Reactions of Apple Tree and its Fruit to Compost Use in Central Anatolia, Turkey

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 2, 96 - 110, 03.01.2017

Mehmet Zengin , Fatma Gökmen Yilmaz , Sait Gezgin

Öz

Many soils in Turkish apple orchards are low in organic matter and nutrients, resulting in poor soil structure and Zn and Fe deficiencies in the fruit trees. Adding municipal waste compost, albeit with some heavy metal content, may improve soil structure and nutrient levels. This study investigated whether the use of municipal waste compost, with or without a chemical fertilizer, in an apple orchard in semi-arid Central Anatolia, Turkey, would improve soil fertility, yields and fruit quality without causing adverse heavy metal accumulations in the soil, leaves or fruit. In a 3-year period (2006-2008), three compost doses and three chemical fertilizer doses were applied annually as treatments in a randomized plots experimental design with five replicates; each plot contained 1 tree. Leaf and soil samples were collected each year at the end of July; soil was sampled from depths of 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm within the area of the tree canopy projections. Fruit was sampled at the end of September. The soil, leaf and fruit samples were analyzed for nutrients and heavy metals, and fruit yields and yield components were determined. Compost application increased electrical conductivity values and contents of organic matter, available nutrients, and heavy metals in the soil, as well as the contents of nutrients and heavy metals in the leaves and fruit; however, heavy metal contents of soil and plant were within safe limits. Moreover, compost use enhanced fruit yield and quality, and could reduce the need for chemical fertilizers by as much as 50%. Longer-term studies or monitoring are recommended in order to safeguard human health and the environment.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Apple, Compost; Heavy Metals; Karaman; Nutrients

