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Bizans Sikkelerinde Başmelek Mikhail ve Aziz Mikhail Tasvirleri

Yıl 2013, Sayı: 3, 41 - 64, 01.01.2013

Öz

The depiction of Archangel Michael firstly appeared in Byzantine coin iconography in 11th century. The depiction of Saint Michael who was in military costume on coins of Isaac II Angelos 1185-1195 brought a new interpretation to the coin iconography at the end of the 12th century. Archangel Michael was depicted in civic costume in 11th century, later on the depiction of an angel was reflected on Saint Michael with a warrior costume in the last decades of 12th century. The troubled political situation at the end of the 12th century was also reflected the art objects of the era. The long period of the 12th century when the family of Comnenus on throne, the military aristocracy held power and the worth of warrior elements was increased gradually, affected Byzantine coin iconography with the introduction of warrior saints. The political power of the emperor depended on the army and the military success of him in that period, and the vigorous local families from Anatolia which had their own strong military organization and the wide land ownership took the place of Constantinopolitan arisrocratic families. The dynasties of Comnenus and Angelus were the most powerful families in the 12th and 13th centuries. The members of those dynasties ruled the empire and served the palace for a long period. As the member of Angelus family the emperor Isaac II Angelos preffered the Saint Michael both to emphasize the military elements and to make a connection of it with the title of his family. The depiction of Archangel Michael was firstly used in Byzantine coin iconography and later on the depiction of Saint Michael was continued to be used till the end of the collapse of the empire. It is very interesting to distinguish and to research the process of the depiction of Archangel Michael and Saint Michael on coin iconography

