Pharmacological Insights into Salvia candidissima and S. trichoclada: Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibition Activities of n- Hexane Extracts

Öz

In this study, the antioxidant and enzyme inhibition potentials of Salvia candidissima and Salvia trichoclada n-hexane extracts were evaluated. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were higher in S. trichoclada (27.61 mg GAE/g and 15.21 mg RE/g, respectively) compared to S. candidissima (23.08 mg GAE/g and 7.75 mg RE/g). Antioxidant assays revealed species-specific differences: S. candidissima exhibited stronger DPPH radical scavenging (6.08 mg TE/g) and metal chelating activity (30.37 mg EDTAE/g), whereas S. trichoclada showed higher ABTS scavenging (13.38 mg TE/g), CUPRAC (57.93 mg TE/g), and FRAP (22.11 mg TE/g) values. Both species demonstrated comparable activities in PBD assays. Enzyme inhibition analyses indicated moderate but meaningful effects: S. trichoclada showed greater butyrylcholinesterase (2.77 mg GALAE/g) and glucosidase (0.73 mg ACAE/g) inhibition, while S. candidissima exhibited stronger amylase inhibition (0.75 mg ACAE/g). Tyrosinase inhibition was similar between species (~36 mg KAE/g). These findings suggest that although n-hexane extracts are typically less rich in phenolics compared to polar extracts, they retain notable antioxidant and selective enzyme inhibitory activities, likely due to their content of lipophilic phenolics, diterpenoids, and sterols. Overall, S. trichoclada displayed a stronger reducing and glucosidase/BChE inhibitory capacity, while S. candidissima excelled in radical scavenging (DPPH) and metal chelation. Future work including HPLC-based phytochemical profiling and structure–activity relationship studies is warranted to identify the specific bioactive constituents and further elucidate their pharmacological potential.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• salvia
• antioxidant activity
• enzyme inhibition
• n-hexane extract

Salvia candidissima ve S. trichoclada'nın Farmakolojik Özellikleri: n-Heksan Ekstraktlarının Antioksidan ve Enzim İnhibisyon Aktiviteleri

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Salvia candidissima ve Salvia trichoclada n-heksan ekstraktlarının antioksidan ve enzim inhibisyon potansiyelleri değerlendirilmiştir. Toplam fenolik ve flavonoid içerikleri, S. candidissima'ya (sırasıyla 23,08 mg GAE/g ve 7,75 mg RE/g) kıyasla S. trichoclada'da (sırasıyla 27,61 mg GAE/g ve 15,21 mg RE/g) daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Antioksidan testleri türlere özgü farklılıklar ortaya koymuştur: S. candidissima daha güçlü DPPH radikal temizleme (6,08 mg TE/g) ve metal şelatlama aktivitesi (30,37 mg EDTAE/g) gösterirken, S. trichoclada daha yüksek ABTS temizleme (13,38 mg TE/g), CUPRAC (57,93 mg TE/g) ve FRAP (22,11 mg TE/g) değerleri göstermiştir. Her iki tür de PBD testlerinde karşılaştırılabilir aktiviteler sergilemiştir. Enzim inhibisyon analizleri, orta düzeyde ancak anlamlı etkiler gösterdi: S. trichoclada daha yüksek bütirilkolinesteraz (2,77 mg GALAE/g) ve glukozidaz (0,73 mg ACAE/g) inhibisyonu gösterirken, S. candidissima daha güçlü amilaz inhibisyonu (0,75 mg ACAE/g) sergiledi. Tirozinaz inhibisyonu türler arasında benzerdi (~36 mg KAE/g). Bu bulgular, n-heksan özütlerinin polar özütlere kıyasla tipik olarak daha az fenolik madde içermesine rağmen, lipofilik fenolikler, diterpenoidler ve steroller içerikleri nedeniyle önemli antioksidan ve seçici enzim inhibisyon aktivitelerini koruduğunu göstermektedir. Genel olarak, S. trichoclada daha güçlü indirgeyici ve glukozidaz/BChE inhibitör kapasitesi gösterirken, S. candidissima radikal temizleme (DPPH) ve metal şelasyonunda üstünlük gösterdi. HPLC tabanlı fitokimyasal profil oluşturma ve yapı-aktivite ilişkisi çalışmaları da dahil olmak üzere gelecekteki çalışmalar, spesifik biyoaktif bileşenleri tanımlamak ve farmakolojik potansiyellerini daha ayrıntılı olarak aydınlatmak için gereklidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• salvia
• antioksidan aktivite
• enzim inhibisyonu
• n-hexanne ekstraktı