Kaynakça

• Aichberger K, Wimmer J & Mayr E (1987). Effects of several years’ application of sewage sludge and waste compost on some different soil properties. Koblenz. German Federal Republic. VDLUFA-Schriftenreihe 23: 391-404
• Anonymous (2008). Turk food codex of Turkey Republic Minister of Agriculture and Rural Works. Turkey Rep. Formal Newspaper with 17 May 2008 and issue: 26879, Ankara-Turkey. (in Turkish)
• Aran A (1986). Effects of Manure on Soils with Low Organic Matter and Light Texture. Konya Directorate of Res. Inst. of Rural Service Publ., General Publ. No: 123, Report Series No: 97, Konya-Turkey. (in Turkish)
• Ateşalp M & Işık H (1978). An Investigation on Determination of Kind and Amounts of Chemical Fertilizers to be use to Apple Trees in Some Apple Production Centers of Turkey. Soil and Fertilizer Res. Inst. General Publ. No: 71, Ankara-Turkey. (in Turkish)
• Barbarick K A, Ippolito J A & Westfall D G (1998). Extractable trace elements in soil profile after years of biosolids application. Journal of Environmental Quality 27: 801-805
• Bayraklı F (1987). Soil and Plant Analysis. Ondokuz May Univ., Fac. of Agric. Publ., No: 17, Samsun-Turkey. (in Turkish)
• Bozkurt M A, Çimrin K M & Karaca S (2000). Evaluation of nutrition situations in three different apple kind grown in same conditions. Journal of Agricultural Science 6(4): 101-105. (in Turkish)
• Brady N & Weil R (1996). The Nature and Properties of Soils. 12th ed. Prentice, New Jersey, Pp. 385-495
• Businelli M & Gigliotti G (1994). Applicazione del Compost da Resuidi Solidi Urbani in Agricoltura. In: Provincia di Forli-Cesena (Ed.) Compost: Dai Rifiuti una Risorsa per l’Agricoltura. Cesena, Italy. Pp. 111-116
• Canali S, Trinchera A, Di Bartelomoeo E, Nisini L, Benedetti A & Intrigliolo F (2002). Soil fertility comparison among organic and conventional managed citrus orchard in Sicily. In: Transaction of the 17. World Congress of Soil Sci., 14-21 August., Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 1197
• Cemeroğlu B (1992). Main Analysis Methods in Industry of Fruit and Vegetable Processing. Biltav Publ., Ankara-Turkey. (in Turkish)
• Chattopadhyay N, Gupta M, Gupta S K & Sanyal S K (1986). Effect of city wastes compost on the availability of micro nutrients in presence and absence of applied phosphates. Indian-Agriculturist 30(1): 39-47
• Çolpan E, Zengin M & Özbahçe A (2013). The effects of potassium on the yield and fruit quality components of stick tomato. Horticulture, Environment and Biotechnology 54(1): 20-28
• Delschen T & Necker U (1995). Accumulation of organic matter in reclaimed loess soils. Agribiological-Research 48(2): 101-114
• Demir E & Çimrin K M (2011). Effects of sewage and humic acid applications on maize growth, nutrient and heavy metal contents and some soil properties. Journal of Agricultural Science 17(3) 204-216. (in Turkish)
• Düzgüneş O, Kesici T & Gürbüz F (1983). Statistic Methods 1. Ankara Univ., Fac. of Agric. Publ. No: 861, Lesson Book No: 22, Ankara-Turkey. (in Turkish)
• He X, Logan T & Traina S (1995). Physical and chemical characteristics of selected U.S. municipal solid waste composts. Journal of Environmental Quality 24: 543-552
• Hicklenton P, Rodd V & Warman P R (2001). The Effectiveness and consistency of source-separated municipal solid waste and bard composts as components of container growing media. Scientia Horticulturae 91: 365-378
• Jackson M L (1962). Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice-Hall, Inc. 183, New York
• Kabata-Pendias A & Pendias H (1992). Trace Elements in Soil and Plant. 2nd Ed. Crec. Pres. Boca Raton, Fla.
• Kacar B (1986). Fertilizers and Fertilization Technique. Culture Publ. of Agriculture Bank of Turkey Rep., No: 20, Ankara-Turkey. (in Turkish)
• Katkat A V, Özgümüş A, Başar H & Altınel B (1994). Nutrition status of peach trees with iron, zinc, copper and manganese in Bursa around. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 18(6): 447-456
• Köseoğlu A T (1995). Determining of nutrition status of cherries grown in the around of Uluborlu and Senirkent (Isparta). II. Micro nutrients. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 19: 349-353
• Lindsay W L & Norwell W A (1978). Development of a DTPA soil test for Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu. Soil Science Society of American Proceeding 42: 421-428
• Montemurro F, Convertini G, Ferri D & Maiorana M (2005). MSW compost application on tomato crops in Mediterranean conditions: Effects on agronomic performance and nitrogen utilization. Compost Science and Utilisation 13: 234-242
• Movahedi Naeini S A R & Cook H F (2000). Influence of municipal waste compost amendment on soil water and evaporation. Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 31: 3147-3161
• Murillo J M, Lopez R, Cabrera F & Martin O P (1997). Testing A Low-Quality Urban Compost as A Fertilizer for Arable Farming. CSIC, Inst. Recursos Naturales Agrobiología, Seville, Espagne.
