Effects of Increasing Rates of Potassium and Magnesium Fertilizers on the Nutrient Contents of Sunflower Leaf

Öz

This research was carried out to determine the effects of potassium sulphate (50% K2O; 0, 4, 8, 12 kg K2O da-1) and magnesium sulphate (16% MgO; 0, 2, 4, 6 kg MgO da-1) fertilizer applications in a calcareous loamy soil on the contents of macro- (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) and micro-nutrients (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, B) in sunflower leaves under field conditions in Altınekin District, Konya Province, in 2009 and 2010. A factorial experiment design in randomized blocks with 4 replications of each treatment was used. After conducting soil analysis, a single base application of K and Mg fertilizers were applied during sowing. Applications of K alone in increasing doses increased the some nutrient contents in the leaves, and synergic relationships were determined between K and Fe or Mn. Similarly, applications of Mg alone also increased some nutrient contents in the leaves, and synergic relationships were determined between Mg and Mn or B. Generally, combined applications of K with Mg resulted in maximal nutrient contents in the leaves by reducing the antagonistic effect of Ca, K, and Mg cations in the soil on plant uptake of nutrients.

Kaynakça

1. Aktaş M (1991). Bitki Besleme ve Toprak Verimliliği. Ankara Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları 1202, Ders kitabı 347, Ankara.
2. Aktaş M & Ateş M (1998). Bitkilerde Beslenme Bozuklukları Nedenleri ve Tanınmaları. Engin Yayınevi, ISBN: 975-320-033-1, Ankara.
3. Anonymous (1978). Konya Kapalı Havzası Toprakları. Topraksu Genel Md.lüğü Yay. No: 288, Ankara.
4. Bayraklı F (1987). Toprak ve Bitki Analizleri. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, No: 17, Samsun.
5. Blasko L (2006). Acidification of a meadow chernozem (Luvic Pheozem) soil in the trans-Tisza Region. Cereal Research Communications 34(1-I): 131-134.
6. Bouyoucos G S (1962). A recalibration of the hydrometer methods for making mechanical analysis of soil. Agronomy Journal 54, 464-465.
7. Çağlar K Ö (1949). Toprak Bilgisi. Ankara Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, No: 10, Ankara.
8. Çakmak İ, Yılmaz A, Kalaycı M, Ekiz M H, Torun B, Erenoğlu B & Braun H J (1996). Zinc deficiency as a critical problem in wheat production in Central Anatolia. Plant Soil 180: 165-172.

9. Doll EC & Lucas R E (1973). Testing Soil for Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium. In: Soil Testing and Plant Analysis. Publ. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Madison, Wisc. USA, 133-151.
10. Draycott A P & Allison M F (1998). Magnesium fertilizers in soil and plants: comparisons and usage. The International Fertiliser Society-Proceeding 412.
11. Düzgüneş O, Kesici T & Gürbüz F (1983). İstatistik Metotlar 1. Ankara Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, No: 861, Ders Kitabı No: 22, Ankara.
12. Eyüpoğlu F, Kurucu N & Talaz S (1998). Türkiye Topraklarının Yarayışlı Bazı Mikro Elementler (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn) Bakımından Genel Durumu. T.C. Başbakanlık Köy Hizmetleri Genel Md.lüğü Toprak ve Gübre Araşt. Enst. Md.lüğü Yay., Ankara.
13. Güneş A, İnal A, Alparslan M & Taban S (1999). Beypazarı yöresinde yetiştirilen havuçların beslenme durumları ve besin değerleriyle toprak özellikleri arasındaki ilişkiler. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi 5(1): 33-44.
14. Güzel N, Gülüt K Y, Tuli A, İbrikçi H & Ortaş İ (1992). Toprakta Bulunan Mikro Elementler Diğer Faydalı Elementler ve Bunların Gübre Bileşikleri. Çukurova Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Genel Yayın 48, Yardımcı Ders Kitabı 2, Adana.
15. Hermans C, Johnson G N, Strasser, R J & Verbruggen N (2004). Physiological characterization of magnesium deficiency in sugar beet: acclimation to low magnesium differentially affects photo-systems I and II. Planta 220(2): 344-355.
