Cooking wares of the newly excavated A and B Buildings in Anemurium

Öz

This paper focuses on the typological diversity of the cooking pottery recovered from excavations of the buildings, took place during the 2018 to 2021 field seasons. The total area encompassed by the buildings is 28.20 metres by 10.60 metres. The buildings, designated A and B, encompass a total floor area of approximately 240 square metres and contain twelve rooms. The entirety of the cooking wares in question, as discussed in this article, were retrieved from Buildings A and B. A fundamental typology of the coarse wares was established for the early Roman to late Roman periods of Anemurium, as outlined by C. Williams in her study. This paper evaluates the types, studied by Williams, as well as new variations of these types, and newly identified types. This paper identifies 16 distinct types. The identified types are as follows: 1, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, and 16 are variations of the those studied by Williams. The 4, and 15 are new discoveries for Anemurium. The types: 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, and 12 were previously evaluated by Williams. This study aims to expand the research on the Late Roman cooking vessels from Anemurium.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Late Roman
• Cooking Ware
• Coarse Ware
• Anemurium
• Cilicia

Anemurium’da Yeni Kazılan A ve B Yapılarında Bulunan Pişirme Kapları

Öz

Bu makale 2018 ile 2021 yılları arasında kazısı gerçekleştirilen yapılardan elde edilen pişirme kaplarının tipolojik çeşitliliği hakkıdadır. Kazılarda ortaya çıkarılan yapı toplamda 28.20x10.60 metre ölçülerinde bir arazi üzeridedir. Bu yapılara A Yapısı ve B Yapısı adları verilmiştir. Yapılar 240 m2 alanda olup 12 odalıdır. Makalede değerlendirilen tüm seramik bu iki yapıda bulunmuştur. Anemurium’un Erken Roma Döneminden Geç Roma Dönemine kadar olan kaba seramik malzemesine dair temel tipoloji C. Williams tarafından oluşturulmuştur. Bu makalede Williams tarafından değerlendirilen tiplerin yanı sıra bu tiplerin yeni varyasyonları ve yeni tipler tanıtılmaktadır. Çalışmada 16 ayrı tip tanımlanmıştır. Bu tiplerden; 1, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14 ve 16 Williams tarafından çalışılan tiplerin varyasyonlarıdır. Tip 4 ve tip 15 Anemurium için yeni tiplerdir. Williams tarafından daha önce çalışılan tipler ise; 3, 5, 6, 8, 10 ve 12’dir. Bu makale Anemurium'daki Geç Roma Dönemi pişirme kapları üzerine yapılan araştırmaları genişletmeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Geç Roma
• Pişirme Kapları
• Kaba Seramik
• Anemurium
• Kilikya

Kaynakça

1. Abadie-Reynal C. (1992). Porsuk. rapport sur la campagne de fouille de 1989. chantier est. Syria. Tome 69 fascicule 3-4, 349-377.
2. Abadie-Reynal, C. (2003). La céramique du Haut-Empire à Porsuk” In: Les céramiques en Anatolie aux époques hellénistiques et romaines. Actes de la Table Ronde d’Istanbul, 23-24 mai 1996. Istanbul: Institut Français d'Études Anatoliennes-Georges Dumézil, (Varia Anatolica, 15), (pp. 101-109). İstanbul: Ege Yayınları.
3. Abadie-Reynal, C., Sophie Martz, C., Cador A. (2007). Late Roman and Byzantine pottery in Zeugma: Groups of the beginning of the 5th century. In. B. Böhlendorf-Arslan, A. O. Uysal, J. Witte-Orr (eds.) Byzas 7 Çanak Late Antique and Medieval and Tiles in Mediterranean Archaeological Contexts (pp. 181-194). İstanbul: Ege Yayınları.
4. Arqué, M.-C., Lemaître, S., Waksman Y. (2012). Les céramiques de cuisson en Lycie romaine: essai de définition des faciès morphologiques et d’approvisionnement en Méditerranée orientale. In: C. B. Vallet (ed.) Les céramiques communes dans leur contexte régional: faciès de consommation et mode d'approvisionnement. Actes de la table ronde organisée à Lyon les 2 et 3 février 2009 (pp. 141-153). Lyon: Travaux de la Maison de l'Orient méditerranéen; 60.
