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Orta Gelir Tuzağı: Bir Literatür Taraması

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 2, 950 - 964, 30.11.2019
https://doi.org/10.29249/selcuksbmyd.620071

Öz

Çalışmanın amacı, ilk defa Gill ve Kharas (2007) tarafından ortaya
atılan ve iktisat literatüründe görece yeni bir terim olan “Orta gelir tuzağı”
kavramının teorik ve ampirik boyutlarını analiz etmektir. Orta gelir tuzağı
kavramı genellikle belirli bir kişi başı gelir düzeyini aşmada çeşitli
zorluklar yaşayan orta gelir düzeyine sahip ekonomilerle
ilişkilendirilmektedir. Bu doğrultuda gelişmekte olan ülkeler üzerinde
yoğunlaşan çalışmaların çoğu, teorik olarak bu kısır döngünün arkasındaki kilit
faktörleri ele almaktadırlar. Bu göre söz konusu çalışmaların, ilgili ülkelere
üretkenlik, eğitim kalitesi ve teknolojik ilerleme gibi faktörler ile ilgili
tavsiyelerde bulunduğu görülmektedir. Ampirik çalışmalar ise çoğunlukla
Tayland, Meksika, Brezilya ve Malezya gibi ülkelerin tuzaktan kurtulmak için
verdiği mücadeleler üzerinde durmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Agénor, P. and Canuto, O. (2015). Middle-Income Growth Traps, Research in Economics, 69(4), 641-660.
  • Agénor, P. Canuto, O. and Jelenic, M. (2012). Avoiding Middle-Income Growth Traps, (Number: 98). Washington, DC: The World Bank.
  • Aiyar, S. Duval, R. Puy, D. Wu, Y. and Zhang, L. (2013). Growth Slowdowns and the Middle-Income Trap, (Working Paper / 13 / 71). Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
  • Asian Development Bank (2011). Asia 2050: Realizing the Asian Century, Manila: Asian Development Bank.
  • Bozkurt, E. Bedir, S. Ozdemir, D. and Cakmak, E. (2014). Orta Gelir Tuzağı ve Türkiye Örneği [The Middle-income Trap and Turkey]. Maliye Dergisi, 167, 22-39.
  • Bulman, D. Eden, M. and Nguyen, H. (2012). Transitioning from Low-Income Growth to High-Income Growth: Is There a Middle-Income Trap, (Policy Research Working Paper 7104). Washington, DC: The World Bank.
  • Cai, F. (2012). Is There a “Middle-income Trap”? Theories, Experiences and Relevance to China, China & World Economy, 20(1), 49-61.
  • Chen, C. and Dai, L. (2014). The Middle-Income Trap, Branching Deregulation, and Political Influence.
  • Cherif, R. and Hasanov, F. (2015). The Leap of the Tiger: How Malaysia Can Escape the Middle-Income Trap, (Working Paper / 15 / 131). Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
  • Dalgic, B. Iyidogan, P. and Balikcioglu, E. (2014). Orta Gelir Tuzağından Çıkışta Hangi Faktörler? [Which Factors Falling into the Middle-income Trap?]. Maliye Dergisi, 167, 116-125.
  • Egawa, A. (2013). Will Income Inequality Cause a Middle-income Trap in Asia? (Bruegel Working Paper 2013/06). Brussel: Bruegel.
  • Eichengreen, B. Park, D. and Shin, K. (2012). When Fast-Growing Economies Slow Down: International Evidence and Implications for China, Asian Economic Papers, 11(1), 42-87.
  • Eichengreen, B. Park, D. and Shin, K. (2013). Growth Slowdowns Redux: New Evidence on the Middle-income Trap, (NBER Working Paper No. 18673). Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Felipe, J. Abdon, A. and Kumar, U. (2012). Tracking the Middle-income Trap: What Is It, Who Is in It, and Why? (Working Paper No. 715). New York: Levy Economics Institute.
  • Flaaen, A. Ghani, E. and Mishra, S. (2013). How to Avoid Middle Income Traps? Evidence from Malaysia, (Policy Research Working Paper 6427). Washington, DC: The World Bank.
  • Gill, I and Kharas, H. (together with Bhattasali, D. et al.) (2007). An East Asian Renaissance: Ideas for Economic Growth, Washington, DC: The World Bank.
