Bizans Sikkelerinde Başmelek Mikhail ve Aziz Mikhail Tasvirleri

Yıl 2013, Sayı: 3, 41 - 64, 01.01.2013

Ceren Ünal

Öz

The depiction of Archangel Michael firstly appeared in Byzantine coin iconography in 11th century. The depiction of Saint Michael who was in military costume on coins of Isaac II Angelos 1185-1195 brought a new interpretation to the coin iconography at the end of the 12th century. Archangel Michael was depicted in civic costume in 11th century, later on the depiction of an angel was reflected on Saint Michael with a warrior costume in the last decades of 12th century. The troubled political situation at the end of the 12th century was also reflected the art objects of the era. The long period of the 12th century when the family of Comnenus on throne, the military aristocracy held power and the worth of warrior elements was increased gradually, affected Byzantine coin iconography with the introduction of warrior saints. The political power of the emperor depended on the army and the military success of him in that period, and the vigorous local families from Anatolia which had their own strong military organization and the wide land ownership took the place of Constantinopolitan arisrocratic families. The dynasties of Comnenus and Angelus were the most powerful families in the 12th and 13th centuries. The members of those dynasties ruled the empire and served the palace for a long period. As the member of Angelus family the emperor Isaac II Angelos preffered the Saint Michael both to emphasize the military elements and to make a connection of it with the title of his family. The depiction of Archangel Michael was firstly used in Byzantine coin iconography and later on the depiction of Saint Michael was continued to be used till the end of the collapse of the empire. It is very interesting to distinguish and to research the process of the depiction of Archangel Michael and Saint Michael on coin iconography

Anahtar Kelimeler

Byzantine, coin, iconography, Saint Michael, Archangel Michael

Bizans Sikkelerinde Başmelek Mikhail ve Aziz Mikhail Tasvirleri

Öz

Bizans sikke ikonografisine ilk olarak 11. yüzyılın ortasında giren Başmelek Mikhail tasviri, 12. yüzyıl sonunda II. Isaakios Angelos 1185-1195 döneminde basılan sikkelerde askeri kostüm içerisindeki Aziz Mikhail tasviriyle farklı bir yorumu getirmiştir. 11. yüzyılda sivil kostüm içerisinde tasvir edilen Başmelek Mikhail, 12. yüzyılın değişen siyasal durumu sonucunda askeri kostüm içerisindeki Aziz Mikhail betimiyle sikke ikonografisine yansımıştır. İmparatorluğun 12. yüzyıl sonunda içinde bulunduğu çalkantılı siyasi sıkıntıları dönemin sanat eserlerine de yansımıştır. 12. yüzyılda Komnenos hanedanının tahta çıktığı uzun dönem boyunca askeri aristokrasi hakimdir ve askeri değerler giderek artmış, Bizans sikke ikonografisine de asker azizlerin girmesiyle etkisini göstermiştir. İmparatorun siyasi gücünün orduya ve askeri başarılarına bağlı olduğu bu dönemde, Konstantinopolis’teki soylu ailelerin yerini Anadolu’da geniş toprak mülkiyetine sahip ve kendisine ait güçlü askeri teşkilatı barındıran aileler almıştır. Komnenoslar ve Angeloslar 12. ve 13. yüzyıllarda Konstantinopolis’te hakim güce sahip ailelerdir ve yıllarca bu aile mensupları Bizans İmparatorluğunu yönetmiş, saraya hizmet etmişlerdir. Angelos hanedanının ferdi olan imparator II. Isaakios Angelos ise Aziz Mikhail tasvirini hem dönemin ihtiyaçları gereği sanatta sıklıkla kullanılan askeri unsurları vurgulamak için hem de aile soyadı ile bağdaştırdığı için tercih etmiştir. Bizans sikke ikonografisine Başmelek Mikhail tasviriyle girip daha sonra Aziz Mikhail tasviriyle devam eden figürün kullanımı imparatorluğun yıkılışına kadar tercih edilmiştir. Bizans sikkelerindeki Başmelek Mikhail ve Aziz Mikhail tasvirlerinin ayırt edilmeleri ve gelişim sürecinin değerlendirilmesi ise oldukça ilgi çekicidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bizans, sikke, ikonografi, Aziz Mikhail, Başmelek Mikhail

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