Managerial Leadership: Current Situation and Future Prospects

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 25 Sayı: Özel Sayı, 254 - 272, 22.09.2022

Nuh Keleş

Öz

Leadership is not a concept unique to today but has existed since the past. The historical process, which started with great men and trait theory, continued with behavioral leadership and situational leadership. Many new concepts related to leadership styles have emerged, today and in the recent past. Managerial leadership is just one of them. Managerial leadership can be achieved by the ability of people in managerial positions in their institutions to influence and lead the employees. A managerial leader emerges when the manager, who exhibits management and leadership behaviors, leads the employees at the same time. This study aims to examine the studies in the field of managerial leadership literature, gather them as a whole, and make theoretical suggestions. In this study, which was carried out in an exploratory and qualitative research design, 82 publications on managerial leadership were examined, the data collected with open coding was analyzed, the data divided into categories were narrowed by axial coding, and a theoretical proposition was made with selective coding. A comprehensive literature review in the field of managerial leadership and the use of Grounded Theory assumptions in this process add originality to the study.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Leadership, Management, Managerial Leadership, Grounded Theory

Yönetsel Liderlik: Mevcut Durum ve Gelecek Beklentileri

Öz

Liderlik günümüze özgü bir kavram olmayıp geçmişten bu yana varlığını sürdürmektedir. Büyük adamlar ve özellikler kuramı ile başlayan tarihsel süreç, davranışsal liderlik ve durumsal liderlik ile devam etmiştir. Günümüzde ve yakın geçmişte liderlik tarzları ile ilgili birçok yeni kavram ortaya çıkmıştır. Yönetimsel liderlik ise bunlardan sadece birisidir. Kurumlarında yönetici pozisyonunda bulunan kişilerin çalışanları etkileme ve onlara liderlik yapabilme yeteneğine sahip olmalarıyla yönetici liderlik yapılabilir. Yöneticilik ve liderlik davranışları sergileyen yöneticinin çalışanlara yöneticilik yaparken aynı zamanda liderlik yapması ile yönetsel lider ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada yönetsel liderlik alanında yapılan çalışmaları inceleyerek, bunları bir bütün halinde bir araya toplamak ve teorik önerilerde bulunmak amaçlanmıştır. Keşfedici ve nitel bir araştırma deseninde yürütülen bu çalışmada yönetsel liderlikle ilgili yayınlar incelenmiş, açık kodlama ile toplanan veriler analiz edilmiş, kategorilere ayrılan veriler eksenel kodlama ile daraltılmış ve seçici kodlama ile teorik bir önermede bulunulmuştur. Yönetsel liderlik alanında literatür derlemesi yapılması ve bu süreçte Gömülü Teori varsayımlarından yararlanılması çalışmaya orijinallik katmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Liderlik, Yöneticilik, Yönetsel Liderlik, Gömülü Teori

