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Th e Far Side of the Bridge: Eastern Perspectives on Roman Bridge Technology

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 9, 75 - 90, 01.01.2019

Öz

Th e Roman army deployed bridges for both the movement of troops and for propaganda. Erected quickly and effi ciently, such structures demonstrated Roman technological and logistical expertise, shocking and impressing enemies at the edges of the empire. Narratives about bridge building have long emphasized the Roman perspectives about architectural production. Th is article explores the view from the far side of the bridge by considering complex Eastern attitudes toward Roman bridge engineering and technology transfer in two specifi c examples. In one the Parthians used bridge building to humiliate defeated Romans and debase their achievements. In the other the Sasanians acquired bridge technology by transferring Romans, tasking relocated captives with building bridges in distant territories

Kaynakça

  • al-Tabari 2011 al-Tabari , Th e History of Al-Tabari: Th e Sasanids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen, Translated by C.E. Bosworth. Vol. 5. SUNY Press, 1999.
  • Ash 2015 Ash, R., “Shadow-Boxing in the East. Th e Spectacle of Romano-Parthian Confl ict in Tacitus,” in War as Spectacle: Ancient and Modern Perspectives on the Display of Armed Confl ict (eds. A. Bakogianni and V. M. Hope), London, 139–56.
  • Clark 2011 Clark, A., “Vologaeses as Mirror,” Histos 5, 208–31.
  • Curzon 1890 Cuzon, G. N., “Leaves from a Diary on the Karun River II,” Fortnightly Review 185, 694–715.
  • Dandamayev 1975 Dandamayev, M., “Forced Labor in Palace Economy.” Altorientalische Forschungen 2, 71–78.
  • Daryaee 2016 Daryaee, T., “From Terror to Tactical Usage: Elephants in the ParthoSasanian Period,” in Th e Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: Adaptation and Expansion, (eds. V. S. Curtis, M. Alram, T. Daryaee, and E. Pendleton), London, 36–41.
  • Dignas 2007 Dignas, B., Engelbert Winter. Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals. Cambridge.
  • Drijvers 2012 Drijvers, J. W., “Rome and the Sassanid Empire: Confrontation and Coexistence,” A Companion to Late Antiquity, 1 edition, Malden, MA (ed. P. Rousseau), 441–51
  • Firdowsi 2016 Firdowsi, A., Shahnameh: Th e Persian Book of Kings, Translated by Dick Davis. New York.
  • Gilmartin 1973 Gilmartin, K., “Corbulo’s Campaigns in the East: An Analysis of Tacitus’ Account.” Historia: Zeitschrift Für Alte Geschichte 22.4, 583–626.
  • Goldsworthy 2007 Goldsworthy, A., “War,” Th e Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, , 1 edition., 76–121. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, (eds. P. Sabin, H. van Wees, and M. Whitby).
  • Hartung and Kuros 1987 Hartung F. and Kuros, Gh. R., “Historische Talsperren Im Iran,” in Historische Talsperren, Stuttgart (ed. G. Garbrecht), 221–74.
  • Henderson 1903 Henderson, B. W., “Controversies in Armenian Topography. II,” Th e Journal of Philology; London 28.56 ( January), 271–286.
  • Hodge 2000 Hodge, A. T., “Reservoirs and Dams,” in Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, (ed. O. Wikander), Leiden, 331–38.
  • Kennedy 1996 Kennedy, D., “Parthia and Rome: Eastern Perspectives,” in Th e Roman Army in the East, JRA Supplement 18, 67–90.
  • Kettenhofen 2019 Kettenhofen, E., “Deportations.” Encyclopaedia Iranica, online accessed February 18, 2019.
  • Kleiss 1983 Kleiss, W., “Brückenkonstruktionen in Iran.” Architectura 13, 105–12.
  • Lieu 1986 Lieu, S. N. C., “Captives, Refugees and Exiles. A Study of Cross-Frontier Civilian Movements and Contacts between Rome and Persia from Valerian to Jovian,” in Th e Defence of the Roman and Byzantine East, 2, BAR International Series 297, Oxford (eds. P. Freeman and D. L. Kennedy), 475– 508.
  • Marciak 2017 Marciak, M., Sophene, Gordyene, and Adiabene: Th ree Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West, Leiden.
  • O’Connor 1993 O’Connor, C., Roman Bridges, Cambridge.
  • Pʻawstos 1985 Pʼawstos Buzandʼs History of the Armenians, translated by R. Bedrosian, New York, 1985
  • Potts 2012 Potts, D. T., “Technological Transfer and Innovation in Ancient Eurasia,” in Th e Globalization of Knowledge in History (ed. K. Renn), Berlin, 105–24.
  • Reuther, 1938 Reuther, O., “Sasanian Architecture. A. History,” in A Survey of Persian Art, from Prehistoric Times to the Present (eds. A.U. Pope and P. Ackerman), London, 570–71.
  • Roby 2016 Roby, C., Technical Ekphrasis in Greek and Roman Science and Literature. Cambridge University Press, 2016.
  • Shahbazi 2019 Shahbazi, A., “GONDĒŠĀPUR,” Encyclopaedia Iranica, accessed March 3, 2019.
  • Smith 1976 Smith, N., History of Dams, Secaucus, NJ.
  • Speidel 2009 Speidel, M. A., Heer und Herrschaft im römischen Reich der hohen Kaiserzeit. Stuttgart.
  • Vegetius Renatus 1944 Vegetius Renatus, F., Th e Military Institutions of the Romans, translated by John Clark, Harrisburg, PA.