16. Izsaki Z (2006) Relationship between potassium supplies of the soil and the nutrient concentration of maize (Zea mays L.) leaves. Cereal Research Communication 34(1-II): 501-504.
17. Jokinen R (1981). The magnesium status of Finnish mineral soils and the requirement of the magnesium supply. Magnesium-Bulletin 3(1a): 1-5.
18. Kacar B (1972). Bitki ve Toprağın Kimyasal Analizleri. Ankara Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları 468, Ankara.
19. Kacar B (1994). Bitki ve Toprağın Kimyasal Analizleri. III. Toprak analizleri. Ankara Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Eğitim, Araşt. ve Gelişt. Vakfı Yayınları 3, Ankara.
20. Kacar B & Katkat A V (2007). Gübreler ve Gübreleme Tekniği. Genişletilmiş ve Güncellenmiş 2. Baskı. Nobel Yay. No: 1119, ISBN 978-9944-77-159-7, Ankara.
21. Karaman M R, Aksu A, Demirer T & Er F (1999). Effect of potassium and magnesium on the growth some nutrient status and K-Mg efficiency parameters of corn (Zea mays L.) grown on siltation soil. Selçuk Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 13(18): 107-117, Konya.
22. Lindsay W L & Norwell W A (1978) Development of DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese and copper. Soil Science of America Journal 42: 421-428.
23. Merrien A (1992). Sunflower (Helianthus annuss L.). In 'IFA World Fertilizer Use Manual'. (Eds DJ Halliday, ME Trenkel) Int. Fertilizer Industry Association pp. 211-214: Paris.
24. Nabi G, Salim M & Gill A (1995). Partitioning of biomass N and S in sunflower by nitrogen and sulfur nutrition. Journal of Agronomy Crop Science 174(10): 27-32.
25. Olsen S V, Cole F S, Watanabe W & Dean L A (1954). Estimation of Available Phosphorus in Soils by Extraction with Sodium Bicarbonate. U.S. Dept. of Agr. Cir 939, Washington, D.C.
26. Reddy S N & Singh B G (1996). Growth and development of sunflower as influenced by sulfur and benzyladenine. Annals of Plant Physiology 101(2): 171-175.
27. Richard L A (1954) Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkaline Soils. Handbook 60, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, USA.
28. Samui R C, Bhattacharyya P & Roy A (1987). Effect of nutrients and spacing on oil yield and uptake of nutrients by Kharif sunflower. Journal of Indian Society of Soil Science 35(1): 9-73.
29. Sepehr E, Malakouti M J & Rasouli M H (2002). The effect of K, Mg, S and micronutrients on the yield and quality of sunflower in Iran. 17th WCSS, 14-21 August 2002, Symposium 4, pp. 2260, Thailand.
30. Silva H P, Brandao J D S, Neves J M G, Sampaio R A & Duarte R F (2010). Physical quality of sunflower seeds produced in doses of sewage sludge. Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável 5(1): 1-6.
31. Soltanpour P N & Workman S M (1981). Use of Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectroscopy for The Simultaneous Determination of Macro and Micro Nutrients in NH4HCO3-DTPA Extracts of Soils. (Ed. Barnes R M). Developments in Atomic Plasma Analysis, USA, pp. 673-680.
32. Szulc P (2009). Effect of nitrogen fertilization and methods of magnesium application on chlorophyll content, accumulation of mineral components and morphology of two maize hybrid types in the initial growth period. Part II. Uptake of mineral components. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum-Agricultura 8(2): 51-62.
33. Szulc P (2010). Response of maize hybrid (Zea mays L.), stay-green type to fertilization with nitrogen, sulfur, and magnesium. Part I. Yields and chemical composition. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum-Agricultura 9(1): 29-40.
34. TUİK (2003). Tarımsal Yapı ve Üretim. T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet İstatistik Enst. Yay. No: 2949, Ankara.
