Sportive Communication Facebook and Twitter

Öz

Aim: The purpose of this study is; One of the most important tools of social media is to examine the effects of Facebook and Twitter on sports communication, on the axis of athletes, coaches and supporters. 

Method: International literature was examined in 2010 and after. For the systematic review of the literature, "prisma" (Moher, Liberati, Tetzlaff, and Altman, 2009) protocol was used. The study has been included 36 studies from PubMed and SPORTDiscus databases.

Findings and Conclusion: According to the findings of 36 studies; The use of Facebook and Twitter in sports media has led to the creation of a new fan group and fan description, fans feel closer to the successful athletes they follow, encouraging individuals to sport and to be using as an effective tool for sport marketing. While successful athletes have contributed to the branding process, on the other hand the athletes have increased their social anxiety and performance anxiety during the competition. It has been observed that the role of the athlete-manager has changed and that the structure of the sports media has changed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sports,Communication,Social Media,Facebook,Twitter

Sportif İletişimde Facebook ve Twitter

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışma; Sosyal medyanın en önemli araçlarından olan Facebook ve Twitter’ın sporcu, antrenör, taraftar ekseninde, spor iletişimine olan etkilerinin incelenmesidir.

Metod: 2010 yılı ve sonrası yurt dışı literatür taranarak incelenmiştir. Literatürün sistematik incelemesi için “prisma” (Moher, Liberati, Tetzlaff, ve Altman, 2009) protokolü kullanılmıştır. Çalışmaya, PubMed ve SPORTDiscus veri tabanlarından elde edilen 36 araştırma dahil edilmiştir.

Bulgular ve Sonuçlar: 36 araştırmanın dahil edildiği çalışmaların bulgularına göre Facebook ve Twitter’ın spor medyasında kullanımının; yeni bir taraftar grubunun ve taraftar tanımının oluşmasına, taraftarların takip ettikleri başarılı sporcuları daha yakınlarında hissetmelerine, bireyleri spora teşvik etme yönününde ve sporun pazarlanması için  etkili bir araç olarak kullanılmasına, başarılı sporcuların markalaşma sürecine katkı sağladığı görülürken, diğer taraftan, sporcuların müsabaka döneminde sosyal kaygı, spor/performans kaygısında artışa, sporcu-yönetici arasında rollerin değişmesine, spor medyasının yapısının değişmesine neden olduğu gözlemlenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Spor,İletişim,Sosyal Medya,Facebook,Twitter

Kaynakça

1. Abeza, G., O’Reilly, N., & Reid, I. (2013). Relationship marketing and social media in sport. International Journal of Sport Communication, 6(2), 120-142.
2. Browning, B., & Sanderson, J. (2012). The positives and negatives of Twitter: Exploring how student-athletes use Twitter and respond to critical tweets. International Journal of Sport Communication, 5(4), 503-521.
3. Chung, A. E., Skinner, A. C., Hasty, S. E., & Perrin, E. M. (2017). Tweeting to health: a novel mHealth intervention using Fitbits and Twitter to foster healthy lifestyles. Clinical pediatrics, 56(1), 26-32.
4. Clavio, G., & Kian, T. M. (2010). Uses and gratifications of a retired female athlete’s Twitter followers. International Journal of Sport Communication, 3(4), 485-500.
5. Clavio, G., & Walsh, P. (2014). Dimensions of social media utilization among college sport fans. Communication & Sport, 2(3), 261-281.
6. Edison Research, 2010. Twitter Usage in America: Retrieved 15 March 2011 from http://images.publicaster.com/ImageLibrary/account2782/documents/Twitter_Usage_In_America_2010.
7. Encel, K., Mesagno, C., & Brown, H. (2017). Facebook use and its relationship with sport anxiety. Journal of sports sciences, 35(8), 756-761.
8. English, P. (2017). Social media boundaries in sports journalism: individual and organisational gatekeeping in India and Australia. Asian Journal of Communication, 27(5), 480-496.