Kaynakça

  • Belting 1994 Belting H., Likeness and Presence, The University of Chicago Press. Chicago 1994.
  • Bendall-Donald 1974 Bendall S., P.J. Donald, The Billon Trachea of Michael VIII Palaeologos 1258-1281, London 1974.
  • Bendall-Donald 1979 Bendall S., P.J. Donald, The Later Palaeologan Coinage, London 1979.
  • Bertelè 1951 Bertelè T., L’Imperatore Alato Nella Numismatica Bizantina, Roma 1951.
  • Bles, 1925 de Bles M.A., How to Distinguish the Saints in Art by Their Costumes, Symbols and Attributes, New York 1925.
  • Buckton 2001 Buckton D., “The mass-produced Byzantine Saint”, S. Hackel (ed.), The Byzantine Saint, (New York 2001), 187-189.
  • Goodacre 1971 Goodacre H., A Handbook of the Coinage of the Byzantine Empire, London 1971.
  • Grierson-Mays 1992 Grierson P.-M. Mays, Catalogue of Late Roman Coins in the
  • Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection, From Arcadius and Honorius to the Accesion of Anastasius, Washington D.C. 1992.
  • Grierson 1982 Grierson P., Byzantine Coins, California 1982.
  • Grierson 1999 Grierson P., Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection, Michael VIII to Constantine XI 1258-1453, Vol. 5, Washington D.C., 1999.
  • Hackel, 2001 Hackel S.(ed.), The Byzantine Saint, New York 2001.
  • Hendy 1999 Hendy M.F., Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection, Aleksius I to Michael VIII 1081-1261, Vol. Four, Part 1-2, Washington D.C. 1999.
  • Kazhdan-Epstein 1985 Kazhdan A. P.-A.W. Epstein, Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries, California 1985.
  • Kazdhan-Ševčenko 1991 Kazdhan A.-N.P. Ševčenko, “Michael”, ODB, Vol. 2, (New York 1991), 1360-61.
  • Kazdhan 1991 Kazdhan A., “Military Saints”, ODB, Vol. 3, (New York 1991), 1374.
  • Kent 1973 Kent J.P.C.-B. Overbeck-A.U. Stylow, Die Römische Münze, Münih 1973.
  • Lianta 2009 Lianta E., Late Byzantine Coins 1204-1453 in the Ashmolean Museum University of Oxford, London 2009.
  • Maguire 2004 Maguire H., “The Heavenly Court”, Byzantine Court Culture from 829- 1204, Washington D.C. 2004, 247-258.
  • Nesbitt-Oikonomides 1991 Nesbitt J.-N. Oikonomides, Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, Vol. 1, Italy, North of Balkans, North of the Black Sea, Washington D.C. 1991.
  • Oikonomedes 1986 Oikonomedes N., A Collection of Dated Byzantine Lead Seals, Washington D.C. 1986.
  • Ousterhout-Brubaker 1995 Ousterhout R.,-L. Brubaker, The Sacred Image East and West, Illinois 1995.
  • Peers 2001 Peers G., Subtle Bodies, California, 2001.
  • Penna 2002 Penna V., Byzantine Coinage, Nicosia 2002.
  • Penna 2002 Penna V., “Numismatic Circulation in Corinth from 976 to 1204”, A. Laiou (ed.), The Economic History of Byzantium, Vol. 2, (Washington D.C. 2002), 655-658.
  • Pentcheva 2006 Pentcheva B.V., Icons and Power: The Mother of God in Byzantium
  • Pennsylvania 2006. Ryder 2004 Ryder E.C., “147.Enkolpion: Cameo of an Archangel (Michael ?)”, H.C. Evans (ed.), Byzantium: Faith and Power, (New York 2004), 239.
  • Sear, 2006 Sear D.R., Byzantine Coins and Their Values, second edition revised and enlarged, London 2006.
  • Sotheby’s 1990 Sotheby’s, The William Herbert Hunt Collection Highly Important Byzantine Coins, December 5-6, New York 1990.
  • Tatić-Djurić 1964 Tatić-Djurić, M., Image of the Angels, West Germany 1964.
  • Ünal 2009 Ünal C., “Palaeologian Coin Findings Of Kusadasi, Kadikalesi/Anaia
  • And Their Reflections”, XIV International Numismatic (INC) Congress 2009 at the University of Glasgow, 30th August 2009-4th September 2009, Glasgow 2009, 1649-1663.
  • Ünal 2010 Ünal C., Bizans Sikkelerinde Kutsal Kişi Tasvirleri, Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, İzmir 2010.
  • Ünal 2012 Ünal C., Manisa Müzesi Bizans Sikkeleri, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Yayınları No: 3, Manisa 2012.
  • Vryonis 2001 Vryonis S., “The Panēgyris of the Byzantine Saint: a study in the nature of a medieval institution, its origins and fate”, S. Hackel (ed.), The Byzantine Saint, (New York 2001), 196-226.
  • Walter, 2003 Walter C., The Warrior Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition, Lincolnshire 2003.
  • Whitting 1973 Whitting P.D., Byzantine Coins, New York 1973.
  • Wroth 1966 Wroth W., Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum, 2 Vols., Chicago 1966.
  • Zwirn 2005 Zwirn S.R., “16. Ring with Archangel and Monogram” A. Kirin (ed.), Sacred Art, Secular Context, (Kanada 2005) 69-70.