• Nyamangara J & Mzezewa J (1999). The Effect of long-term sewage sludge application on Zn, Cu, Ni and Pb levels in a clay loam soil under pasture grass in Zimbabwe. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment 73: 199-204
• Olsen S V, Cole F S, Watanabe W & Dean L A (1954). Estimation of Available Phosphorus in Soils by Extraction with Sodium Bicarbonate. U.S. Dept. of Agr. Cir 939, Washington, D.C.
• Öztürk A, Bulut S, Yıldız N & Karaoğlu M M (2012). Effects of Organic Manures and Non-chemical Weed Control on Wheat: I-Plant Growth and Grain Yield. Journal of Agricultural Science 18 (1) 9-20
• Paris P & Lucianer L (1986). Tra cratterische del suolo e ioni metallici cento equibliri mutevoli. Genio Rurale 11: 21-28
• Percucci P (1990). Effect of the addition of municipal solid-waste compost on microbial biomass and enzyme activities in soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils 10: 221-226
• Petruzelli G, Vigna-Guidi G, Lubrano L, Canarutto S & Aillo M (1991). Agronomic utilization of low metal sewage sludge: Results from field experiments. In: Proceeding of International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, CEP Consultants, Edinburg, Scotland, pp. 383-386
• Pinamonti F, Nicolini G, Dalpiaz A, Stringari G & Zorzi G (1999). Compost use in viticulture: Effects on heavy metal levels in soil and plants. Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 30(9-10): 1531-1549
• Reed B E, Carriere P E & Matsumoto M R (1991). Applying sludge on agricultural land. Biocycle 37: 58-60
• Selivanovskaya S Y, Latypova V Z, Kiyamova S N & Alimova F K (2001). Use of microbial parameters to access treatment methods of municipal sewage sludge applied to grey forest soils of Tatarstan. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment 86: 145-153
• Shirajipour A, McConnell D B & Smith W H (1992). Physical and chemical properties of soils as affected by municipal solid waste compost application. Biomass-and-Bioenergy 3(3-4): 261-266
• Sloan J J, Dowdy R H, Dolan M S & Linden D R (1997). Long-term effects of biosolids applications on heavy metal bioavailability in agricultural soils. Journal of Environmental Quality 26: 966-974
• Smith H G & Weldon M D (1941). A comparison of some methods for the determination of soil organic matter. Soil Science Soc of American Proceeding 5: 177-182
• Snyman H G, De Jong J M & Aveling A S (1998). The Stabilization of sewage sludge applied to agricultural land and the effects on maize seedlings. Water Science and Technology 38: 87-95
• Soltanpour P N & Workman S M (1981). Use of Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectroscopy for the Simultaneous Determination of Macro and Micronutrients in NH4HCO3-DTPA Extracts of Soils. In Barnes RM (Ed.), Developments in Atomic Plasma Analysis, pp. 673-680, USA.
• Sönmez S & Kaplan M (2000). Determination of nutrition situations of apple orchards in Korkuteli and Elmalı Districts. Journal Akdeniz University Faculty of Agriculture 13(2): 159-170. (in Turkish)
• Stratton M L, Barker A V & Rechcigl J E (1995). Soil Amendments and Environmental Quality. CRC Pres. pp. 249-309, USA.
• Türkoğlu K, Munsuz N & Erkal Ü (1974). Investigations on the relation of chlorosis problem seen in apple plantations of Middle Anatolia Region with soil types and apple kinds and the best suitable cure method. Turkey Scientific and Technique Res. Foundation Publ. No: 222, Ankara-Turkey. (in Turkish)
• Walter I, Martinez F & Cuevas G (2006). Plant and soil responses to the application of composted MSW in a degraded, semiarid shrubland in Central Spain. Compost Science and Utilization 14(2): 147-154
• Warman P R (2001). Municipal solid waste compost effects tomato leaf tissue: Essential plant nutrients and trace elements. In: Proceedings of the 6th Int. Conf. on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements, Guelph, ON, p. 167
• Zengin M, Gökmen F & Gezgin S (2008a). Effects of different iron-fertilizer appliacaitons to soil and leaf on nutrition and quality parameters in apple. In: 4. National Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Congress, 8-10 Oct., Konya-Turkey, pp. 1095-1107. (in Turkish)
• Zengin M, Gökmen F & Gezgin S (2008b). Effects of zinc-fertilizer applications to soil and leaf on macro- and micronutrients and chlorophyll contents. In: 4. National Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Congress, 8-10 Oct., Konya-Turkey, pp. 1108-1117. (in Turkish)
• Zengin M, Gökmen F & Gezgin S (2010). Organic waste compost use in orchards. Journal of Selcuk Agriculture and Food Sciences 24(3): 109-117. (in Turkish)
• Zheljazkov V & Warman P R (2004). Phyto-availability and fractionation of copper, manganese and zinc in soil following application of two composts to four crops. Environmental Pollution 131: 187-195
• Zinati G M, Li Y C, Bryan H H, Mylavarapu R S & Codallo M (2004). Distribution and fractionation of phosphorus, cadmium, nickel and lead, in calcareous soils amended with compost. Journal of Environmental Science and Health B 39: 223-229