5. Aydın, S. (2019). Olba Geç Roma Seramik Buluntuları. (unpublished Phd.) Gazi Üniversitesi.
6. Atik, N. (1995). Die keramik aus den südthermen von Perge, Istanbuller Mitteilungen beiheft 40, Tübingen: Ernst Wasmuth Verlag.
7. Bartl, K.,Schneider, G, Böhme, S. (1995). Notes on “Brittle Wares” in North-eastern Syria. Levant XXVII, 165-177.
8. Berndt M. (2003). Funde aus dem survey auf der halbinsel von Milet (1992-1999), kaiserzeitliche und frühbyzantinische keramik. Rahden: Verlag Maire Leidorf.

9. Bien S. (2007). La vaisselle et les amphores en usage à Marseille au VIIe siècle et au début du VIIIe siècle: première ébauche de typologie évolutive. In: M. Bonifay, J.-C. Tréglia (ed.), LRCW 2, Late Roman Coarse Wares, Cooking Wares and Amphorae in the Mediterranean: Archaeology and Archaeometry (pp. 263-274). Oxford: Archeopress.
10. Bonifay, M., Raynaud, C., Rigoir, J., Rigoir, Y., Rivet L. (1991). Importations de céramiques communes méditerranéennes dans le midi de la Gaule (Ve-VIIe s.). In. Campo Arqueológico de Mértola (ed.) A Ceramica medieval no mediterrâneo ocidental : [actas do IV Congresso Internacional], Lisboa, 16-22 novembro 1987, AIECM2, Nov 1987 (pp. 27-48). Lisbonne: Rainho & Neves.
11. Böhlendorf-Arslan, B. (2007). Stratified Byzantine pottery from the city wall of Amorium. In B. Böhlendorf-Arslan, A. O. Uysal, J. Witte-Orr (ed.) Byzas 7 Çanak Late Antique and Medieval and Tiles in Mediterranean Archaeological Contexts (pp. 273-294). İstanbul: Ege Yayınları.
12. Catling H. W. (1972). An early Byzantine pottery factory at Dhiorios in Cyprus. Levant, 4(1)-82.
13. Catling, H. W., Dikigoropoulos, A. I. (1970). The Kornos Cave: an Early Byzantine Site in Cyprus. Levant, 2(1), 37–62. https://doi.org/10.1179/lev.1970.2.1.37
14. Degeest R., Poblome, J. De Cupere, B. (1993). A Preliminary report on the excavations at site W, 1992. Sagalassos ware and faunal remains. In M. Waelkens and J. Poblome, (eds), Sagalassos II: Report on the Third Excavation Campaign of 1992. Acta Archaeologica Lovaniensia Monographiae 6 (pp. 125-141). Leuven: Leuven University Press.
15. Degeest, R. (2000). The common wares of Sagalassos, typology and chronology. Leuven: Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.
16. Diederichs, C. (1980). IX. Céramiques hellénistiques, romaines et byzantines. Salamine de Chypre, 9, (pp. 3-103). Paris: de Boccard.
17. Doğer, L. (2007). Byzantine Ceramics: Excavations at Smyrna Agora (1997-98 and 2002-03). In B. Böhlendorf-Arslan, A. O. Uysal, J. Witte-Orr (ed.) Byzas 7 Çanak Late Antique and Medieval and Tiles in Mediterranean Archaeological Contexts (pp. 97-122). İstanbul: Ege Yayınları.
18. Doksanaltı, M. E., Tekocak, M. (2014). Cooking pots: Production in Knidos in the light of recent excavations. In: N. Poulou-Papadimitriou, E. Nodarou, V. Kilikoglou (eds.) LRCW 4, Late Roman Coarse Wares, Cooking Wares and Amphorae in the Mediterranean: Archaeology and Archaeometry (pp. 281-286). Oxford: Archeopress.
19. Elaigne S., Lemaitre, S. (2014). De la vaisselle et du vin chypriote au Létôon de Xanthos à l’époque romaine. Topoi Orient - Occident, 19 (2), 565-593.
20. Ergürer, E., Akkaş, İ. (2023). Parion: First research on Late Antique coarse wares, cooking wares and amphorae. In: V. Caminneci, E. Giannitrapani, M. C. Parello, M. S. Rizzo (eds.) LRCW 6, vol. 1, Late Roman Coarse Wares, Cooking Wares and Amphorae in the Mediterranean: Archaeology and Archaeometry (pp. 181-209). Oxford: Archeopress.