Bizans Sikkelerinde Başmelek Mikhail ve Aziz Mikhail Tasvirleri

Yıl 2013, Sayı: 3, 41 - 64, 01.01.2013

Öz

Bizans sikke ikonografisine ilk olarak 11. yüzyılın ortasında giren Başmelek Mikhail tasviri, 12. yüzyıl sonunda II. Isaakios Angelos 1185-1195 döneminde basılan sikkelerde askeri kostüm içerisindeki Aziz Mikhail tasviriyle farklı bir yorumu getirmiştir. 11. yüzyılda sivil kostüm içerisinde tasvir edilen Başmelek Mikhail, 12. yüzyılın değişen siyasal durumu sonucunda askeri kostüm içerisindeki Aziz Mikhail betimiyle sikke ikonografisine yansımıştır. İmparatorluğun 12. yüzyıl sonunda içinde bulunduğu çalkantılı siyasi sıkıntıları dönemin sanat eserlerine de yansımıştır. 12. yüzyılda Komnenos hanedanının tahta çıktığı uzun dönem boyunca askeri aristokrasi hakimdir ve askeri değerler giderek artmış, Bizans sikke ikonografisine de asker azizlerin girmesiyle etkisini göstermiştir. İmparatorun siyasi gücünün orduya ve askeri başarılarına bağlı olduğu bu dönemde, Konstantinopolis’teki soylu ailelerin yerini Anadolu’da geniş toprak mülkiyetine sahip ve kendisine ait güçlü askeri teşkilatı barındıran aileler almıştır. Komnenoslar ve Angeloslar 12. ve 13. yüzyıllarda Konstantinopolis’te hakim güce sahip ailelerdir ve yıllarca bu aile mensupları Bizans İmparatorluğunu yönetmiş, saraya hizmet etmişlerdir. Angelos hanedanının ferdi olan imparator II. Isaakios Angelos ise Aziz Mikhail tasvirini hem dönemin ihtiyaçları gereği sanatta sıklıkla kullanılan askeri unsurları vurgulamak için hem de aile soyadı ile bağdaştırdığı için tercih etmiştir. Bizans sikke ikonografisine Başmelek Mikhail tasviriyle girip daha sonra Aziz Mikhail tasviriyle devam eden figürün kullanımı imparatorluğun yıkılışına kadar tercih edilmiştir. Bizans sikkelerindeki Başmelek Mikhail ve Aziz Mikhail tasvirlerinin ayırt edilmeleri ve gelişim sürecinin değerlendirilmesi ise oldukça ilgi çekicidir.

