak kadınların fiziksel aktiviteleri önündeki engeller belirlenmeye ve sunulmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışmanın bulgularına göre; artan yaşla birlikte kadınların fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri düşmektedir. Evli olan ev hanımlarının fiziksel aktivite düzeylerinin daha düşük düşük olduğu saptanmıştır. Yüksek gelirli ülkelerdeki kadınların fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri daha düşüktür. Kırsal kesimlerde yaşayan kadınlar kentsel kesimlerde yaşayan kadınlara göre; daha düşük BKİ ve daha yüksek fiziksel aktivite oranlarına sahiptir. Sonuç olarak, kadınların fiziksel aktivite oranlarını yükselten faktörler arasında; daha yürünebilir şehirlerde oturmak, güvenilir ortam, fiyatı uygun, evinin yakınlarında spor salonu, sosyal tesis ve parkların bulunması ve spor yapılan yerlerin kadınlara özgü olması karşılaması yer almaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kadınlar
• Fiziksel Aktivite
• Sağlık

Obstacles to Women's Physical Activity: A Systematic Review Study

Öz

A sufficient level of physical activity of individuals has a great impact on maintaining and restoring health. Low levels of physical activity are a major risk factor for obesity and type 2 diabetes, which are non-communicable diseases. In this regard, certain levels of physical activity are recommended for both men and women. Studies conducted in our country and around the world also show that women and men have different levels of physical activity. The majority of studies show that women's physical activity levels are lower than men's physical activity levels. At this point, ‘What are the factors that cause women to have low physical activity?’ the question comes to mind. In the study, studies related to women's physical activity levels were screened and the obstacles to women's physical activities were determined and presented. According to the findings of the study; women's physical activity levels decrease with increasing age. It has been found that housewives who are married have lower levels of physical activity. Women in high-income countries have lower levels of physical activity. Women living in rural areas have lower BMI and higher physical activity rates than women living in urban areas. As a result, among the factors that increase the dec of physical activity of women are; living in more walkable cities, reliable environment, affordable price, there is a gym, social facilities and parks near her home, and sports places are unique for women to meet.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Women
• Physical Activity
• Health

Kaynakça

1. Ainsworth, B. E., Wilcox, S., Thompson, W. W., Richter, D. L., & Henderson, K. A. (2003). Personal, social, and physical environmental correlates of physical activity in African-American women in South Carolina. American journal of preventive medicine, 25(3), 23-29.
2. Althoff, T., Hicks, J. L., King, A. C., Delp, S. L., & Leskovec, J. (2017). Large-scale physical activity data reveal worldwide activity inequality. Nature, 547(7663), 336-339.
3. Arem, H, Moore, S.C., Patel, A., Hartge, P., Berrington, A., Phil, D. et al. (2015). Leisure time physical activity and mortality: a detailed pooled analysis of the dose-response relationship. JAMA Intern Med, 175:959–67.
4. Barr, A.L., Young, E.H., & Sandhu, M.S. (2018). Objective measurement of physical activity: improving the evidence base to address non-communicable diseases in Africa. BMJ global health, 3(5).
5. Behrens, G., Gredner, T., Stock, C., Leitzmann, M.F., Brenner, H. & Mons, U. (2018). Cancers Due to Excess Weight, Low Physical Activity, and Unhealthy Diet: Estimation of the Attributable Cancer Burden in Germany. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 115(35-36), 578.
6. Bélair, M.A., Kohen, D.E., Kingsbury, M. & Colman, I. (2018). Relationship between leisure time physical activity, sedentary Behaviour and symptoms of depression and anxiety: evidence from a populationbased sample of Canadian adolescents. BMJ Open.
7. Biddle, S.J.H. (1995). European Perspectives on Exercise and Sport Psychology. UK, Human Kinetics
8. Biswas, A., Oh, P., Faulkner, G.E., Bajaj, R.R., Silver, M.A., Mitchell, M.S., et al.(2015). Sedentary time and its association with risk for disease incidence, mortality, and hospitalization in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med, 162:123–32.

9. Bull, F.C. (2017). Uzman Çalışma Grupları: İngiltere'de fiziksel aktivite rehberleri: İnceleme ve öneriler. 2010. Loughborough Üniversitesi Spor, Egzersiz ve Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, Ref Tipi: Google Akademik Raporu.