Th e Far Side of the Bridge: Eastern Perspectives on Roman Bridge Technology

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 9, 75 - 90, 01.01.2019

Öz

Roma ordusu köprüleri hem askeri birliklerin intikali, hem de propaganda amaçlı olarak kullanmıştır. Etkin ve hızlı kurulumları gerçekleştirilen bu yapılar Roma teknolojisinin ve lojistik becerisini yansıtmakta, imparatorluğun sınır boylarında düşmanı korkutmakta ve etkilemektedir. Köprü yapımı konusunda bilinenler, mimari yapıların oluşturulmasındaki Roma yaklaşımını da vurgulamaktadır. Bu çalışmada iki ayrı örnekten yola çıkılarak Roma köprü mühendisliği konusundaki Doğulu düşünceler incelenmekte, konu ile ilgili “öteki tarafın” bakış açısına yer verilmektedir. Bunlardan ilki, Partların yenilgiye uğramış Romalıları aşağılamak ve onların kazandıkları başarıların değerini düşürmek amacıyla köprüyü kullanmalarıdır. Diğer örnek ise Sasanilerin uzak diyarlarda köprü inşa etmek üzere Romalı esirleri görevlendirerek, köprü teknolojisini kullanmalarıdır

Kaynakça

  • al-Tabari 2011 al-Tabari , Th e History of Al-Tabari: Th e Sasanids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen, Translated by C.E. Bosworth. Vol. 5. SUNY Press, 1999.
  • Ash 2015 Ash, R., “Shadow-Boxing in the East. Th e Spectacle of Romano-Parthian Confl ict in Tacitus,” in War as Spectacle: Ancient and Modern Perspectives on the Display of Armed Confl ict (eds. A. Bakogianni and V. M. Hope), London, 139–56.
  • Clark 2011 Clark, A., “Vologaeses as Mirror,” Histos 5, 208–31.
  • Curzon 1890 Cuzon, G. N., “Leaves from a Diary on the Karun River II,” Fortnightly Review 185, 694–715.
  • Dandamayev 1975 Dandamayev, M., “Forced Labor in Palace Economy.” Altorientalische Forschungen 2, 71–78.
  • Daryaee 2016 Daryaee, T., “From Terror to Tactical Usage: Elephants in the ParthoSasanian Period,” in Th e Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: Adaptation and Expansion, (eds. V. S. Curtis, M. Alram, T. Daryaee, and E. Pendleton), London, 36–41.
  • Dignas 2007 Dignas, B., Engelbert Winter. Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals. Cambridge.
  • Drijvers 2012 Drijvers, J. W., “Rome and the Sassanid Empire: Confrontation and Coexistence,” A Companion to Late Antiquity, 1 edition, Malden, MA (ed. P. Rousseau), 441–51
  • Firdowsi 2016 Firdowsi, A., Shahnameh: Th e Persian Book of Kings, Translated by Dick Davis. New York.
  • Gilmartin 1973 Gilmartin, K., “Corbulo’s Campaigns in the East: An Analysis of Tacitus’ Account.” Historia: Zeitschrift Für Alte Geschichte 22.4, 583–626.
  • Goldsworthy 2007 Goldsworthy, A., “War,” Th e Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, , 1 edition., 76–121. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, (eds. P. Sabin, H. van Wees, and M. Whitby).
  • Hartung and Kuros 1987 Hartung F. and Kuros, Gh. R., “Historische Talsperren Im Iran,” in Historische Talsperren, Stuttgart (ed. G. Garbrecht), 221–74.
  • Henderson 1903 Henderson, B. W., “Controversies in Armenian Topography. II,” Th e Journal of Philology; London 28.56 ( January), 271–286.