  • Im, F. G. and Rosenblatt, D. (2013). Middle-Income Traps: A Conceptual and Empirical Survey, (Policy Research Working Paper 6594). Washington, DC: The World Bank.
  • Jankowska, A. Nagengast, A. and Perea, J. R. (2012). The Product Space and the Middle-income Trap: Comparing Asian and Latin American Experiences, (Working Paper No. 311). Paris: OECD Development Center.
  • Kanchoochat, V. (2014). The Middle-income Trap Debate: Taking Stock, Looking Ahead, Kokusai Mondai (International Affairs), 633, 1-19.
  • Kanchoochat, V. and Intarakumnerd, P. (2014). Tigers Trapped: Tracing the Middle-income Trap through the East and Southeast Asian Experience, (Working Paper No. 04/2014). Berlin: Competence Center.
  • Kharas, H. and Kohli, H. (2011). What Is the Middle-Income Trap, Why do Countries Fall into It, and How Can It Be Avoided? Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, 3(3), 281–289.
  • Kocak, E. and Bulut, U. (2014). Orta Gelir Tuzağı: Teorik Çerçeve, Ampirik Yaklaşımlar ve Türkiye Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir Uygulama [The Middle-income Trap: Theoretical Framework, Empirical Perspectives and An Econometric Application on Turkey]. Maliye Dergisi, 167, 1-21.
  • Lin, J. and Treichel, V. (2012). Learning from China’s Rise to Escape the Middle-Income Trap: A New Structural Economics Approach to Latin America, (Policy Research Working Paper 6165). Washington, DC: The World Bank.
  • Maddison, A. (2010). Statistics on World Population, GDP and Per Capita GDP, 1-2008 AD, Available at: http://www.ggdc.net/MADDISON/oriindex.htm (data accessed on 03/02/2016).
  • MUSIAD (2012). Kalkınma Yolunda Yeni Eşik: Orta Gelir Tuzağı [New Threshold in a Way of Development: the Middle-income Trap], (editor: Hatice Karahan). (Research Reports: 79). Istanbul: MUSIAD.
  • Onho, K. (2009). Avoiding the Middle-income Trap: Renovating Industrial Policy Formulation in Vietnam, ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 26(1), 25-43.
  • Ozturk, A. (2015). Examining the economic growth and the middle-income trap from the perspective of the middle class, International Business Review, Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2015.03.008 (data accessed on 03/02/2016).
  • Panther S. and Flechtner, S. (2015). Global and Domestic Inequalities and the Political Economy of the Middle-income Trap, World Congress of Comparative Economics, June 25-27 2015, Rome.
  • Paus, E. (2012). Confronting the Middle-Income Trap: Insights from Small Latecomers, Studies in Comparative International Development, 47(2), 115-138.
  • Paus, E. (2014). Latin America and the Middle-income Trap, (Financing for Development Series No. 250). Santiago: United Nations.
  • Robertson, P. E. and Ye, L. (2013). On the Existence of a Middle-Income Trap, (Economics Discussion Paper 13.12). Perth: University of Western Australia.
  • Tho, T. (2013). The Middle-Income Trap. Issues for Members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, VNU Journal of Economics and Business, 29(2), 107-128.
  • Woo, T. W. (2012). China meets the middle-income trap: the large potholes in the road to catching-up, Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, 10(4), 313-336.
  • Yilmaz, G. (2014). Turkish Middle-Income Trap and Less Skilled Human Capital, (Working Paper No: 14/30). Ankara: Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey.
  • Yiping, H. Qin, G. and Xun, W. (2014). Financial liberalization and the middle-income trap. What can China learn from the cross-country experience? China Economic Review, 31, 426-440.