10. Bundak, R. (1991). Ergenlik çağında diyabet yönetimi. Türk Pediatri Arşivi Dergisi, 46: 79-81
11. Can, S. & Ersöz, G. (2013). Tip 2 Diabetes Mellitus Tedavisinde Egzersizin Yeri ve Önemi. Turkiye Klinikleri Spor Bilimleri, 5(1).
12. Cannioto, R.A., Dighe, S., Mahoney, M.C., Moysich, K.B., Sen, A., Hulme, K., ... & Ambrosone, C.B. (2018). Habitual recreational physical activity is associated with significantly improved survival in cancer patients: evidence from the Roswell Park Data Bank and BioRepository. Cancer Causes & Control, 1-12.
13. Caspersen, C.J., Powell, K.E., Christenson, G.M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Rep, 100: 126–131
14. Chobanian, A.V, Bakri,s G.L, Black, H.R, Cushman,W.C, Green, L.A, Izzo JL, et al; (2003). National Heart L, and Blood Institute Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, E.aluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, Committee NHBPEPC. The seventh Report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: The JNC 7 report. JAMA, 289(19):2560–72.
15. Coopoo, Y., Constantinou, D., Rothberg, A.D. (2008). Energy expenditure in office workers with identified health risks, SAJSM, 20(2): pp. 40-44
16. Dasso, N. A. (2018). How is exercise different from physical activity? A concept analysis. In Nursing forum.
17. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group (2002). Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. New England Journal of Medicine. 346:393– 403.
18. Dumith, S. C., Hallal, P. C., Reis, R. S., & Kohl III, H. W. (2011). Worldwide prevalence of physical inactivity and its association with human development index in 76 countries. Preventive medicine, 53(1-2), 24-28.
19. Dunlop, D.D., Song, J., Lee, J., Gilbert, A. L., Semanik, P. A., Ehrlich‐Jones, L., ... & Chang, R. W. (2017). Physical activity minimum threshold predicting improved function in adults with lower‐extremity symptoms. Arthritis care & research, 69(4), 475-483.
20. Dunstan, D.W., Salmon, J., Owen, N., Armstrong, T., Zđmmet, P.Z., Welborn, ,T.A., Et Al. (2004). Physical activity and television viewing in relation to risk of undiagnosed abnormal glucose metabolism in adults. Diabetes Care, 27: 2603–2609.
21. Ekelund, U., Steene-Johannessen, J., Brown, W. J., Fagerland, M. W., Owen, N., Powell, K. E., ... & Lancet Sedentary Behaviour Working Group. (2016). Does physical activity attenuate, or even eliminate, the detrimental association of sitting time with mortality? A harmonised meta-analysis of data from more than 1 million men and women. The Lancet, 388(10051), 1302-1310.
22. Elmas, S., Hacısoftaoğlu, İ., & Aşçı, F. H. (2016). Kadınlara Özgü Mekânlarda Egzersiz Yapmak: Sosyal-Ekolojik Model. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Sports Sciences, 8(2), 76-86. Eyler, A. A., Baker, E., Cromer, L., King, A. C., Brownson, R. C., & Donatelle, R. J. (1998). Physical activity and minority women: a qualitative study. Health Education & Behavior, 25(5), 640-652
23. Fagard, R.H. (2005). Physical activity, physical fitness and the incidence of hypertension. Journal of hypertension, 23(2), 265-267.
24. Fararouei, M., Iqbal, A., Rezaian, S., Gheibi, Z., Dianatinasab, A., Shakarami, S. & Dianatinasab, M. (2018). Dietary Habits and Physical Activity are Associated With the Risk of Breast Cancer Among Young Iranian Women: A Case-control Study on 1010 Premenopausal Women. Clinical Breast Cancer
25. Gillespie, L. D., Robertson, M. C., Gillespie, W. J., Sherrington, C., Gates, S., Clemson, L., & Lamb, S. E. (2012). Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (9).
26. Gómez, L.F., Mateus, J.C. & Cabrera, G. (2004). Leisure-time physical activity among women in a neighbourhood in bogotá, colombia: prevalence and socio- demographic correlates. Cadernos De Saúde Pública; 20:1103-1119.
27. Hamman, R. F., Wing, R. R., Edelstein, S. L., Lachin, J. M., Bray, G. A., Delahanty, L., ... & Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. (2006). Effect of weight loss with lifestyle intervention on risk of diabetes. Diabetes care, 29(9), 2102-2107.