35. Zengin M, Gökmen F, Gezgin S & Çakmak İ (2008a). Potasyum ve magnezyumlu gübrelemenin şeker pancarı verimine etkileri. 4. Ulusal Bitki Besleme ve Gübre Kongresi, 8-10 Ekim 2008, Bildiri Kitabı, sf: 310-318, Konya.
36. Zengin M, Gökmen F, Gezgin S & Çakmak İ (2008b). Effects of different fertilizers with potassium and magnesium on the yield and quality of potato. Asian Journal of Chemistry 20(1): 663-676.
37. Zengin M, Gökmen F, Yazıcı M A & Gezgin S (2009). Effects of potassium, magnesium and sulphur containing fertilizers on yield and quality of sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 33: 495-502.
38. Aktaş M (1991). Bitki Besleme ve Toprak Verimliliği. Ankara Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları 1202, Ders kitabı 347, Ankara.
39. Aktaş M & Ateş M (1998). Bitkilerde Beslenme Bozuklukları Nedenleri ve Tanınmaları. Engin Yayınevi, ISBN: 975-320-033-1, Ankara.
40. Anonymous (1978). Konya Kapalı Havzası Toprakları. Topraksu Genel Md.lüğü Yay. No: 288, Ankara.
41. Bayraklı F (1987). Toprak ve Bitki Analizleri. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, No: 17, Samsun.
42. Blasko L (2006). Acidification of a meadow chernozem (Luvic Pheozem) soil in the trans-Tisza Region. Cereal Research Communications 34(1-I): 131-134.
43. Bouyoucos G S (1962). A recalibration of the hydrometer methods for making mechanical analysis of soil. Agronomy Journal 54, 464-465.
44. Çağlar K Ö (1949). Toprak Bilgisi. Ankara Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, No: 10, Ankara.
45. Çakmak İ, Yılmaz A, Kalaycı M, Ekiz M H, Torun B, Erenoğlu B & Braun H J (1996). Zinc deficiency as a critical problem in wheat production in Central Anatolia. Plant Soil 180: 165-172.
46. Doll EC & Lucas R E (1973). Testing Soil for Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium. In: Soil Testing and Plant Analysis. Publ. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Madison, Wisc. USA, 133-151.
47. Draycott A P & Allison M F (1998). Magnesium fertilizers in soil and plants: comparisons and usage. The International Fertiliser Society-Proceeding 412.
48. Düzgüneş O, Kesici T & Gürbüz F (1983). İstatistik Metotlar 1. Ankara Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, No: 861, Ders Kitabı No: 22, Ankara.
49. Eyüpoğlu F, Kurucu N & Talaz S (1998). Türkiye Topraklarının Yarayışlı Bazı Mikro Elementler (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn) Bakımından Genel Durumu. T.C. Başbakanlık Köy Hizmetleri Genel Md.lüğü Toprak ve Gübre Araşt. Enst. Md.lüğü Yay., Ankara.
50. Güneş A, İnal A, Alparslan M & Taban S (1999). Beypazarı yöresinde yetiştirilen havuçların beslenme durumları ve besin değerleriyle toprak özellikleri arasındaki ilişkiler. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi 5(1): 33-44.
51. Güzel N, Gülüt K Y, Tuli A, İbrikçi H & Ortaş İ (1992). Toprakta Bulunan Mikro Elementler Diğer Faydalı Elementler ve Bunların Gübre Bileşikleri. Çukurova Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Genel Yayın 48, Yardımcı Ders Kitabı 2, Adana.
52. Hermans C, Johnson G N, Strasser, R J & Verbruggen N (2004). Physiological characterization of magnesium deficiency in sugar beet: acclimation to low magnesium differentially affects photo-systems I and II. Planta 220(2): 344-355.
53. Izsaki Z (2006) Relationship between potassium supplies of the soil and the nutrient concentration of maize (Zea mays L.) leaves. Cereal Research Communication 34(1-II): 501-504.
54. Jokinen R (1981). The magnesium status of Finnish mineral soils and the requirement of the magnesium supply. Magnesium-Bulletin 3(1a): 1-5.
55. Kacar B (1972). Bitki ve Toprağın Kimyasal Analizleri. Ankara Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları 468, Ankara.