21. Erol A. F., Aydın, S. (2020). Seramik Buluntuları Işığı Altında Zeugma’da Mutfak ve Beslenme Kültürü. In K. Görkay (ed.), İki Dünya Arasında: Yaşamdan Ebediyete Zeugma’da Evler ve Mezarlar Zeugma, (pp. 288-300). İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
22. Frangié-Joly, D. (2014). Economy and cultural transfers: evidence of Hellenization and early Romanization in Beirut. In B. Fischer-Genz, Y. Gerber, & H. Hamel (Eds.), Roman Pottery in the Near East: Local Production and Regional Trade: Proceedings of the round table held in Berlin, 19-20 February 2010 (pp. 89–102). Oxford: Archeopress.
23. Ferrazzoli, A. F. (2003). Instrumentum domesticum: IX.1 tipologia dei reperti ceramici e aspetti delle produzioni e della circolazione dei materiali. Elaiussa Sebaste II: un porto tra Oriente e occidente (pp. 649-707). Roma: L'Erma Di Bretschneider.
24. Ferrazzoli, A. F., Ricci, M. (2007). Elaiussa Sebaste: produzioni e consumi di una citta della Cilicia tra V e VII secolo. M. Bonifay, J.-C. Tréglia (ed.), LRCW 2, Vol 1, Late Roman Coarse Wares, Cooking Wares and Amphorae in the Mediterranean: Archaeology and Archaeometry (pp. 671-689). Oxford: Archeopress.
25. Ferrazzoli, A. F., Ricci, M. (2010). La Ceramica. In E. E. Schneider (ed.) Elaiussa Sebaste III L’Agora Romana (pp. 186-225). İstanbul: Ege Yayınları.
26. Fulford, M .G., Peacock, D. P. S. (1994). Excavations at Carthage: the British mission vol. 1, The Avenue du président Habib Bourguiba, Salammbo, 2, the pottery and other ceramic objects from the site, Sheffield: Published for the British Academy from the University of Sheffield, Dept. of Prehistory and Archaeology.
27. Gassner V. (1997). Das Südtor der Tetragonos-Agora, Keramik und Kleinfunde, Forschungen in Ephesos XIII/1/1. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
28. Hamel H. (2014). Roman Pottery in Baalbek/Heliopolis. In B. Fisher-Genz, Y. Gerber, H. Hamel (eds.) Roman Pottery in the Near East, Local Production and Regional Trade, Proceedings of the round table held in Berlin, 19-20 February 2010 (pp. 67-78). Oxford: Archeopress.
29. Hayes J.W. (1976). Pottery Report. In J. H. Humphrey (ed.) Excavations at Carthage 1975 Conducted by the University of Michigan, vol. 3, Tunis: American School of Oriental Research.
30. Hayes J.W. (1978). Pottery Report, 1976. In J. H. Humphrey(ed.), Excavations at Carthage, 1976, conducted by the University of Michigan, vol. 4. (pp. 23-98). Ann Arbor: Kesley Museum, University of Michigan.
31. Hayes J. W. (1992). Excavations at Saraçhane in İstanbul, vol. II, The Pottery, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
32. Hayes J.W. (2003). Hellenistic and Roman pottery deposits from the 'Saranda Kolones' Castle site at Paphos. The Annual of the British School at Athens, Vol. 98, 447-516.
33. Kenrick, P. M. (2013) Pottery Other Than Transport Amphorae”, ed. W. Aylward, Excavations at Zeugma, Conducted by Oxford Archaeology II, (pp. 1-81). Los Altos-California: The Packard Humanities Institute.
34. Korkmaz Z., Tekocak M. (2023). Anemurium Son Dönem Kazılarında Ortaya Çıkarılan A ve B Yapıları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Seleucia, XIII, 21-42.
35. Korkmaz, Z., Tekocak, M. (2024). Late Roman Red Slip Ware found in Newly Excavated Buildings A and B in Anemurium: A Building Based Evaluation. Anadolu Araştırmaları (30), 235-270. https://doi.org/10.26650/anar.2024.30.1395157
36. Korkut T. (2007). Spatantike und frühbyzantinische Keramik aus Patara. In B. Böhlendorf-Arslan, A. O. Uysal, J. Witte-Orr (ed.) Byzas 7 Çanak Late Antique and Medieval and Tiles in Mediterranean Archaeological Context (pp. 147-168). İstanbul: Ege Yayınları.