9. Frederick, E. L., Lim, C. H., Clavio, G., & Walsh, P. (2012). Why we follow: An examination of parasocial interaction and fan motivations for following athlete archetypes on Twitter. International Journal of Sport Communication, 5(4), 481-502.
10. Frederick, H., & Patil, S. (2009). The dynamics of brand equity, co-branding and sponsorship in professional sports. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 7(1-2), 44-57.
11. Gantz, W., & Wenner, L.A. (1995). Fanship and the television sports viewing experience. Sociology of Sport Journal, 12(1), 56–74.
12. Gibbs, C., & Haynes, R. (2013). A phenomenological investigation into how Twitter has changed the nature of sport media relations. International Journal of Sport Communication, 6(4), 394-408.
13. Gibbs, C., O’Reilly, N., & Brunette, M. (2014). Professional team sport and Twitter: Gratifications sought and obtained by followers. International Journal of Sport Communication, 7(2), 188-213.
14. Goodyear, V. A. (2017). Social media, apps and wearable technologies: navigating ethical dilemmas and procedures. Qualitative research in sport, exercise and health, 9(3), 285-302.
15. Goodyear, V. A., Casey, A., & Quennerstedt, M. (2018). Social media as a tool for generating sustained and in-depth insights into sport and exercise practitioners’ ongoing practices. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 10(1), 1-16.
16. Hambrick, M. E., Simmons, J. M., Greenhalgh, G. P., & Greenwell, T. C. (2010). Understanding professional athletes’ use of Twitter: A content analysis of athlete tweets. International Journal of Sport Communication, 3(4), 454-471.
17. Hambrick, M.E., Simmons, J.M., Greenhalgh, G.P., & Greenwell, T.C. (2010). Understanding professional athletes’ use of Twitter: A content analysis of athlete tweets. International Journal of Sport Communication, 3(4), 454–471.
18. Hull, K., & Lewis, N. P. (2014). Why Twitter displaces broadcast sports media: A model. International Journal of Sport Communication, 7(1), 16-33.
19. Johnson, P., & Yang, S.U. (2009, August). Uses and gratifications of Twitter: An examination of user motives and satisfaction of Twitter use. Paper presented at the Communication and Technology Division, Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Boston, MA.
20. Kalpidou, M., Costin, D., & Morris, J. (2011). The relationship between Facebook and the well-being of undergraduate college students. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14, 183-189.
21. Kassing, J. W., & Sanderson, J. (2010). Fan–athlete interaction and Twitter tweeting through the Giro: A case study. International Journal of Sport Communication, 3(1), 113-128.
22. Kim, Y., Liu, Y., & Shan, Z. (2017). Beyond touchdown: College students’ sports participation, social media use, college attachment, and psychological well-being. Telematics and Informatics, 34(7), 895-903.
23. Knox, M. (2011, November 3). WRKN’s Joe Dubin resigns, says he doesn’t see a need for local sports. Retrieved from http://www.mediabistro.com/tvspy/wkrns-joe-dubin-resignssaying-he-doesnt-see-a-need-for-local-sports_b27795
24. Leary, M. R. (1992). Self-presentational processes in exercise and sport. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 14, 339–351.
25. Lebel, K., & Danylchuk, K. (2012). How tweet it is: A gendered analysis of professional tennis players’ self-presentation on Twitter. International Journal of Sport Communication, 5(4), 461-480.
26. Lewallen, J. & Behm-Morawitz, E., 2016. Pinterest or thinterest?: Social comparison and body image on social media. Social Media + Society, (January–March), 1–9.
27. Lines, G. (2007). The impact of media sport events on the active participation of young people and some implications for PE pedagogy. Sport, Education and Society, 12(4), 349-366.