Kaynakça

• Akroyd, D., Legg, J., Jackowski, M. B., & Adams, R. D. (2009). The impact of selected organizational variables and managerial leadership on radiation therapists’ organizational commitment. Radiography, 15(2), 113-120.
• Akyurt, N., Alparslan, A. M., & Oktar, Ö. F. (2015). Sağlık Çalışanlarında Liderlik Tarzları-İş Tatmini-Örgütsel Bağlılık Modeli. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 6(13), 50-61. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/vizyoner/issue/23038/246291.
• Allio, R. J. (2013). Leaders and leadership–many theories, but what advice is reliable?. Strategy & Leadership, 41(1), 4-14. https://doi.org/10.1108/10878571311290016.
• Analoui, F. (1995). Management skills and senior management effectiveness. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 8(3), 52-68.
• Anderson, V. (2013). A Trojan horse? The implications of managerial coaching for leadership theory. Human Resource Development International, 16(3), 251-266.
• Aykan, E. (2004). Kayseri’de faaliyet gösteren girişimcilerin liderlik özellikleri. Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(17), 213-224.
• Bakan, İ., & Bulut, Y. (2004). Yöneticilerin uyguladıkları liderlik yaklaşımlarına yönelik algılamaları: Likert’in yönetim sistemleri yaklaşımı’na dayalı bir alan çalışması. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 31, 151-176.
• Balkar, B., & Kalman, M. (2015). Okul İklimi, Öğretimsel Liderlik ve Yönetsel Liderlik Değişkenlerinin Okul Yöneticiliğine Atama Yaklaşımları Açısından Ayırt Edicilik Düzeyi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(54), 141-159.
• Bamel, U. K., Rangnekar, S., Stokes, P., & Rastogi, R. (2015). Managerial effectiveness: an Indian experience. Journal of Management Development, 34(2), 202-225.
• Bhardwaj, A., & Punia, B. K. (2013). Managerial competencies and their influence on managerial performance: A literature review. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, 2(5), 70-84.
• Blank, R. K. (1987). The role of principal as leader: Analysis of variation in leadership of urban high schools. The Journal of Educational Research, 81(2), 69-80.
• Blom, M., & Alvesson, M. (2014). Leadership On Demand: Followers as initiators and inhibitors of managerial leadership. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 30(3), 344-357.
• Cavazotte, F., Moreno, V., & Hickmann, M. (2012). Effects of leader intelligence, personality and emotional intelligence on transformational leadership and managerial performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(3), 443-455.
• Ceylan, A., Keskin, H., & Eren, Ş. (2005). Dönüşümcü ve etkileşimci liderlik ile örgütsel bağlılık arasındaki ilişkilere yönelik bir araştırma. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi İşletme İktisadi Enstitüsü Dergisi, 51(16), 32-42.
• Chapman, A. L., Johnson, D., & Kilner, K. (2014). Leadership styles used by senior medical leaders: Patterns, influences and implications for leadership development. Leadership in Health Services, 27(4), 283-298.
• Charmaz, K. (2002). Qualitative Interviewing and Grounded Theory Analysis. Gubrium, Jaber F. & Holstein, James A. (Eds.), Handbook of Interview Research, Context and Method. Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications, 675-694.
• Chen, C. Y., & Li, C. I. (2013). Assessing the spiritual leadership effectiveness: The contribution of follower’s self-concept and preliminary tests for moderation of culture and managerial position. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(1), 240-255.
• Cho, Y. J., & Poister, T. H. (2014). Managerial practices, trust in leadership, and performance: Case of the Georgia department of transportation. Public Personnel Management, 43(2), 179-196.
• Collins, D. B., & Holton III, E. F. (2004). The effectiveness of managerial leadership development programs: A meta‐analysis of studies from 1982 to 2001. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 15(2), 217-248.
• Corbin, J. & Strauss A. (1990). Grounded Theory Research: Procedures, Canons, and Evaluative Criteria, Qualitative Sociology, 13(1), 3-21.
• Denison, D. R., Hooijberg, R., & Quinn, R. E. (1995). Paradox and performance: Toward a theory of behavioral complexity in managerial leadership. Organization Science, 6(5), 524-540.
• Dobel, J. P. (2005). Managerial leadership and the ethical importance of legacy. International Public Management Journal, 8(2), 225-246.
• Doğan, S. (2010). Leadership behaviors of the primary school administrators according to the opinions of teachers and administrators. Inonu Unıversıty Journal Of The Faculty Of Educatıon, 11(3), 101-123.
• Dorfman, P. W., Howell, J. P., Hibino, S., Lee, J. K., Tate, U., & Bautista, A. (1997). Leadership in Western and Asian countries: Commonalities and differences in effective leadership processes across cultures. The Leadership Quarterly, 8(3), 233-274.
• El Masry. S., Kattara, H., & El Demerdash. J. (2006). Genel Müdürler Tarafından Benimsenen Liderlik Tarzları Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir Çalışma: Mısır’da Bir Alan Araştırması. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 17(2), 202-211.
• Galvin, T., Gibbs, M., Sullivan, J., & Williams, C. (2014). Leadership competencies of project managers: An empirical study of emotional, intellectual, and managerial dimensions. Journal of Economic Development, Management, IT, Finance, and Marketing, 6(1), 35-60.
• Gedikoğlu, T., & Bülbül, S. (2009). Liderlik standartları inanç boyutu açısından ilköğretim okulu müdürlerinin yönetsel yeterlikleri. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 182(38), 123-149.