37. Kramer N. (2004), Gindaros; Geschichte und Archaologie einer Siedlung im nordwestlichen Syrien von hellenistischer bis in frühbyzantinische Zeit, Rahden: Verlag Marie Leidorf.
38. Kramer N. (2012), Keramik und Kleinfunde aus Diokaisareia. Diokaisareia in Kilikien. Ergebnisse Des Surveys 2001-2006, Berlin: de Gruyter.
39. Ladstätter S. (2008). Römische, spätantike und byzantinische Keramik. In M. Steskal – M. La Torre (ed.) Das Vediusgymnasium in Ephesos, Forschungen in Ephesos Band XIV/1 (pp. 97-123). Wien: Verlag der Österrichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
40. Magness J. (1993). Jerusalem Ceramic Chronology, circa 200-800 CE, Sheffield: JSOT Press.
41. Morsiani S. (2017). Ceramica a pareti Sottili. In A. Coralini (ed.) Pompei. Insula IX 8, (pp. 615-629). Bologna: EUT Edizioni Università di Blogna.
42. Newson P. (2014). Pottery of the “Land of Carchemish” project and the northern Euphrates. In B. Fisher-Genz, Y. Gerber, In H. Hamel (eds.) Roman Pottery in the Near East, Local Production and Regional Trade, Proceedings of the round table held in Berlin, 19-20 February 2010 (pp. 3-21). Oxford: Archeopress.
43. Nocoń K., Michalik M., Jellonek S. (2022). Cooking pottery assemblage found in a late Roman lime kiln in the Nea Paphos. Herom Vol. 11, 133-161.
44. Öztaşkın, M. (2013). Stratonikeia ve Lagina Kazılarında Bulunan Bizans Dönemi Seramikleri, (Unpublished Phd) Anadolu Üniversitesi.
45. Reynolds P. (2004). The Roman pottery from the Triconch Palace. In Hodges, R., Bowden, W., Lako (eds.) Byzantine Butrint: Excavations and Surveys 1994-99, Vol. 2 (pp. 224–269). Oxford: Oxbow books.
46. Reynolds P. (2009). Linear typologies and ceramic evolution. FACTA, A Journal of Roman Material Culture Studies, 2. 2008, 61-89.
47. Reynolds P. (2014). The Homs Survey (Syria): Contrasting Levantine trends in the regional supply of fine wares, amphorae, and kitchen wares (Hellenistic to early Arab periods). In B. Fisher-Genz, Y. Gerber, H. Hamel (eds.) Roman Pottery in the Near East, Local Production and Regional Trade, Proceedings of the round table held in Berlin, 19-20 February 2010 (pp. 53-65). Oxford, Archeopress,
48. Reynolds P., Waksman Y. (2007). Beirut cooking Wares, 2nd to 7th Centuries: Local Forms and North Palestinian Imports. Berytus 50, 59-81.
49. Riley J. A. (1979). The coarse pottery from Berenice. Excavations at Sidi Khrebish Benghazi (Berenice). vol. II (pp. 91-467). Tripoli: Libya Antiqua.
50. Rigoir, Y., Rigoir, J., Vallauri, L., Cavaillès Llopis, M., Villedieu, F., Pelletier, J., Démians d’Archimbaud, G. (1994). Les Céramiques. In Démians d’Archimbaud, G. (Ed.). L’oppidum de Saint-Blaise du Ve au VIIe s. (Bouches-du-Rhône). Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme. doi 10.4000/books.editionsmsh.39845.
51. Rowe A. H. (2006). Reconsidering Late Roman Cyprus: Using new material from Nea Paphos to review current artifact typologies (unpublished Phd.) University of Sydney.
52. Tekocak M. (2006). Kelenderis Roma Çağı Seramiği (unpublished Phd.) Selçuk Üniversitesi.
53. Tekocak M. (2010). The Cooking wares form Kelenderis In S. Menchelli, S. Santoro, M. Pasquinucci, G. Guiducci (eds.) LRCW 3, vol II (pp. 827-839). Oxford: Archeopress.
54. Tekocak M. (2019a). Anemurium 2018 Yılı Kazı ve Restorasyon Çalışmaları. ANMED (Anadolu Akdenizi Arkeoloji Haberleri Bülteni), Sayı: 17, 212-221.