56. Kacar B (1994). Bitki ve Toprağın Kimyasal Analizleri. III. Toprak analizleri. Ankara Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Eğitim, Araşt. ve Gelişt. Vakfı Yayınları 3, Ankara.
57. Kacar B & Katkat A V (2007). Gübreler ve Gübreleme Tekniği. Genişletilmiş ve Güncellenmiş 2. Baskı. Nobel Yay. No: 1119, ISBN 978-9944-77-159-7, Ankara.
58. Karaman M R, Aksu A, Demirer T & Er F (1999). Effect of potassium and magnesium on the growth some nutrient status and K-Mg efficiency parameters of corn (Zea mays L.) grown on siltation soil. Selçuk Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 13(18): 107-117, Konya.
59. Lindsay W L & Norwell W A (1978) Development of DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese and copper. Soil Science of America Journal 42: 421-428.
60. Merrien A (1992). Sunflower (Helianthus annuss L.). In 'IFA World Fertilizer Use Manual'. (Eds DJ Halliday, ME Trenkel) Int. Fertilizer Industry Association pp. 211-214: Paris.
61. Nabi G, Salim M & Gill A (1995). Partitioning of biomass N and S in sunflower by nitrogen and sulfur nutrition. Journal of Agronomy Crop Science 174(10): 27-32.
62. Olsen S V, Cole F S, Watanabe W & Dean L A (1954). Estimation of Available Phosphorus in Soils by Extraction with Sodium Bicarbonate. U.S. Dept. of Agr. Cir 939, Washington, D.C.
63. Reddy S N & Singh B G (1996). Growth and development of sunflower as influenced by sulfur and benzyladenine. Annals of Plant Physiology 101(2): 171-175.
64. Richard L A (1954) Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkaline Soils. Handbook 60, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, USA.
65. Samui R C, Bhattacharyya P & Roy A (1987). Effect of nutrients and spacing on oil yield and uptake of nutrients by Kharif sunflower. Journal of Indian Society of Soil Science 35(1): 9-73.
66. Sepehr E, Malakouti M J & Rasouli M H (2002). The effect of K, Mg, S and micronutrients on the yield and quality of sunflower in Iran. 17th WCSS, 14-21 August 2002, Symposium 4, pp. 2260, Thailand.
67. Silva H P, Brandao J D S, Neves J M G, Sampaio R A & Duarte R F (2010). Physical quality of sunflower seeds produced in doses of sewage sludge. Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável 5(1): 1-6.
68. Soltanpour P N & Workman S M (1981). Use of Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectroscopy for The Simultaneous Determination of Macro and Micro Nutrients in NH4HCO3-DTPA Extracts of Soils. (Ed. Barnes R M). Developments in Atomic Plasma Analysis, USA, pp. 673-680.
69. Szulc P (2009). Effect of nitrogen fertilization and methods of magnesium application on chlorophyll content, accumulation of mineral components and morphology of two maize hybrid types in the initial growth period. Part II. Uptake of mineral components. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum-Agricultura 8(2): 51-62.
70. Szulc P (2010). Response of maize hybrid (Zea mays L.), stay-green type to fertilization with nitrogen, sulfur, and magnesium. Part I. Yields and chemical composition. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum-Agricultura 9(1): 29-40.
71. TUİK (2003). Tarımsal Yapı ve Üretim. T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet İstatistik Enst. Yay. No: 2949, Ankara.
72. Zengin M, Gökmen F, Gezgin S & Çakmak İ (2008a). Potasyum ve magnezyumlu gübrelemenin şeker pancarı verimine etkileri. 4. Ulusal Bitki Besleme ve Gübre Kongresi, 8-10 Ekim 2008, Bildiri Kitabı, sf: 310-318, Konya.
73. Zengin M, Gökmen F, Gezgin S & Çakmak İ (2008b). Effects of different fertilizers with potassium and magnesium on the yield and quality of potato. Asian Journal of Chemistry 20(1): 663-676.
74. Zengin M, Gökmen F, Yazıcı M A & Gezgin S (2009). Effects of potassium, magnesium and sulphur containing fertilizers on yield and quality of sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 33: 495-502.