Karaerik Üzüm Çeşidinde Farklı Fenolojik Dönemlerde Uygulanan Yaprak Almanın Verim ve Kalite Parametreleri Üzerine Etkileri

Öz

Bu iki yıllık çalışma, Erzincan ekolojik koşulları altında yetiştirilen ‘Karaerik’ üzüm çeşidinde, beş farklı fenolojik dönemde (çiçeklenme öncesi, tam çiçeklenme, tane tutumu, bezelye iriliği ve ben düşme) uygulanan dip yaprak almanın verim, salkım yapısı, tane morfolojisi ve kimyasal bileşim üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı, iri taneli ve sık salkımlı sofralık üzüm çeşitlerinde kaliteyi artırmaya yönelik bir kültürel uygulama olarak yaprak almanın en uygun zamanını belirlemektir. Yaprak alma uygulamaları belirtilen gelişme dönemlerinde gerçekleştirilmiş; iki ardışık üretim sezonu boyunca asma başına verim, salkım özellikleri, tane nitelikleri, tane çatlama durumu ile kimyasal ve fenolik özellikler incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar, yaprak almanın hem verim hem de kalite parametreleri üzerinde önemli etkiler oluşturduğunu göstermiştir. Kontrol uygulamasıyla karşılaştırıldığında, asma başına verim genel olarak azalmış; özellikle çiçeklenme döneminde yapılan yaprak alma uygulamasında verim 11,93 kg asma⁻¹’den 9,70 kg asma⁻¹’e düşmüştür. Buna karşılık, yaprak alma sonrasında bazı morfolojik özelliklerde belirgin iyileşmeler gözlenmiştir. Tane ağırlığı, çiçeklenme öncesi dönemde yapılan uygulamada kontrolde 4,69 g iken 5,72 g’a yükselmiş; buna paralel olarak tane boyutları artmış ve salkım sıkılığı azalmıştır. Tüm yaprak alma uygulamaları, kontrolle karşılaştırıldığında çatlamış tane sayısını azaltmıştır. Kimyasal bileşim de uygulama zamanlamasından etkilenmiş; toplam suda çözünebilir kuru madde içeriği kontrolde 17,05 °Brix iken, tam çiçeklenme döneminde yaprak alma ile 18,64 °Brix’e yükselmiş, titre edilebilir asitlik azalırken olgunluk indeksi artmıştır. Ayrıca erken ve orta dönem yaprak alma uygulamaları biyoaktif bileşiklerin birikimini artırmış; en yüksek toplam fenolik (508,70 mg L⁻¹ GAE) ve toplam flavonoid (102,90 mg g⁻¹ CE) içerikleri tane tutumu döneminde belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, yaprak alma üzüm kalitesinin iyileştirilmesinde etkili bir uygulama olmakla birlikte, etkisinin büyük ölçüde fenolojik döneme bağlı olduğu ortaya konmuştur. Çiçeklenme dönemindeki uygulamalar verimi azaltırken, tane tutumu ve bezelye iriliği dönemlerinde yapılan uygulamalar ‘Karaerik’ üzümünde verim ve kalite açısından daha dengeli sonuçlar sağlamıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yaprak alma
• Fenolojik dönem
• Sofralık üzüm
• Tane kalitesi
• Fenolik bileşikler
• Vitis vinifera

Effects of Leaf Removal Application in Different Phenological Stages on Yield and Quality Parameters in Karaerik Grape Variety

Öz

This two-year study evaluated the effects of basal leaf removal applied at five phenological stages (pre-flowering, full flowering, fruit set, pea-size berry, and veraison) on yield, cluster structure, berry morphology, and chemical composition of the ‘Karaerik’ grape cultivar under the ecological conditions of Erzincan. The study aimed to determine the optimal timing of leaf removal as a cultural practice to improve quality in large-berried, compact-cluster table grapes. Leaf removal treatments were applied at the specified growth stages, and yield per vine, cluster characteristics, berry traits, cracking incidence, and chemical and phenolic properties were assessed over two consecutive seasons. The results indicated that leaf removal significantly affected both yield and quality parameters. Yield per vine decreased compared with the control, particularly when leaf removal was performed at the flowering stage, where yield declined from 11.93 kg vine⁻¹ to 9.70 kg vine⁻¹. In contrast, several morphological traits improved following leaf removal. Berry weight increased from 4.69 g in the control to 5.72 g with pre-flowering applications, accompanied by increases in berry size and reductions in cluster compactness. All leaf removal treatments reduced the number of cracked berries relative to the control. Chemical composition was also influenced by treatment timing. Total soluble solids increased from 17.05 °Brix in the control to 18.64 °Brix with leaf removal at full flowering, while titratable acidity decreased and the maturity index increased. In addition, early and mid-season leaf removal enhanced bioactive compounds, with the highest total phenolic (508.70 mg L⁻¹ GAE) and total flavonoid (102.90 mg g⁻¹ CE) contents recorded at the fruit set stage. In conclusion, leaf removal was an effective practice for improving grape quality; however, its effects strongly depended on phenological timing. Applications at flowering reduced yield, whereas treatments at fruit set and pea-size berry stages provided a more favorable balance between yield and quality in ‘Karaerik’ grapes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Leaf removal
• Phenological stage
• Table grape
• Berry quality
• Phenolic compounds
• Vitis vinifera

Destekleyen Kurum

The authors declare that this study received no financial support.

Etik Beyan

Ethical approval is not required for this study.

Teşekkür

Bu çalışmanın yürütülmesindeki destekleri için Erzincan Bahçe Bitkileri Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğüne ve çalışanlarına teşekkürlerimi sunmak isterim.

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