28. Hasegawa, J., Suzuki, H. & Yamauchi, T. (2018). Impact of season on the association between muscle strength/volume and physical activity among community-dwelling elderly people living in snowy-cold regions. Journal of physiological anthropology, 37(1), 25.
29. Hashan, M. R., Gupta, R. D., Day, B., & Al Kibria, G. M. (2020). Differences in prevalence and associated factors of underweight and overweight/obesity according to rural–urban residence strata among women of reproductive age in Bangladesh: evidence from a cross-sectional national survey. BMJ open, 10(2).
30. Howe, T. E., Shea, B., Dawson, L. J., Downie, F., Murray, A., Ross, C., ... & Creed, G. (2011). Exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (7).
31. Huneidi, S.A., Wright, N.C., Atkinson, A., Bhatia, S. & Singh, P. (2018). Factors associated with physical inactivity in adult breast cancer survivors—A population‐based study. Cancer Medicine.
32. International Agency for Cancer on Research. (2017). http://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And- Report-Series/Iarc-Working-Group-Reports/Energy-Balance-And-Obesity-2017 , Accessed date: 01/03/2020.
33. International Diabetes Federation, World Diabetes Foundation. (2019). Diabetes Atlas. 9nd Edition, Brussels, International Diabetes Federation Joseph, P. Leong, D, McKee, M, Anand, S.S, Schwalm, J.D, Teo, K, et al. (2017). Reducing the Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease, Part 1: The Epidemiology and Risk Factors; 121:677–94
34. Joseph, R. P., Ainsworth, B. E., Keller, C., & Dodgson, J. E. (2015). Barriers to physical activity among African American women: an integrative review of the literature. Women & health, 55(6), 679-699.
35. Kanerva, N., Lallukka, T., Rahkonen, O., Pietiläinen, O. & Lahti, J. (2018). The joint contribution of physical activity, insomnia symptoms and smoking to the cost of short‐term sickness absence. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports.
36. Karaca, A. (2017). Fiziksel aktivite değerlendirme yöntemleri. Ankara: Spor Yayınevi ve Kitabevi
37. Kayıhan, G. & Ersöz, G. (2009). Hipertansiyon ve egzersiz. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(3), 93-101
38. Khosravi, M., Sotoudeh, G., Majdzadeh, R., Nejati, S., Darabi, S., Raisi, F., ... & Sorayani, M. (2015). Healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns are related to depression: a case-control study. Psychiatry investigation, 12(4), 434.
39. Laukkanen, J.A., Kurl, S., Salonen, R., Rauramaa, R., & Salonen, J. T. (2004). The predictive value of cardiorespiratory fitness for cardiovascular events in men with various risk profiles: a prospective population-based cohort study. European heart journal, 25(16), 1428-1437.
40. Lee, I.M, Shiroma, E.J, Lobelo, F., Puska, P., Blair, S.N., Katzmarzyk, P.T. (2012). Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet: 380(9838):219–229
41. Lee, J., Shin, A, Oh, J.H., Kim J. (2018). The relationship between nut intake and risk of colorectal cancer: a case control study. Nutr J, 17:37.
42. López, L., Torres-Sánchez, I., Romero-Fernández, R., Granados-Santiago, M., Rodríguez-Torres, J., & Valenza, M. (2018, December). Impact of Previous Physical Activity Levels on Symptomatology, Functionality, and Strength during an Acute Exacerbation in COPD Patients. In Healthcare, 6( 4), 139.
43. Lu, Y., John, E. M., Sullivan-Halley, J., Vigen, C., Gomez, S. L., Kwan, M. L., ... & Bernstein, L. (2015). History of recreational physical activity and survival after breast cancer: the California Breast Cancer Survivorship Consortium. American journal of epidemiology, 181(12), 944-955.
44. Mashayekhi, R., Bellavance, D.R., Chin, S.M., Maxner, B., Staller, K., Xavier, R. J., ... & Khalili, H. (2018). Obesity, but Not Physical Activity, Is Associated With Higher Prevalence of Asymptomatic Diverticulosis. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 16(4), 586-587.
45. Mctiernan, A., Kooperberg, C., White, E., Wilcox, S., Coates, R. & Adams-Campbell, L.L. (2003). Recreational physical activity and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: the women's health ınitiative cohort study. Jama;290(10):1331-1336.