• Giudici, M., & Filimonau, V. (2019). Exploring the linkages between managerial leadership, communication and teamwork in successful event delivery. Tourism Management Perspectives, 32, 100558.
• Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory Strategies for Qualitative Research. Aldine Transaction Publications, Copyright 1967 for Reprinted 2006.
• Graves, L. M., Sarkis, J., & Gold, N. (2019). Employee proenvironmental behavior in Russia: The roles of top management commitment, managerial leadership, and employee motives. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 140, 54-64.
• Gould, D. J., Gallagher, R., & Allen, D. (2016). Leadership and management for infection prevention and control: what do we have and what do we need?. Journal of Hospital Infection, 94(2), 165-168.
• Goodwin, D. (2013). Linking political and managerial leadership–a personal reflection. The International Journal of Leadership in Public Services. 9(1/2), 59-64.
• Hamidifar, F. (2014). Challenges facing Islamic Azad University academic leaders in managerial positions. International Journal of Educational Management, 28 (6), 694-704.
• Hamlin, R. G., Nassar, M., & Wahba, K. (2010). Behavioural criteria of managerial and leadership effectiveness within Egyptian and British public sector hospitals: An empirical case study and multi-case/cross-nation comparative analysis. Human Resource Development International, 13(1), 45-64.
• Hamlin, R. G., Sawyer, J., & Sage, L. (2011). Perceived managerial and leadership effectiveness in a non-profit organization: An exploratory and cross-sector comparative study. Human Resource Development International, 14(2), 217-234.
• Hamlin, R. G., & Patel, T. (2012). Behavioural indicators of perceived managerial and leadership effectiveness within Romanian and British public sector hospitals. European Journal of Training and Development, 36 (2/3) 234-261.
• Hamlin, R. G., & Hatton, A. (2013). Toward a British taxonomy of perceived managerial and leadership effectiveness. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 24(3), 365-406.
• Hendel, T., Fish, M., & Galon, V. (2005). Leadership style and choice of strategy in conflict management among Israeli nurse managers in general hospitals. Journal of Nursing Management, 13(2), 137-146.
• Hendel, T., Eshel, N., Traister, L., & Galon, V. (2006). Readiness for future managerial leadership roles: nursing students’ perceived importance of organizational values. Journal of Professional Nursing, 22(6), 339-346.
• Hunt, J. G. J., Osborn, R. N., & Boal, K. B. (2009). The architecture of managerial leadership: Stimulation and channeling of organizational emergence. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(4), 503-516.
• Khan, M. L., Langove, N., Shah, F. A., & Javid, M. U. (2015). The Modes of Conflicts and Managerial Leadership Styles of Managers. Global Business & Management Research, 7(2), 44-52.
• Kerns, C. D. (2016). Managing and Negotiating Conflict: A Key Managerial Leadership Practice. International Leadership Journal, 8(1), 73-98.
• Komives, S. R., Owen, J. E., Longerbeam, S. D., Mainella, F. C., & Osteen, L. (2005). Developing a leadership identity: A grounded theory. Journal of College Student Development, 46(6), 593-611.
• Kuchynkova, L. (2013). Managerial leadership style in terms of gender. Socialiniai tyrimai /Social Research. 4(33), 18-24.
• Lawrence, P. (2017). Managerial coaching-a literature review. International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring, 15(2), 43.
• Littrell, R. F., Alon, I., & Chan, K. W. (2012). Regional differences in managerial leader behaviour preferences in China. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 19 (3), 315-335.
• Lornudd, C., Bergman, D., Sandahl, C., & von Thiele Schwarz, U. (2016). A randomised study of leadership interventions for healthcare managers. Leadership in Health Services, 29 (4), 358-376.
• Maijala, R., Eloranta, S., Reunanen, T., & Ikonen, T. S. (2018). Successful implementation of lean as a managerial principle in health care: a conceptual analysis from systematic literature review. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 34(2), 134-146.
• Molloy, P. L. (1998). A review of the managerial grid model of leadership and its role as a model of leadership culture. Aquarius Consulting, 31, 1-31.
• Muchiri, M. K., Cooksey, R. W., Di Milia, L. V., & Walumbwa, F. O. (2011). Gender and managerial level differences in perceptions of effective leadership. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 32(5), 462-492.
• Müller, R., & Turner, R. (2010). Leadership competency profiles of successful project managers. International Journal of Project Management, 28(5), 437-448.
• Natale, S. M., Sora, S. A., & Kavalipurapu, S. B. (2004). Leadership in teams: Managerial responses. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 10(3/4), 45-52.
• Nguyen, N., & Hansen, J. Ø. (2016). Becoming a leader-manager: a matter of training and education. Development and Learning in Organizations: An International Journal, 30(6), 10-12.
• Nwibere, B. M. (2013). The Influence Of Corporate Culture On Managerıal Leadership Style: The Niigerian Experience. International Journal of Business & Public Administration, 10(2), 166-187.
• Qiao, J. X., & Wang, W. (2009). Managerial competencies for middle managers: some empirical findings from China. Journal of European Industrial Training, 33(1), 69-81.
• Özdemir, M. (2010). Nitel Veri Analizi: Sosyal Bilimlerde Yöntembilim Sorunsalı Üzerine Bir Çalışma. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(1), 323-343.
