AB Üyesi Ülkelerdeki Çocuk Yardımı Uygulamalarının Karşılaştırmalı Analizi

Yıl 2023, , 180 - 195, 30.04.2023

Selim Dağlıoğlu , Uğur Emre Bektaş

https://doi.org/10.29249/selcuksbmyd.1226333

Cited By: 1

Öz

102 sayılı ILO Sözleşmesi’ne göre aile yardımları, geçimini sağlamakla mükellef oldukları çocukların bakımı için gerekli harcamalar nedeniyle korunan kimselerin giderlerinde meydana gelen artışların telafi edilmesi ve çocuğun varlığından önce ulaşmış oldukları yaşam seviyesinin korunması amacıyla kurulan bir sosyal güvenlik koludur. Aile yardımları sosyal güvenlik kolu kapsamında çocuğun bakımını üstlenen kişilere yapılan periyodik ödemeler ise genel olarak çocuk yardımı olarak adlandırılır. Çocuk yardımı, aile yardımları sosyal güvenlik kolu kapsamında yapılan en temel ve yaygın yardım türüdür. Kurumsal aile yardımı sosyal güvenlik kolunun bulunduğu tüm ülkelerde çocuk yardımlarına rastlamak mümkündür. Çocuk yardımı; ülkedeki doğurganlığın ve ülke nüfusunun artırılması, yoksulluğun azaltılması, çocuk yoksulluğunun engellenmesi ve ülke refah seviyesinin tüm topluma yaygınlaştırılması, gibi pek çok alanda olumlu katkı sağlayabilmektedir. Bu bakımdan ülkeler, nüfus politikaları ve ekonomik gelişmişlik düzeylerine bağlı olarak farklı yararlanma koşulları geliştirerek farklı çocuk yardımı uygulamaları geliştirmektedir. Bu çalışmada 102 sayılı Sözleşme kapsamındaki aile yardımı asgari standartları esas alınarak AB üyesi ülkelerdeki mevcut çocuk yardımı uygulamaları incelenmiş ve bu uygulamaların karşılaştırmalı bir analizi sunulmuştur. Çalışma sonucunda AB üyesi ülkelerde ikamet eden tüm ebeveynlerin bu ülkelerde ikamet eden çocukları için çocuk yardımlarından yararlanma imkânı bulunduğu ve çocuk yardımlarının Avusturya ve Fransa dışında primsiz olarak sağlandığı görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çocuk yardımları, Çocuk, ILO 102 sayılı Sözleşme, Sosyal güvenlik, Sosyal risk

Comparative Analysis of Practices of Child Benefits in EU Member States

Öz

According to the ILO Convention No. 102, family benefits are a social security branch established to compensate for the increase in the expenditure of those protected due to the expenses necessary for the care of the children, they are responsible for, and to protect the level of life they have reached before the child's existence. Periodic payments made to those who take care of the child within the scope of the family benefits social security branch are generally called child benefits. Child benefit is the most basic and common type of benefit provided under the family benefits social security branch. It is possible to find child benefits in all countries where there is an institutional family benefits social security branch. Child benefit can make positive contributions in many such areas as increasing the fertility and population of the country, reducing poverty, preventing child poverty and extending the country's welfare level to the whole society. In this respect, countries develop different child benefit practices by developing different benefit conditions depending on their population policies and economic development levels. In this study, current practices in EU member countries are examined on the basis of minimum standards of child benefits under the Convention No. 102 and a comparative analysis of these practices is presented. As a result of the study, it has been seen that all parents residing in EU member countries have the opportunity to benefit from child benefits for their children residing in these countries, and child benefits are provided without premium except Austria and France.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Child benefits, Child, ILO Convention No. 102, Social security, Social risk

