The Effect of Forage Turnip (Brassica rapa L.) Extract on Maize (Zea mays L.) Germination, Seedling Development, and Quality

Öz

This study aimed to determine the effect of forage turnip (Brassica rapa L.) extract on germination, seedling development, and quality of maize (Zea mays L.). The forage turnip was harvested during the flowering period, and 500 grams of the sample was weighed and soaked in 3 liters of pure water for 7 hours. Four different concentrations of turnip (FT) extracts were obtained: 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25%. As a control, 100% pure water (PW) was used. The experiment, conducted for 21 days in petri dishes, was designed according to a Randomized Complete Plots Design with three replications. Germination rate, root and stem lengths (cm), root and stem fresh and dry weights (g), crude protein content (%), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), total phenolic, total flavonoid, radical scavenging activity (DPPH), and condensed tannin contents were determined. The highest germination rate was found with 100% pure water and 25FT+75PW% treatments (99.00%), while the lowest was observed with 100FT% (94.00%) and 75FT+25PW% (94.00%) treatments. ADF, NDF, K, P, Ca, and Mg contents varied between 24-25-29.75%, 46.88-60.60%, 2.94-3.60%, 0.42-0.55%, 0.54-0.92%, and 1.9-0.26%, respectively. The longest root and stem lengths, and the highest root and stem fresh weights, were observed in the treatments irrigated with 25% forage turnip. Besides, the bioactive components in maize increased with the increase of forage turnip extract. As a result, 25% extract of forage turnip had a positive effect on the germination and seedling development of the maize plant, while above this dose, it performed an inhibitory role.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Maize
• forage turnip
• extract
• germination
• seedling development.

The Effect of Forage Turnip (Brassica rapa L.) Extract on Maize (Zea mays L.) Germination, Seedling Development, and Quality

Öz

Bu çalışma, yemlik şalgam (Brassica rapa L.) özütünün mısır (Zea mays L.) çimlenmesi, fide gelişimi ve kalitesi üzerindeki etkisini belirlemeyi amaçlamıştır. Yemlik şalgam çiçeklenme döneminde hasat edilmiş ve 500 gram örnek tartılarak 7 saat boyunca 3 litre saf suda bekletilmiştir. Dört farklı konsantrasyonda şalgam (FT) özütü elde edilmiştir: %100, %75, %50 ve %25. Kontrol olarak %100 saf su (PW) kullanılmıştır. Petri kaplarında 21 gün boyunca yürütülen deney, üç tekrarlı Rastgele Tam Parsel Tasarımına göre tasarlanmıştır. Çimlenme oranı, kök ve gövde uzunlukları (cm), kök ve gövde taze ve kuru ağırlıkları (g), ham protein içeriği (%), potasyum (K), fosfor (P), kalsiyum (Ca), magnezyum (Mg), toplam fenolik, toplam flavonoid, serbest radikal temizleme aktivitesi (DPPH) ve yoğunlaştırılmış tanen içerikleri belirlendi. En yüksek çimlenme oranı %100 saf su ve 25FT+75PW% uygulamalarında (%99,00) bulunurken, en düşük oran %100FT (%94,00) ve 75FT+25PW% (%94,00) uygulamalarında gözlemlendi. ADF, NDF, K, P, Ca ve Mg içerikleri sırasıyla %24-25-29,75, %46,88-60,60, %2,94-3,60, %0,42-0,55, %0,54-0,92 ve %1,9-0,26 arasında değişti. En uzun kök ve gövde uzunlukları ile en yüksek kök ve gövde taze ağırlıkları, %25 oranında yem şalgamı ile sulanan uygulamalarda gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca, mısırdaki biyoaktif bileşenler, yem şalgamı özütünün artmasıyla birlikte artmıştır. Sonuç olarak, %25'lik yem şalgamı özütü mısır bitkisinin çimlenmesi ve fide gelişimi üzerinde olumlu bir etki gösterirken, bu dozun üzerinde engelleyici bir rol oynamıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Maize
• forage turnip
• extract
• germination
• seedling development

Kaynakça

1. Acar, Z., Leblebici, S., Gülümser, E., Can, M., & Ayan, İ. (2019). The effect of leaf extracts in different growth periods of Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) CH Stirt. on some germination and seedling development parameters of wheat. Journal of Agriculture and Nature, 2: 10-15.
2. Arvouet-Grand, A., Vennat, B., Pourrat, A., & Legret, P. (1994). Standardisation d`un extrait de propolis et identification des principaux constituants. Journal de pharmacie de Belgique 49: 462-468. Bate-Smith, E. C. (1975). Phytochemistry of proanthocyanidins. Phytochemistry 14: 1107-1113.
3. Copur, Dogrusoz, M., Mut, H., Basaran, U., & Gulumser, E. (2019). Performance of Legumes-Turnip Mixtures with Different Seed Rates. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 7(1): 81-86.
4. Gezer, K., Duru, M. E., Kıvrak, I., Turkoglu, A., Mercan, N., Turkoglu, H., & Gulcan, S. (2006). Free-Radical Scavenging Capacity and Antimicrobial Activity of Wild Edible Mushroom from Turkey. African Journal of Biotechnology, 5(20): 1924-1928.
5. Rice, E. L. (1979). Allelopathy-an update. The Botanical Review 45(1): 15-109. Shah, A. N., Iqbal, J., Ullah, A., Yang, G., Yousaf, M., Fahad, S., Tanveer, M., Hassan, W., Tung, S. A., Wang, L., Khan,
6. A., & Wu, Y. (2016). Allelopathic potential of oil seed crops in production of crops: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 23(15): 14854-14867.
7. Karaman, R., Türkay, C., & Akgün, I. (2021). Effects of oat grass juice on germination and seedling characteristics of certain weeds and cultivated plants. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 18(2): 312-321.
8. Kayacetin F, Efeoğlu B, Alizadeh B (2018). Effect of NaCl and PEG-Induced osmotic stress on germination and seedling growth properties in wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.). Journal of Aegean Agricultural Research Institute 28(1): 62-68.

9. Leblebici, S., Başaran, U., & Gülümser, E. (2024). Allelopatic Effect of Forage Turnip on Germination and Seedling Development of Grass Pea Seeds. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 14(4): 1761-1767.
10. Nazlı, S., & Başaran, U. (2024). The Effects of Priming with NaCl Solutions on Salt Stress During Germination and Seedling Stages in Maize. Journal of Agriculture and Nature, 27(4), 892-900.
11. Singleton, V. L., Orthofer, R., & Lamuela-Raventos, R. M. (1999). Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Methods Enzymol 299: 152-178.
12. Şen, A., Başaran, U., Doğrusöz, M. Ç., Gülümser, E., & Mut, H. (2021). The effect of alkali stress on seedling development and quality of grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) genotypes. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(2): 205-212.
13. Upadhyay, R., Saini, R., Shukla, P. K., & Tiwari, K. N. (2025). Role of secondary metabolites in plant defense mechanisms: A molecular and biotechnological insights. Phytochemistry Reviews, 24(1): 953-983.
14. Yavuz, K., & Gülümser, E. (2022). Evaluation of Forage Turnıp + Cereal Mixtures for Forage Yield and Quality Traits. Turkish Journal of Field Crops 27(1): 26-32.
15. Yıldız, M., & Terzioğlu, Y. (2007). Role of plant heat shock proteins in high temperature stress. Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology, 8(1): 21-39.