Kaynakça

1. Abdel-Hameed, E. S. S., Bazaid, S. A., Al Zahrani, O., El-Halmouch, Y., El-Sayed, M. M., & El-Wakil, E. (2014). Chemical composition of volatile components, antimicrobial and anticancer activity of n-hexane extract and essential oil from Trachyspermum ammi L. seeds. Oriental Journal of Chemistry 30, 1653-1662.
2. Adorjan, B., & Buchbauer, G. (2010). Biological properties of essential oils: an updated review. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 25, 407-426.
3. Albayrak, S., Aksoy, A., & Hamzaoğlu, E. (2008(. Determination of antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Turkish endemic Salvia halophila Hedge. Turkish Journal of Biology 32, 265-270.
4. Albayrak, S., Aksoy, A., & Koyuncu, S. (2024). GS/MS analysis and the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Salvia potentillifolia (Boiss. & Heldr.) ex Bentham. Istanbul Journal of Pharmacy 54, 409-416.
5. Ayoub, I. M., George, M. Y., Menze, E. T., Mahmoud, M., Botros, M., Essam, M., Ashmawy, I., Shendi, P., Hany, A., & Galal, M. (2022). Insights into the neuroprotective effects of Salvia officinalis L. and Salvia microphylla Kunth in the memory impairment rat model. Food & Function 13, 2253-2268.
6. Doğan, M., Akıcı, N., Diken, M. E., Doğan, S., Yilmaz, Kardas, B., & Dirmenci, T. (2022). Biological activities of some Salvia species. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 77, 133-143.
7. Hüsnü, Can, Bașer, K., & Buchbauer, G. (2015). Handbook of essential oils: science, technology, and applications.
8. Kılıç, M., & Kılıç, F. M. (2022). The anatomical properties of Salvia section (Lamiaceae) in central district of Mardin (Turkey) and their taxonomic implications. Journal of Advanced Research in Natural and Applied Sciences 8, 267-280.