  • Hodge 2000 Hodge, A. T., “Reservoirs and Dams,” in Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, (ed. O. Wikander), Leiden, 331–38.
  • Kennedy 1996 Kennedy, D., “Parthia and Rome: Eastern Perspectives,” in Th e Roman Army in the East, JRA Supplement 18, 67–90.
  • Kettenhofen 2019 Kettenhofen, E., “Deportations.” Encyclopaedia Iranica, online accessed February 18, 2019.
  • Kleiss 1983 Kleiss, W., “Brückenkonstruktionen in Iran.” Architectura 13, 105–12.
  • Lieu 1986 Lieu, S. N. C., “Captives, Refugees and Exiles. A Study of Cross-Frontier Civilian Movements and Contacts between Rome and Persia from Valerian to Jovian,” in Th e Defence of the Roman and Byzantine East, 2, BAR International Series 297, Oxford (eds. P. Freeman and D. L. Kennedy), 475– 508.
  • Marciak 2017 Marciak, M., Sophene, Gordyene, and Adiabene: Th ree Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West, Leiden.
  • O’Connor 1993 O’Connor, C., Roman Bridges, Cambridge.
  • Pʻawstos 1985 Pʼawstos Buzandʼs History of the Armenians, translated by R. Bedrosian, New York, 1985
  • Potts 2012 Potts, D. T., “Technological Transfer and Innovation in Ancient Eurasia,” in Th e Globalization of Knowledge in History (ed. K. Renn), Berlin, 105–24.
  • Reuther, 1938 Reuther, O., “Sasanian Architecture. A. History,” in A Survey of Persian Art, from Prehistoric Times to the Present (eds. A.U. Pope and P. Ackerman), London, 570–71.
  • Roby 2016 Roby, C., Technical Ekphrasis in Greek and Roman Science and Literature. Cambridge University Press, 2016.
  • Shahbazi 2019 Shahbazi, A., “GONDĒŠĀPUR,” Encyclopaedia Iranica, accessed March 3, 2019.
  • Smith 1976 Smith, N., History of Dams, Secaucus, NJ.
  • Speidel 2009 Speidel, M. A., Heer und Herrschaft im römischen Reich der hohen Kaiserzeit. Stuttgart.
  • Vegetius Renatus 1944 Vegetius Renatus, F., Th e Military Institutions of the Romans, translated by John Clark, Harrisburg, PA.
Toplam 28 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Diane Favro Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Sayı: 9

Kaynak Göster

APA Favro, D. (2019). Th e Far Side of the Bridge: Eastern Perspectives on Roman Bridge Technology. Seleucia(9), 75-90.
AMA Favro D. Th e Far Side of the Bridge: Eastern Perspectives on Roman Bridge Technology. Seleucia. Ocak 2019;(9):75-90.
Chicago Favro, Diane. “Th E Far Side of the Bridge: Eastern Perspectives on Roman Bridge Technology”. Seleucia, sy. 9 (Ocak 2019): 75-90.
EndNote Favro D (01 Ocak 2019) Th e Far Side of the Bridge: Eastern Perspectives on Roman Bridge Technology. Seleucia 9 75–90.
IEEE D. Favro, “Th e Far Side of the Bridge: Eastern Perspectives on Roman Bridge Technology”, Seleucia, sy. 9, ss. 75–90, Ocak 2019.
ISNAD Favro, Diane. “Th E Far Side of the Bridge: Eastern Perspectives on Roman Bridge Technology”. Seleucia 9 (Ocak 2019), 75-90.
JAMA Favro D. Th e Far Side of the Bridge: Eastern Perspectives on Roman Bridge Technology. Seleucia. 2019;:75–90.
MLA Favro, Diane. “Th E Far Side of the Bridge: Eastern Perspectives on Roman Bridge Technology”. Seleucia, sy. 9, 2019, ss. 75-90.
Vancouver Favro D. Th e Far Side of the Bridge: Eastern Perspectives on Roman Bridge Technology. Seleucia. 2019(9):75-90.