46. Mills, K.T., Bundy, J.D., Kelly, T.N, Reed, J.E., Kearney, P.M., Reynolds, K., et al. (2016). Global disparities of hypertension prevalence and control: a systematic analysis of population-based studies from 90 countries. Circulation, 134(6):441-50
47. Mostafavi, F., Ghofranipour, F., Feizi, A., & Pirzadeh, A. (2015). Improving physical activity and metabolic syndrome indicators in women: A transtheoretical model-based intervention. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 6.
48. Nichols, C., Block, M.E., Bishop, J.C., & McIntire, B. (2018). Physical activity in young adults with autism spectrum disorder: Parental perceptions of barriers and facilitators. Autism
49. Nici, L.; Donner, C.; Wouters, E.; Zuwallack, R.; Ambrosino, N.; Bourbeau, J.; Garvey, C. (2006). American thoracic society/european respiratory society statement on pulmonary rehabilitation. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 173, 1390–1413.
50. Oliveira, P., Oliveira, A., Tillmann, A, Araujo, C., Bertuol, C., Pazin, J., ... & Machado, Z. (2015). Factors associated to usual physical activity in women. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 21(2), 99-103.
51. Owen, N., Bauman, A. & Brown, W. (2009). Too much sitting: a novel and important predictor of chronic disease risk? Br J Sports Med, 43(2):81–3.
52. Özer, N., Kılıçkap, M., Tokgözoğlu, L., Göksülük, H., Karaaslan, S. D. D., Kayıkçıoğlu, M., ... & Şahin, M. (2018). Türkiye’de sigara tüketimi verileri: Kardiyovasküler risk faktörlerine yönelik epidemiyolojik çalışmaların sistematik derleme, meta-analiz ve meta-regresyonu. Türk Kardiyoloji Derneği Araştırma Dergisi, 46(7), 602-612
53. Paffenbarger, Jr., Blair, N.S, Lee, M.L. (2001). A history of physical activity, cardiovascular healt and longe- vity: the scientific contributions of Jeremy N Morris, DSc, DPH, FRCP. İnternational Journal of Epidemiology 30: pp. 1184-1192
54. Pedralli, M.L., Eibel, B., Waclawovsky, G., Schaun, M.I., Neto, W.N., Umpierre, D., Pescatello, L.S., Tanaka, H. & Lehnen, A.M. (2018). Effects of exercise training on endothelial function in individuals with hypertension: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension, 1–11
55. Pelliccia, A., Fagard, R., Bjørnstad, H. H., Anastassakis, A., Arbustini, E., Assanelli, D., ... & Thiene, G. (2005). Recommendations for competitive sports participation in athletes with cardiovascular diseaseA consensus document from the Study Group of Sports Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology. European heart journal, 26(14), 1422-1445.
56. Petterson, U., Nilsson, M., Sundh, V., Mellström, D., Lorentzon, M. (2010). Physical activity is the strongest predictor of calcaneal bone mass in young Swedish men. Osteoporus Int: 21: 447–455
57. Physiopedia, (2016). Physical activity and women [Internet]. [Erişim tarihi 25 Şubat 2020]. Erişim adresi: https://www.physiopedia.com/Physical_Activity_and_Women#cite_note-:1-1.
58. Pitta, F., Troosters, T., Probst, V.S., Spruit, M.A., Decramer, M., Gosselink, R. (2006). Physical activity and hospitalization for exacerbation of COPD. Chest, 129, 536–544.
59. Rangul, V., Sund, E. R., Mork, P. J., Røe, O. D., & Bauman, A. (2018). The associations of sitting time and physical activity on total and site-specific cancer incidence: Results from the HUNT study, Norway. PloS one, 13(10)
60. Renningera, M., Løchenc, M.L., Ekelunde, U., Hopstockg, L.A., Jørgenseng, L., Ellisiv B. Mathieseni, J., Njølstadc,I., Schirmerd,H., Wilsgaardc, T. & Morseth, B. (2018). The independent and joint associations of physical activity and body mass index with myocardial infarction: The Tromsø Study. Preventive Medicine,116, 94–98
61. Rohan, E. A., Miller, N., Bonner, F., Fultz-Butts, K., Pratt-Chapman, M. L., Alfano, C. M., ... & Tai, E. (2018). Comprehensive cancer control: promoting survivor health and wellness. Cancer Causes & Control, 1-9.