9. Kıvrak, Ş., Göktürk, T., Kivrak, I., Kaya, E., & Karababa, E. (2018). Investigation of phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities of some Salvia species commonly grown in Southwest Anatolia using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Food Science and Technology 39, 423-431.
10. Koçer, M., & İstifli, E. S. (2022). Chemical composition and cholinesterase, tyrosinase, alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the essential oil of Salvia tomentosa. International Journal of Plant Based Pharmaceuticals 2, 1-16.
11. Martínez-Francés, V., Hahn, E., Ríos, S., Rivera, D., Reich, E., Vila, R., & Cañigueral, S. (2017). Ethnopharmacological and chemical characterization of Salvia species used in valencian traditional herbal preparations. Frontiers in Pharmacology 8, 467.
12. Martínez, Leo, E. E., & Segura, Campos, M. R. (2020). Neuroprotective effect from Salvia hispanica peptide fractions on pro‐inflammatory modulation of HMC3 microglial cells. Journal of Food Biochemistry 44, e13207.
13. Najafi, S., Mir, N., & Shafeghat, M. (2016). Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of six medicinally important species of the genus Salvia from northeast of Iran. Journal of Genetic Resources 2, 41-47.
14. Ozcan, T., Akpinar-Bayizit, A., Yilmaz-Ersan, L., & Delikanli, B. (2014). Phenolics in human health. International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications 5, 393-396.
15. Pehlivan, M., & Sevindik, M. (2018). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salvia multicaulis. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology 6, 628-631.
16. Randjelović, M., Branković, S., Miladinović, B., Milutinović, M., Živanović, S., Mihajilov-Krstev, T., & Kitić, D. (2022). The benefits of Salvia sclarea L. ethanolic extracts on gastrointestinal and respiratory spasms. South African Journal of Botany 150, 621-632.
17. Rowshan, V., & Najafian, S. (2020). Polyphenolic contents and antioxidant activities of aerial parts of Salvia multicaulis from the Iran flora. Natural Product Research 34, 2351-2353.
18. Rubavathi, S., Ayyappadasan, G., Sangeetha, N., Harini, T., Saranya, D., & Harshapradha, P. (2020). Studies on antioxidant and anti-obesity activity of Salvia hispanica (Chia) seeds extracts. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, 98-106.
19. Rustaiyan, A,. Masoudi, S., Tabatabaei-Anaraki, M. (2007). Terpenoids from Iranian Salvia species. Natural Product Communications 2, 1934578X0700201012.
20. Saadia, Z., Özcan, M. M., Bagci, Y., Ünver, A., Arslan, D., Durak, G., Er, F., & Saglam, C. (2010). Chemical composition of the essential oil of Salvia cryptantha. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants 13, 200-204.
21. Salimikia, I., Reza, Monsef-Esfahani, H., Gohari, A. R., & Salek, M. (2016). Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of Salvia chloroleuca aerial extracts. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 18, e24836.
22. Sezik, E., Yesilada, E., Kirimer, N., & Mat, A. (1999). Essential Oils—In Honour of Prof. Dr. K. Hüsnü Can Baser On his 50th Birthday.
23. Shahidi, F., & Zhong, Y. (2010). Lipid oxidation and improving the oxidative stability. Chemical society reviews 39, 4067-4079.
24. Song, H., Ji, K. Y., Kim, B. K., Yang, W. K., Han, C. K., Shin, H. J., Park, Y. C., Hwang, J. S., Kang, H. S., & Kim, S. H. (2017). Respiratory protective effect of Salvia plebeia R. Br. extracts against ambient particulate matter-induced airway inflammation. Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science 25, 269-281.
25. Tavan, M., Azizi, A., Sarikhani, H., Mirjalili, M. H., & Rigano, M. M. (2022). Phenolics diversity among wild populations of Salvia multicaulis: as a precious source for antimicrobial and antioxidant applications. Natural Product Research 36, 1332-1336.
26. Tel, G., Öztürk, M., Duru, M. E., Harmandar, M., & Topçu, G. (2010). Chemical composition of the essential oil and hexane extract of Salvia chionantha and their antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities. Food and Chemical Toxicology 48, 3189-3193.
27. Toplan, G. G., Kürkçüoğlu, M., Göger, F., Taşkın, T., Civaş, A., İşcan, G., Ecevit-Genç, G., Mat, A., & Başer, K. H. C. (2022). Phytochemical screening and biological evaluation of Salvia hydrangea DC. ex Benth. growing in eastern Anatolia. South African Journal of Botany 147, 799-807.
28. Tosun, M., Ercisli, S., Sengul, M., Ozer, H., Polat, T., & Ozturk, E. (2009). Antioxidant properties and total phenolic content of eight Salvia species from Turkey. Biological Research 42, 175-181.
29. Uysal, S., Zengin, G., Locatelli, M., Bahadori, M. B., Mocan, A., Bellagamba, G., De Luca, E., Mollica, A., & Aktumsek, A. (2017(. Cytotoxic and enzyme inhibitory potential of two Potentilla species (P. speciosa L. and P. reptans Willd.) and their chemical composition. Frontiers in Pharmacology 8, 290.
30. Yangilar, F. (2021). Biological activities, health benefits, extraction methods, food applications and beneficial effects of essential oils. Iksad Publishing House, Ankara, Turkey
31. Zare, S., Hatam, G., Firuzi, O., Bagheri, A., Chandran, J. N., Schneider, B., Paetz, C., Pirhadi, S., & Jassbi, A. R. (2021). Antileishmanial and pharmacophore modeling of abietane-type diterpenoids extracted from the roots of Salvia hydrangea. Journal of Molecular Structure 1228, 129447.