Middle-Income Trap: A Literature Review

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 2, 950 - 964, 30.11.2019
https://doi.org/10.29249/selcuksbmyd.620071

Öz

The main aim of this paper is to analyze the theoretical and
empirical dimensions of a relatively new phenomenon in economics literature,
namely “Middle-Income Trap”, which was firstly discussed by Gill and Kharas
(2007). In general, this phenomenon is related to middle-income economies which
have several difficulties in exceeding a certain level of per capita income. In
this regard, most of the studies focus on developing countries and
theoretically scrutinize the key
factors behind this vicious circle. Accordingly, these studies also offer
policy implications associated with issues like productivity, quality of
education and technological progress. On the empirical side, most of the
studies draw more attention to
Thailand, Mexico, Brazil and Malaysia as
these countries desperately struggle to escape from this trap.

Kaynakça

  • Agénor, P. and Canuto, O. (2015). Middle-Income Growth Traps, Research in Economics, 69(4), 641-660.
  • Agénor, P. Canuto, O. and Jelenic, M. (2012). Avoiding Middle-Income Growth Traps, (Number: 98). Washington, DC: The World Bank.
  • Aiyar, S. Duval, R. Puy, D. Wu, Y. and Zhang, L. (2013). Growth Slowdowns and the Middle-Income Trap, (Working Paper / 13 / 71). Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
  • Asian Development Bank (2011). Asia 2050: Realizing the Asian Century, Manila: Asian Development Bank.
  • Bozkurt, E. Bedir, S. Ozdemir, D. and Cakmak, E. (2014). Orta Gelir Tuzağı ve Türkiye Örneği [The Middle-income Trap and Turkey]. Maliye Dergisi, 167, 22-39.
  • Bulman, D. Eden, M. and Nguyen, H. (2012). Transitioning from Low-Income Growth to High-Income Growth: Is There a Middle-Income Trap, (Policy Research Working Paper 7104). Washington, DC: The World Bank.
  • Cai, F. (2012). Is There a “Middle-income Trap”? Theories, Experiences and Relevance to China, China & World Economy, 20(1), 49-61.
  • Chen, C. and Dai, L. (2014). The Middle-Income Trap, Branching Deregulation, and Political Influence.
  • Cherif, R. and Hasanov, F. (2015). The Leap of the Tiger: How Malaysia Can Escape the Middle-Income Trap, (Working Paper / 15 / 131). Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
  • Dalgic, B. Iyidogan, P. and Balikcioglu, E. (2014). Orta Gelir Tuzağından Çıkışta Hangi Faktörler? [Which Factors Falling into the Middle-income Trap?]. Maliye Dergisi, 167, 116-125.
  • Egawa, A. (2013). Will Income Inequality Cause a Middle-income Trap in Asia? (Bruegel Working Paper 2013/06). Brussel: Bruegel.
  • Eichengreen, B. Park, D. and Shin, K. (2012). When Fast-Growing Economies Slow Down: International Evidence and Implications for China, Asian Economic Papers, 11(1), 42-87.
  • Eichengreen, B. Park, D. and Shin, K. (2013). Growth Slowdowns Redux: New Evidence on the Middle-income Trap, (NBER Working Paper No. 18673). Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Felipe, J. Abdon, A. and Kumar, U. (2012). Tracking the Middle-income Trap: What Is It, Who Is in It, and Why? (Working Paper No. 715). New York: Levy Economics Institute.
  • Flaaen, A. Ghani, E. and Mishra, S. (2013). How to Avoid Middle Income Traps? Evidence from Malaysia, (Policy Research Working Paper 6427). Washington, DC: The World Bank.
  • Gill, I and Kharas, H. (together with Bhattasali, D. et al.) (2007). An East Asian Renaissance: Ideas for Economic Growth, Washington, DC: The World Bank.
  • Im, F. G. and Rosenblatt, D. (2013). Middle-Income Traps: A Conceptual and Empirical Survey, (Policy Research Working Paper 6594). Washington, DC: The World Bank.
  • Jankowska, A. Nagengast, A. and Perea, J. R. (2012). The Product Space and the Middle-income Trap: Comparing Asian and Latin American Experiences, (Working Paper No. 311). Paris: OECD Development Center.
