Jews And Anti-Semitism in Early Christian Literature

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 7, 225 - 279, 01.01.2017

Ulaş Töre Sivrioğlu

Öz

Despite having emerged from Judaism, Christianity had highly rigid relations with Jews and Judaism throught the early centuries. Having begun with the Jewish elite’s refusal of Jesus’ claim of being the “Messiah”, this period turned into real antagonism due to the fact that Jews and Jewish elite were accused of having played a role in the crucifixion of Jesus. Repetition of similiar conflicts in consequence of the tension between the apostles and Jewish communities in the early years of Christianity caused a rupture in relations between Christianity and Jews and developed an “anti-semitic” discourse in the early Christian literature. Although some historians allege that early Christianity was not a struggle with the Jewish people but withJudaism, and thus early Christians can not be recognised as “anti-semites”; reviewing early Christian texts en masse we can encounter some comments that overreach critising Judaism as a religion. Especially with the spread of Christianity among people who were not Jewish gentiles , it is thought that some prejudices having already existed in pagan tradition penetrated into Christian literature. Although varying depending on different eras and individuals, antisemitic statements in early Christian literature caused a negative attitude in Christian consciousness in following centuries against Jews and Christians who refused to leave Jewish customs Judaizer . It is seen that anti-semitic attitude that had been relatively mild and only verbal early on, gradually became severe in language and altered from ideological refutation to an operational stage with the evangelization of the Roman Empire. In this study, we examined the way that early Christian writers followed in developing an “anti-semitic” language and we emphasized the effects of this development on subsequent Christian and Jewish generations. In order to clarify the Jewish perception in early Christian literature, especially Canonic Bibles and Apostolic texts, certain texts fron Church Fathers’ apologies to apocryphal texts which were written before the 6thcentury were reviewed. Thus hostility towards Jews that would be experienced more violently in Medieval Europe was aimed to be illuminiated.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Judaism, Jews, Early Christianity, Anti-Semitism, AntiJudaism

Erken Hıristiyan Literatüründe Yahudiler ve Anti-Semitizm

Öz

Yahudilikten doğan bir din olmasına rağmen, erken asırları boyunca Hıristiyanlığın, Yahudiler ve Yahudilikle olan ilişkisi hayli gerilimli olmuştur. Yahudi seçkinlerinin İsa’nın Mesihlik iddiasını kabul etmemeleriyle başlayan bu süreç, Yahudilerin veya onların seçkinlerinin İsa’nın çarmıha gerilmesinde rol oynadıkları ithamları nedeniyle gerçek bir antagonizmaya dönüşmüştür. Benzer çatışmaların Hıristiyanlığın ilk tebliğ yıllarında havariler ile Yahudi toplulukları arasında yaşanan gerilimler sonucunda tekrarlanması, Hıristiyanlar ile Yahudiler arasındaki bağların kopmasına ve Erken Hıristiyan yazınında “anti-Yahudi” bir söylem oluşmasına neden olmuştur. Her ne kadar bazı Hıristiyanlık tarihi uzmanları, Erken Hıristiyanlığın Yahudilerle değil, Yahudi diniyle bir mücadele içinde olduğunu ve bu nedenle Erken Hıristiyan yazarların “anti-semitist” olarak kabul edilemeyeceklerini ileri sürmekteyseler de, Erken Hıristiyan metinlerine topluca bakıldığında, bir din olarak Yahudiliği eleştirmenin ötesine geçen yorumlarla da karşılaşabildiği görülmektedir. Özellikle Hıristiyanlığın, Yahudi kökenli olmayan halklar gentiles arasında yayılmasıyla Pagan gelenekte de hâlihazırda var olan Yahudi karşıtı bazı önyargıların Hıristiyan yazınına da sızdığı düşünülmektedir. Dönemlere veya bireylere göre farklılık taşımakla birlikte Erken Hıristiyan yazınındaki Yahudi karşıtı söylemler, sonraki asırların Hıristiyan bilincinde, Yahudiler ve Yahudi geleneklerini terk etmeyen Hıristiyanlar Judaizer aleyhine bir tavır oluşmasına sebebiyet vermiştir. Başlangıçta görece mutedil olan ve sadece söylem düzeyinde kalan anti-semitist tavrın, Roma İmparatorluğunun Hıristiyanlaşmasıyla birlikte dilinin giderek sertleştiği ve fikirsel bir reddiyeden eylemsel bir aşamaya dönüştüğü görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Erken Hıristiyan yazarların “anti-semitist” bir dil geliştirirken izledikleri yol mercek altına alınmış ve bu gelişimin sonraki Hıristiyan ve Yahudi nesillere olan etkileri üzerinde durulmuştur. Erken Hıristiyan yazınında Yahudi algısının bir bütün olarak anlaşılması için de başta kanonik İnciller ve apostolik metinler olmak üzere, Kilise Babalarının reddiyelerinden apokrif eserlere kadar 6.asır öncesinde kaleme alınmış belli başlı Hıristiyan metinleri gözden geçirilmiştir. Böylece özellikle Ortaçağ Avrupa’sında daha güçlü biçimde karşımıza çıkacak olan Yahudi aleyhtarlığının kökenlerine bir ışık tutulmak istenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yahudilik, Yahudiler, Erken Hıristiyanlık, AntiSemitizm, Anti-Yahudilik.

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