Kaynakça

• Atatanır, H. (2011). Social Security and Family Aid Practices. Journal of Labour Relations, 2 (1) , 143-169.
• Björklund, A. (2006). Does family policy affect fertility?. J Popul Econ 19, 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-005-0024-0
• Conclusions 2019 (Belgium), (2019), European Committee of Social Rights, Accessed on 29.12.2022, https://hudoc.esc.coe.int/eng/?i=2019/def/BEL/16/EN
• Conclusions XXI-4 (Denmark), (2019), European Committee of Social Rights, Accessed on 29.12.2022, https://hudoc.esc.coe.int/eng/?i=XXI-4/def/DNK/16/EN
• Conclusions 2019 (Greece), (2019), European Committee of Social Rights, Accessed on 29.12.2022, https://hudoc.esc.coe.int/eng/?i=2019/def/GRC/16/EN
• Conclusions 2019 (Malta), (2019), European Committee of Social Rights, Accessed on 29.12.2022, https://hudoc.esc.coe.int/eng/?i=2019/def/MLT/16/EN
• Convention on the Rights of the Child, United Nations (1989, 44/25), Accessed on 29.12.2022, https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-rights-child
• Dilik, S. (1980). Relationships Between Social Security and Social Services, Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Political Sciences, C. 35, S. 1–4, 73-84.
• Dumon, W., and Esengün, R., Ç. M. (1991). National Family Policies In Ec-Countries. Journal of Social Policy Studies, 2(2).
• European Code of Social Security, CoE (1964, No.48), erişim tarihi 29.12.2022, https://rm.coe.int/168006b65e European Convention on Social Security, Council of Europe (1972, No. 78), Accessed on 29.12.2022, https://rm.coe.int/1680074611
• European Social Charter (Revised), Council of Europe (1996, no.163), Accessed on 29.12.2022, https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=treaty-detail&treatynum=163
• Gauther, A. H. and Hatzius, J. (1997). “Family Benefits and Fertility: An Econometric Analysis”, Population Studies, 51, s.295
• Hájek, J., and Olexová, C. (2023). Child benefits and child tax allowances in the Czech Republic, Slovak Republic and Sweden. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, (ahead-of-print).
• Immervoll, H., Sutherland, H., and de Vos, K. (2000). Child poverty and child benefits in the European Union (No. EM1/00). EUROMOD Working Paper.
• Income Security Recommendation. ILO (1944, No.67), Accessed on September 23, 2022, Accessed on 29.12.2022, https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312405
• Karabayır, İ. (2019). Integration of Family Benefits within the Scope of the ILO Fundamental Social Security Standards to the Turkish Social Security System: EU Comparative Recommendations (Master's thesis, Sakarya University).
• Karabayır, İ. (2019). Family Benefits as an International Labour Standard in Social Security in Germany. Fırat University International Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 3 (1) , 91-113
• Kurtulmuş, S. (1988). A Comparative Analysis Of Family Benefıts. Istanbul University Journal of Faculty of Economics, 46, 243-257.
• Kurtulmuş, S. (1995). Family Benefits As A Modern Social Security Tool. Journal of Social Policy Conferences, 0 (40) , 145-159.
• Mutual Information System on Social Protection (MISSOC), Accessed on 29.12.2022, https://www.missoc.org/ National reports submitted in conformity with Article 74 of the European Code of Social Security, Accessed on 29.12.2022, https://www.coe.int/en/web/european-social-charter/reporting-procedure#{%2214501987%22:[]}
• Oberlin, E. M., Caristo, A. M., Lagomarsino, G. and Santos, S. (2007). Family allowances: Policy, practice and the fight against poverty in Europe and Latin America?, Technical Report 02, International Social Security Association
• Prud’Homme, N. (2004). Children in new family structures: Changes in family structures in the world and adaptation of family policies. quo.
• Regulation (EC) No 883/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the coordination of social security systems (Text with relevance for the EEA and for Switzerland), Accessed on 29.12.2022, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02004R0883-20140101
• Regulation (EC) No 987/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 September 2009 laying down the procedure for implementing Regulation (EC) No 883/2004 on the coordination of social security systems (Text with relevance for the EEA and for Switzerland), Accessed on 29.12.2022, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32009R0987
• Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, ILO (1952, No. 102), Accessed on 29.12.2022, https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C102
• Şentürk, F. (2016). Türkiye İçin Bir Aile Sigortası Model Önerisi. Sosyal Güvence, 0 (9), 102-139.
• The International Social Security Association (ISSA), https://ww1.issa.int/
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights, United Nations (1948), Accessed on 29.12.2022, https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights
• Van Lancker, W., Ghysels, J., & Cantillon, B. (2015). The impact of child benefits on single mother poverty: Exploring the role of targeting in 15 E uropean countries. International Journal of Social Welfare, 24(3), 210-222.