Kaynakça

  • Belting 1994 Belting H., Likeness and Presence, The University of Chicago Press. Chicago 1994.
  • Bendall-Donald 1974 Bendall S., P.J. Donald, The Billon Trachea of Michael VIII Palaeologos 1258-1281, London 1974.
  • Bendall-Donald 1979 Bendall S., P.J. Donald, The Later Palaeologan Coinage, London 1979.
  • Bertelè 1951 Bertelè T., L’Imperatore Alato Nella Numismatica Bizantina, Roma 1951.
  • Bles, 1925 de Bles M.A., How to Distinguish the Saints in Art by Their Costumes, Symbols and Attributes, New York 1925.
  • Buckton 2001 Buckton D., “The mass-produced Byzantine Saint”, S. Hackel (ed.), The Byzantine Saint, (New York 2001), 187-189.
  • Goodacre 1971 Goodacre H., A Handbook of the Coinage of the Byzantine Empire, London 1971.
  • Grierson-Mays 1992 Grierson P.-M. Mays, Catalogue of Late Roman Coins in the
  • Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection, From Arcadius and Honorius to the Accesion of Anastasius, Washington D.C. 1992.
  • Grierson 1982 Grierson P., Byzantine Coins, California 1982.
  • Grierson 1999 Grierson P., Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection, Michael VIII to Constantine XI 1258-1453, Vol. 5, Washington D.C., 1999.
  • Hackel, 2001 Hackel S.(ed.), The Byzantine Saint, New York 2001.
  • Hendy 1999 Hendy M.F., Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection, Aleksius I to Michael VIII 1081-1261, Vol. Four, Part 1-2, Washington D.C. 1999.
  • Kazhdan-Epstein 1985 Kazhdan A. P.-A.W. Epstein, Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries, California 1985.
  • Kazdhan-Ševčenko 1991 Kazdhan A.-N.P. Ševčenko, “Michael”, ODB, Vol. 2, (New York 1991), 1360-61.
  • Kazdhan 1991 Kazdhan A., “Military Saints”, ODB, Vol. 3, (New York 1991), 1374.
  • Kent 1973 Kent J.P.C.-B. Overbeck-A.U. Stylow, Die Römische Münze, Münih 1973.
  • Lianta 2009 Lianta E., Late Byzantine Coins 1204-1453 in the Ashmolean Museum University of Oxford, London 2009.
  • Maguire 2004 Maguire H., “The Heavenly Court”, Byzantine Court Culture from 829- 1204, Washington D.C. 2004, 247-258.
  • Nesbitt-Oikonomides 1991 Nesbitt J.-N. Oikonomides, Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, Vol. 1, Italy, North of Balkans, North of the Black Sea, Washington D.C. 1991.
  • Oikonomedes 1986 Oikonomedes N., A Collection of Dated Byzantine Lead Seals, Washington D.C. 1986.
  • Ousterhout-Brubaker 1995 Ousterhout R.,-L. Brubaker, The Sacred Image East and West, Illinois 1995.
  • Peers 2001 Peers G., Subtle Bodies, California, 2001.
  • Penna 2002 Penna V., Byzantine Coinage, Nicosia 2002.
  • Penna 2002 Penna V., “Numismatic Circulation in Corinth from 976 to 1204”, A. Laiou (ed.), The Economic History of Byzantium, Vol. 2, (Washington D.C. 2002), 655-658.
  • Pentcheva 2006 Pentcheva B.V., Icons and Power: The Mother of God in Byzantium
  • Pennsylvania 2006. Ryder 2004 Ryder E.C., “147.Enkolpion: Cameo of an Archangel (Michael ?)”, H.C. Evans (ed.), Byzantium: Faith and Power, (New York 2004), 239.
  • Sear, 2006 Sear D.R., Byzantine Coins and Their Values, second edition revised and enlarged, London 2006.
  • Sotheby’s 1990 Sotheby’s, The William Herbert Hunt Collection Highly Important Byzantine Coins, December 5-6, New York 1990.
  • Tatić-Djurić 1964 Tatić-Djurić, M., Image of the Angels, West Germany 1964.
  • Ünal 2009 Ünal C., “Palaeologian Coin Findings Of Kusadasi, Kadikalesi/Anaia
  • And Their Reflections”, XIV International Numismatic (INC) Congress 2009 at the University of Glasgow, 30th August 2009-4th September 2009, Glasgow 2009, 1649-1663.
  • Ünal 2010 Ünal C., Bizans Sikkelerinde Kutsal Kişi Tasvirleri, Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, İzmir 2010.
  • Ünal 2012 Ünal C., Manisa Müzesi Bizans Sikkeleri, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Yayınları No: 3, Manisa 2012.
  • Vryonis 2001 Vryonis S., “The Panēgyris of the Byzantine Saint: a study in the nature of a medieval institution, its origins and fate”, S. Hackel (ed.), The Byzantine Saint, (New York 2001), 196-226.
  • Walter, 2003 Walter C., The Warrior Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition, Lincolnshire 2003.
  • Whitting 1973 Whitting P.D., Byzantine Coins, New York 1973.
  • Wroth 1966 Wroth W., Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum, 2 Vols., Chicago 1966.
  • Zwirn 2005 Zwirn S.R., “16. Ring with Archangel and Monogram” A. Kirin (ed.), Sacred Art, Secular Context, (Kanada 2005) 69-70.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Ceren Ünal Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Ünal, C. (2013). Bizans Sikkelerinde Başmelek Mikhail ve Aziz Mikhail Tasvirleri. Seleucia(3), 41-64.
AMA Ünal C. Bizans Sikkelerinde Başmelek Mikhail ve Aziz Mikhail Tasvirleri. Seleucia. Ocak 2013;(3):41-64.
Chicago Ünal, Ceren. “Bizans Sikkelerinde Başmelek Mikhail Ve Aziz Mikhail Tasvirleri”. Seleucia, sy. 3 (Ocak 2013): 41-64.
EndNote Ünal C (01 Ocak 2013) Bizans Sikkelerinde Başmelek Mikhail ve Aziz Mikhail Tasvirleri. Seleucia 3 41–64.
IEEE C. Ünal, “Bizans Sikkelerinde Başmelek Mikhail ve Aziz Mikhail Tasvirleri”, Seleucia, sy. 3, ss. 41–64, Ocak 2013.
ISNAD Ünal, Ceren. “Bizans Sikkelerinde Başmelek Mikhail Ve Aziz Mikhail Tasvirleri”. Seleucia 3 (Ocak 2013), 41-64.
JAMA Ünal C. Bizans Sikkelerinde Başmelek Mikhail ve Aziz Mikhail Tasvirleri. Seleucia. 2013;:41–64.
MLA Ünal, Ceren. “Bizans Sikkelerinde Başmelek Mikhail Ve Aziz Mikhail Tasvirleri”. Seleucia, sy. 3, 2013, ss. 41-64.
Vancouver Ünal C. Bizans Sikkelerinde Başmelek Mikhail ve Aziz Mikhail Tasvirleri. Seleucia. 2013(3):41-64.