  • Kanchoochat, V. (2014). The Middle-income Trap Debate: Taking Stock, Looking Ahead, Kokusai Mondai (International Affairs), 633, 1-19.
  • Kanchoochat, V. and Intarakumnerd, P. (2014). Tigers Trapped: Tracing the Middle-income Trap through the East and Southeast Asian Experience, (Working Paper No. 04/2014). Berlin: Competence Center.
  • Kharas, H. and Kohli, H. (2011). What Is the Middle-Income Trap, Why do Countries Fall into It, and How Can It Be Avoided? Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, 3(3), 281–289.
  • Kocak, E. and Bulut, U. (2014). Orta Gelir Tuzağı: Teorik Çerçeve, Ampirik Yaklaşımlar ve Türkiye Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir Uygulama [The Middle-income Trap: Theoretical Framework, Empirical Perspectives and An Econometric Application on Turkey]. Maliye Dergisi, 167, 1-21.
  • Lin, J. and Treichel, V. (2012). Learning from China’s Rise to Escape the Middle-Income Trap: A New Structural Economics Approach to Latin America, (Policy Research Working Paper 6165). Washington, DC: The World Bank.
  • Maddison, A. (2010). Statistics on World Population, GDP and Per Capita GDP, 1-2008 AD, Available at: http://www.ggdc.net/MADDISON/oriindex.htm (data accessed on 03/02/2016).
  • MUSIAD (2012). Kalkınma Yolunda Yeni Eşik: Orta Gelir Tuzağı [New Threshold in a Way of Development: the Middle-income Trap], (editor: Hatice Karahan). (Research Reports: 79). Istanbul: MUSIAD.
  • Onho, K. (2009). Avoiding the Middle-income Trap: Renovating Industrial Policy Formulation in Vietnam, ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 26(1), 25-43.
  • Ozturk, A. (2015). Examining the economic growth and the middle-income trap from the perspective of the middle class, International Business Review, Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2015.03.008 (data accessed on 03/02/2016).
  • Panther S. and Flechtner, S. (2015). Global and Domestic Inequalities and the Political Economy of the Middle-income Trap, World Congress of Comparative Economics, June 25-27 2015, Rome.
  • Paus, E. (2012). Confronting the Middle-Income Trap: Insights from Small Latecomers, Studies in Comparative International Development, 47(2), 115-138.
  • Paus, E. (2014). Latin America and the Middle-income Trap, (Financing for Development Series No. 250). Santiago: United Nations.
  • Robertson, P. E. and Ye, L. (2013). On the Existence of a Middle-Income Trap, (Economics Discussion Paper 13.12). Perth: University of Western Australia.
  • Tho, T. (2013). The Middle-Income Trap. Issues for Members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, VNU Journal of Economics and Business, 29(2), 107-128.
  • Woo, T. W. (2012). China meets the middle-income trap: the large potholes in the road to catching-up, Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, 10(4), 313-336.
  • Yilmaz, G. (2014). Turkish Middle-Income Trap and Less Skilled Human Capital, (Working Paper No: 14/30). Ankara: Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey.
  • Yiping, H. Qin, G. and Xun, W. (2014). Financial liberalization and the middle-income trap. What can China learn from the cross-country experience? China Economic Review, 31, 426-440.
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Konferans Bildirisi
Yazarlar

Fatih Akbayır 0000-0003-2831-619X

Ahmet Burçin Yereli 0000-0002-8746-6756

Fatih Karasaç 0000-0002-2966-0155

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Kasım 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Eylül 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Akbayır, F., Yereli, A. B., & Karasaç, F. (2019). Middle-Income Trap: A Literature Review. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 22(2), 950-964. https://doi.org/10.29249/selcuksbmyd.620071

Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.