62. Ruiz, R.B. & Hernández P.S. (2014). Diet and cancer: risk factors and epidemiological evidence. Maturitas, 77:202-8.
63. Sağınç, S. (2019). Ev Hanımlarının Fiziksel Aktivite ve Oturma Sürelerinin İncelenmesi (Master's thesis, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
64. Sağlık Bakanlığı, (2011). Türkiye sağlıklı beslenme ve hareketli hayat programı (2010-2014). Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayınları. Ankara
65. Scott, D., Seibel, M., Cumming, R., Naganathan, V., Blyth, F., Le Couteur, D. G., ... & Hirani, V. (2017). Sarcopenic obesity and its temporal associations with changes in bone mineral density, incident falls, and fractures in older men: the concord health and ageing in men project. Journal of bone and mineral research, 32(3), 575-583.
66. Smith, G. L., Banting, L., Eime, R., O’Sullivan, G., & Van Uffelen, J. G. (2017). The association between social support and physical activity in older adults: a systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 14(1), 1-21.
67. Stattin, K., Michaëlsson, K., Larsson, S. C., Wolk, A., & Byberg, L. (2017). Leisure‐time physical activity and risk of fracture: a cohort study of 66,940 men and women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 32(8), 1599-1606.
68. Steele, C. B., Thomas, C. C., Henley, S. J., Massetti, G. M., Galuska, D. A., Agurs-Collins, T., ... & Richardson, L. C. (2017). Vital signs: trends in incidence of cancers associated with overweight and obesity—United States, 2005–2014. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 66(39), 1052.
69. Suárez, A.L. (2018). Burden of cancer attributable to obesity, type 2 diabetes and associated risk factors. Metabolism.
70. Thivel, D., Tremblay, A., Genin, P. M., Panahi, S., Rivière, D. & Duclos, M. (2018). Physical Activity, Inactivity, and Sedentary Behaviors: Definitions and Implications in Occupational Health. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 288.
71. Tremblay, M.S., Aubert, S., Barnes, J.D., Saunders, T.J., Carson, V., Latimer- Cheung, A.E., et al. (2017). SBRN Terminology Consensus Project Participants. Sedentary Behavior Research Network (SBRN)- Terminology Consensus Project process and outcome. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 14:75
72. Tudor-Locke C. & Bassett D.R. (2004). How many steps/day are enough? Sports Medicine;34(1):1-8.
73. Vanhees, L., Lefevre, J., Philippaerts, R., Martens, M., Huygens, W., Troosters, T., Beunen, G. (2005). How to assess physical activity? How to assess physical fitness? European Journal of Cardiovascular Pre- vention and Rehabilitation, 12: pp. 102-114
74. Veitch, J., Abbott, G., Kaczynski, A. T., Stanis, S. A. W., Besenyi, G. M., & Lamb, K. E. (2016). Park availability and physical activity, TV time, and overweight and obesity among women: Findings from Australia and the United States. Health & place, 38, 96-102.
75. Vogelmeier, C.F., Criner, G.J., Martinez, F.J., Anzueto, A., Barnes, P.J., Bourbeau, J., Frith, P. (2017). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive lung disease 2017 report. GOLD executive summary. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med, 195, 557–582.
76. Weinheimer, E.M., Sands, L.P., Campbell, W.W. (2010). A systematic review of the separate and combined effects of energy restriction and exercise on fat-free mass in middle-aged and older adults: implications for sarcopenic obesity. Nutr Rev, 68: 375–388.
77. Westerterp, K.R. (2018). Changes in physical activity over the lifespan: impact on body composition and sarcopenic obesity. Obesity Reviews, 19, 8-13.
78. Willis, J.D., Campbell, F.L. (1991). Exercise Psychology. USA, Human Kinetics
79. Wilson Lf, Baade Pd, Green Ac, Jordan Sj, Kendall Bj, Neale Re, ... Whiteman Dc (2019). The impact of changing the prevalence of over weight/obesity and physical inactivity in Australia: An estimate of the proportion of potentially avoidable cancers 2013–2037. International Journal of Cancer, 144(9), 2088-2098.
80. Women's Sports Foundation. The Women’s Sports Foundation Report Brief: [Internet]. 2016 [Erişim tarihi 12 Şubat 2020]. Erişim adresi: https://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/herlife- depends-on-it-3_womens-health.pdf
81. World Health Organization, (2010). Global recommendations on physical activity for health. (2010). http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/ 9789241599979_eng.pdf
82. World Health Organization, (2012). Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases 2014. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization
83. World Health Organization, (2018). Physical inactivity: a global public health problem.