• Palm, K., Ullström, S., Sandahl, C., & Bergman, D. (2015). Employee perceptions of managers’ leadership over time. Leadership in Health Services, 28(4), 266-280.
• Patel, T., & Hamlin, R. G. (2012). Deducing a taxonomy of perceived managerial and leadership effectiveness: A comparative study of effective and ineffective managerial behaviour across three EU countries. Human Resource Development International, 15(5), 571-587.
• Peterson, T. O., & Peterson, C. M. (2012). What Managerial Leadership Behaviors do Student Managerial Leaders Need? An Empirical Study of Student Organizational Members. Journal of Leadership Education, 11(1), 102-120.
• Raisiene, A. G. (2014). Leadership and managerial competences in a contemporary organization from the standpoint of business executives. Economics & Sociology, 7(3), 179-193.
• Semuel, H., Siagian, H., & Octavia, S. (2017). The effect of leadership and innovation on differentiation strategy and company performance. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 237, 1152-1159.
• Selvarajah, C., Meyer, D., & Donovan, J. (2013). Cultural context and its influence on managerial leadership in Thailand. Asia Pacific Business Review, 19(3), 356-380.
• Soucie, D. (1994). Effective managerial leadership in sport organizations. Journal of Sport Management, 8(1), 1-13.
• Soyeon Shim, Robert F. Lusch, Ellen Goldsberry, (2002). Leadership style profiles of retail managers: personal, organizational and managerial characteristics. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 30(4), 186-201.
• Sözen Şahne, B., & Şar, S. (2015). Türkiye’deki İlaç Firması Yöneticilerinin Liderlik Davranışları Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal, 19(3), 174-180.
• Stenvall, J. P., Nyholm, I., & Rannisto, P. H. (2014). Polyphonous leadership and middle managers. International Journal of Leadership in Public Services, 10(3), 172-184.
• Strutton, D. (2004). The courtly path to managerial leadership. Business Horizons, 47(1), 7-18.
• Subramaniam, A., Othman, R., & Sambasivan, M. (2010). Implicit leadership theory among Malaysian managers: Impact of the leadership expectation gap on leader‐member exchange quality. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 31(4), 351-371.
• Tepper, B. J., & Simon, L. S. (2015). Employee maintenance: Examining employment relationships from the perspective of managerial leaders. In Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 33, 1-50.
• Torres, L. E., Ruiz, C. E., Hamlin, B., & Velez-Calle, A. (2015). Perceived managerial and leadership effectiveness in Colombia. European Journal of Training and Development, 39(3), 203-219.
• Trivellas, P., & Drimoussis, C. (2013). Investigating leadership styles, behavioural and managerial competency profiles of successful project managers in Greece. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 73, 692-700.
• Trivellas, P., & Reklitis, P. (2014). Leadership competencies profiles and managerial effectiveness in Greece. Procedia Economics and Finance, 9, 380-390.
• Turner, J. R., & Müller, R. (2005). The project manager’s leadership style as a success factor on projects: A literature review. Project Management Journal, 36(2), 49-61.
• Uğurluoğlu, Ö., & Çelik, Y. (2009). Örgütlerde stratejik liderlik ve özellikleri. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 12(2), 121-156.
• Uysal, Ş. A., Keklik, B., Erdem, R., & Çelik, R. (2012). Hastane yöneticilerinin liderlik özellikleri ile çalışanların iş üretkenlik düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 15(1), 25-57.
• Wanasika, I., Howell, J. P., Littrell, R., & Dorfman, P. (2011). Managerial leadership and culture in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of World Business, 46(2), 234-241.
• Wang, J. (2011). Understanding managerial effectiveness: A Chinese perspective. Journal of European Industrial Training, 35 (1), 6-23.
• Worsfold, P. (1989). Leadership and managerial effectiveness in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 8(2), 145-155.
• Yıldırım, N., & Elbaş, H. (2014).Liderlik Özellikleri ve Hedef Belirleme Yetkinliği İlişkisine Bir Bakış: Telekomunikasyon Sektöründen Bir Uygulama. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 36(1), 317-349.
• Yılmaz, H., & Karahan, A. (2011). Development of leadership performance in the firms and its impact to managerial success. İş Güç, Endüstri İlişkileri ve İnsan Kaynakları Dergisi, 13(2), 105-120.
• Young, M., & Dulewicz, V. (2009). A study into leadership and management competencies predicting superior performance in the British Royal Navy. Journal of Management Development, 28 (9), 794-820.
• Yozgat, U., & Şahin, S. (2013). Perceived managerial and leadership effectiveness within Turkish public sector hospitals. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 99, 216-221.
• Yukl, G. (1982). Managerial Leadership and the Effective Principal, National Inst. of Education (ED), Washington.
• Yukl, G. & Van Fleet, D. D. (1982). Cross-situational, Multimethod Research on Military Leader Effectiveness. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 30 (1), 87-108.
• Yukl, G. (1989). Managerial leadership: A review of theory and research. Journal of Management, 15(2), 251-289.
• Zagoršek, H., Dimovski, V., & Škerlavaj, M. (2009). Transactional and transformational leadership impacts on organizational learning. Journal for East European Management Studies, 144-165.
• Zeydan, M., & Akın, A. (2011). İşletme Yaşam Çevrimi Bağlaminda Yönetici-Liderlik Matriksi. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 24(4), 155-173.