28. Loechner J. (2007) Who’s Watching Sports Online?, Nielsen/Net Ratings AdRelevance Report, http://www.mediapost.com/publications/?fa=Articles.showArticle&art_aid=69179, accessed October.
29. Ludwig, M., & Bertling, C. (2017). The Effect of Cutting Rates on the Liking of Live Sports Broadcasts. International Journal of Sport Communication, 10(3), 359-370.Medcalf, M. (2012, May 1). Policing the social media craze. ESPN.com. Retrieved May 10, 2012, from http://espn.go.com/mens-college-basketball/story/_/id/7876754/policingsocial-media-craze-college-sports-ncb
30. Miah, P. A. (2012, August 9). Viewpoint: London 2012, a social media Olympics to remember. BBC News. London: BBC News.
31. Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & Prisma Group. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS medicine, 6(7), e1000097.
32. Nölleke, D., Grimmer, C. G., & Horky, T. (2017). News sources and follow-up communication: Facets of complementarity between sports journalism and social media. Journalism Practice, 11(4), 509-526.
33. Ottesen, D. (2012, July 31). London 2012 Olympics: Australian swimmer Emily Seebohm blames Twitter and Facebook for failure. Telegraph UK. London: Telegraph UK.
34. Özsoy, S. (2011). Use of new media by Turkish fans in sport communication: Facebook and Twitter. Journal of Human Kinetics, 28, 165-176.
35. Paulson, K. (2012, April 15). Column: Free speech sacks ban on college-athlete tweets. USA Today. Retrieved May 10, 2012, from http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/forum/ story/2012-04-15/twitter-social-media-college-sports-coaches-ban/54301178/1
36. Pedersen, P.M. (2012). Reflections on communication and sport: On strategic communication and management. Communication and Sport, 1(1/2), 55–67.
37. Pegoraro, A. (2010). Look who’s talking—Athletes on Twitter: A case study. International journal of sport communication, 3(4), 501-514.
38. Pew Research Center. (2017). Social media fact sheet. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/fact-sheet/social-media/.
39. Rein, I., Kotler, P., & Shields, B. (2006). The elusive fan: Reinventing sports in a crowded marketplace. McGraw-Hill.
40. Rovell, D. (2011, August 8). Coaches ban of Twitter proves college sports isn’t about education. CNBC. Retrieved from http://www.cnbc.com/id/44058540/Coaches_Ban_Of_Twitter_Proves_College_Sports_Isn_t_About_Education
41. Sanderson, J. (2011). It’s a whole new ballgame: How social media is changing sports. New York: Hampton Press.
42. Schultz, B., & Sheffer, M. L. (2010). An exploratory study of how Twitter is affecting sports journalism. International Journal of Sport Communication, 3(2), 226-239.
43. Sheffer, M. L., & Schultz, B. (2010). Paradigm shift or passing fad? Twitter and sports journalism. International Journal of Sport Communication, 3(4), 472-484.
44. Statista. (2017). Number of smartphone users worldwide from 2014 to 2020.
45. Steinbach P. Twitter Rivals. Athletic Business, October, 2009
46. Tandoc, E. C., Ferrucci, P., & Duffy, M. (2015). Facebook use, envy, and depression among college students: Is Facebooking depressing? Computers in Human Behavior, 43, 139-146.
47. Tsai, C. T. L. (2009). Media systems and their effects on women's sport participation in Taiwan. Sport, Education and Society, 14(1), 37-53.
48. Wallace-McRee, L., & Lee, J. W. (2016). I like It: Examining NFL Facebook Communication Strategies. Journal of Contemporary Athletics, 10(4), 257.
49. Wang, X. (2013). Applying the integrative model of behavioral prediction and attitude functions in the context of social media use while viewing mediated sports. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1538-1545.
50. Weinberg, T. (2009). The new community rules: Marketing on the social web. " O'Reilly Media, Inc.".
51. Williams, J., & Chinn, S. J. (2010). Meeting relationship-marketing goals through social media: A conceptual model for sport marketers. International Journal of Sport Communication, 3(4), 422-437.