55. Tekocak M. (2019b). Anemurium Kazı ve Restorasyon Çalışmaları: 2018. 41. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, Cilt: 3 (pp. 197-220). Ankara: Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayınları.
56. Tekocak M. (2020). Anadolu’nun Güneyinde Bir Liman Kenti: Anemurium. In. Ü. Aydınoğlu (ed.), Mersin Arkeolojik Kazıları ve Araştırmaları (pp. 179-209). Mersin: Mersin Valiliği Yayını.
57. Tekocak M. (2021). Anemurium Antik Kenti’nde Kültürel Mirası Koruma ve Yaşatma Çalışmaları. Kültürel Miras Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2 (1), 1-15.
58. Tekocak M. (2022). Anemurium Kazı ve Retorasyon Çalışmaları: 2019-2020. In: A. Özme (ed.), 2019-2020 Yılı Kazı Çalışmaları cilt 3 (pp. 115-137). Ankara: Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayınları.
59. Tekocak M., Aldemir C. (2019). Anemurion: Anadolu’nun Güneyinde Bir Liman Kenti, Anemurion Çalışmaları I. Ankara: Sage Yayınları.
60. Tekocak M., Sahar İ. (2023). Anemurium 2018-2021 Yılı Kazılarında Bulunan Bir Grup Pişmiş Toprak Kandil. MASROP E-Dergi 17, 1-19.
61. Tobin J. (2004). Black Cilicia, A Study of the Plain of Issus during the Roman and Late Roman Periods. Oxford: BAR International Series.
62. Turnovsky P. (2005). The morphological repertory of Late Roman/Early Byzantine coarse wares in Ephesos. In: J.M. Gurti i Esparraguera, J. Buxeda i Garrigós, M. A. Cau Ontiveros (ed.), LRCW 1, Late Roman Coarse Wares, Cooking Wares and Amphorae in the Mediterranean (pp. 635-645). Oxford: BAR International Series.
63. Tréglia, J.-C., Djaoui, D., Long, L., Bonifay, M., Capelli, C. (2016). Marseille. La céramique de l’Antiquité tardive du gisement sous-marin de l’anse des Catalans (IVe-VIIe s. ap. J.-C.). In. David Djaoui (ed.). Histoires matérielles : terre cuite, bois, métal et autres objets, des pots et des potes. Mélanges offerts à Lucien Rivet, 33 (pp. 359-380). Autun: Éditions Mergoil.
64. Vokaer, A. (2005). Typological and technological study of brittle ware in Syria. In: J.M. Gurt, I. Esparraguera, J. Buxeda i Garrigós, M.A. Cau Ontiveros (eds), LRCW 1, Late Roman Coarse Wares, Cooking Wares and Amphorae in the Mediterranean (pp. 697-709). Oxford: BAR International Series.
65. Vokaer A. (2011). Byzantine cooking ware imports in Syria: the “Workshop X”. Berytus 53-54, 213-232.
66. Vokaer A. (2014). A 3rd to 4th century AD pottery assemblage from Apamea and some further considerations on pottery production and distribution in Roman Syria. In B. Fischer-Genz, Y. Gerber, & H. Hamel (Eds.), Roman Pottery in the Near East: Local Production and Regional Trade: Proceedings of the round table held in Berlin, 19-20 February 2010 (pp. 37–52). Oxford: Archeopress.
67. Waksman, S.Y., Reynolds, P., Bien, S., Tréglia, J.-C. (2005). A major production of late Roman “Levantine” and “Cypriot” common wares” In J.M. Gurt i Esparraguera, J. Buxeda i Garrigós, and M.A. Cau Ontiveros (eds), LRCW 1, Late Roman Coarse Wares, Cooking Wares and Amphorae in the Mediterranean (pp. 311-325). Oxford: BAR International Series.
68. Wicenciak, U. (2016). Ceramic patchwork in Hellenistic to Byzantine Phoenicia: regionalization and specialization of vessel production. PAM, 25(Regular Issue), 619-689. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.2364.
69. Williams C. (1977). A Byzantine Well-Deposit from Anemurium (Rough Cilicia). Anatolian Studies, vol. 27, 175-190.
70. Williams C. (1989). Anemurium The Roman and Early Byzantine Pottery. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies.
71. Yener-Marksteiner, B. (2020). Studien zum kaiserzeitlichen Tafelgeschirr aus Limyra, Forschungen in Limyra Band 8. Wien: Verlag der Österrichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.