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An Assessment of the Hittite and Mycenaean Commercial Relations Issue through Supply and Demand Balances

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 9, 147 - 180, 01.01.2019

Öz

Th e fact that the Mycenaean pottery is almost completely absent in the Central Anatolia and Cilicia region in the Late Bronze Age is the diff erent parts of a whole that cannot be explained by a single factor. Th ese components must be including diff erent determinants such as regional power balances, the role of the cultural characteristics of diff erent regions in the supply and demand balance, the limited production and the target market. It is seen that some of the dilemmas are found especially when the Hittites are to be explained in the axis of the idea of an embargo which was prevented by the Mycenaean merchants from entering the hinterland. As the Hittite and Mycenaean kingdoms are seen to have carried out a limited number of royal gift exchange, it is also possible to assert that there were also some people who had similar roles in bringing luxurious objects into the lands of the Hittite and Mycenae. In every region where the Hittite authority was strongly felt, it can be seen that Mycenaean commercial goods were not “invisible” and that direct or indirect commercial activities continued. A distinction that we should not overlook, perhaps, is that the Mycenaean did not adopt the market that reached Central Anatolia through Cilicia and that the markets already existing for the perfumed olive oil they produced on the coasts of Greece, the Aegean Islands and Western Anatolia may be considered to be suff icient for them. In this context, the products of Mycenae, Th ebes and Pylos, which reached to the markets in the East Mediterranean, directed according to the requests of the palaces, such as ivory, as well as various exotic objects and their requirements

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Hitit ve Miken Ticari İlişkileri Sorunsalının Arz ve Talep Dengeleri Üzerinden Bir Değerlendirmesi

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 9, 147 - 180, 01.01.2019

Öz

Miken seramiğinin Geç Tunç Çağı’nda Orta Anadolu’da ve Kilikia bölgesinde yok denecek kadar az sayıda ele geçmesi tek bir etken ile açıklanamayacak bir bütünün farklı sarmallarıdır. Bu sarmalın içerisinde bölgesel güç dengeleri, farklı bölgelerin kültürel özelliklerinin arz ve talep dengesindeki şekillendirici rolü, sınırlı üretim ve hedef pazar gibi farklı etkenler yer alıyor olmalıdır. Hitit ve Miken krallıklarının sınırlı bir sayıda krali hediyeleşme içerisinde bulunduğu görülürken, bununla birlikte Hitit ve Miken topraklarına taşınan lüks objelerin getirilmesinde benzer rollere sahip kişilerin bulunduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Özellikle Hititlerin Miken tüccarların hinterlandına girişini engellediği “muhtemel bir ambargo” fikri üzerinde konu açıklanmaya çalışıldığında ise bazı açmazların bulunduğu görülmektedir. Hitit otoritesinin güçlü olarak hissedildiğiher bölgede Miken ticari mallarının “görünmez” olmadığı doğrudan ya da dolaylı ticari aktivitelerin sürdürülmekte olduğu görülebilmektedir. Gözden kaçırmamamız gereken bir ayrım ise belki de Mikenlerin Kilikia üzerinden Orta Anadolu’ya ulaşan pazarı benimsememiş olmaları ve Yunanistan, Ege Adaları ve Batı Anadolu kıyılarında üretmiş oldukları kokulu zeytinyağı için mevcut pazarların kendilerine yetecek bir kapsamda olmasından da kaynaklandığı düşünülebilmektedir. Bu bağlamda Mikenlerin Doğu Akdeniz’deki pazarlara ulaşan ürünleri Mikenai, Teb, Pylos gibi sarayların isteklerine bağlı olarak fildişi gibi çeşitli egzotik objelerin elde edilme gerekliliklerine göre yönlendirilmiş olmalıdır

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  • Wijngaarden 1999 Wijngaarden, G.J.V., “Production, Circulation and Consumption of Mycenaean Pottery (Sixteenth to Twelfth Centuries B.C.)”, Ed. J. P.
  • Crielaard, V. Stissi, and G. J. van Wijngaarden, Th e Complex Past of Pottery: Production, Circulation and Consumption of Mycenaean and Greek Pottery [Sixteenth to Early Fifth Centuries B.C., 21-47, Amsterdam.
  • Wijngaarden 2002 Wijngaarden, G.J.V., Use and Appreciation of Mycenaean Pottery in the Levant, Cyprus and Italy (1600-1200 BC), Amsterdam.
  • Wijngaarden 2005 Wijngaarden, G.J.V., “Mycenaean Heirlooms, Antiques and Souvenirs in the Levant and Cyprus”, Ed. R. Laff ineur, E. Greco, Emporia: Aegeans in the Central and EasternMediterranean: Proceedings of the 10th International Aegean Conference. Athens, Italian School of Archaeology, 14–18 April 2004, 405-414, Liege.
  • Wijngaarden 2008 Wijngaarden, G.J.V., “Th e relevance of authenticity: Mycenaean-type pottery in the Mediterranean”, Ed. P. F. Biehl, Y. Y. Rassamakin. Import and imitation in archaeology, Schriften des Zentrums für Archäologie und Kulturgeschichte des Schwarzmeerraumes, 125-145, Beier & Beran.
  • Wijngaarden 2012 Wijngaarden, G.J.V., “Trade goods reproducing merchants? Th e materiality of mediterranean Late Bronze Age exchange”, Materiality and social practice: transformative capacities of intercultural encounters, 61-72, Oxford.
  • Wilson 1969 Wilson, J.A., “Egyptian Oracles and Prophecies”, Ed. J.B. Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament with Supplement, 441- 449, Princeton.
  • Wiener 1991 Wiener, M., “Th e Nature and Control of Minoan Foreign Trade”. Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean, Papers Presented at the Conference held at Rewley House, Oxford (December 1989), Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 90, 325–350.
  • Wiener 2007 Wiener, M., “Homer and History: Old Questions, New Evidence”, EPOS: Reconsidering Greek Epic and Aegean Bronze Age”, Ed. S. Morris, R. Laff ineur, EPOS: Reconsidering Greek Epic and Aegean Bronze Age Archaeology, Proceedings of the 11th International Aegean Conference, Los Angeles, UCLA-Th e J. Paul Getty Villa (20–23 April 2006) Aegaeum 28, 3-33, Liege.
  • Van Soldt 1995 Van Soldt, W.H., “Ugarit: A Second-Millenium Kingdom on the Mediterranean Coast”. Ed. J. M. Sasson, Civilizations of the Ancient Near East II, 1255-1266, New York.
  • Yakar 2001 Yakar, J., “Th e Socio-Economie Organization of the Rural Sector in Kizzuwatna - An Archaeological Assessment”, La Cilicie : espaces et pouvoirs locaux (IIe millénaire av. J.-C. – IVe siècle ap. J.-C.). Actes de la Table Ronde d’Istanbul, 2-5 novembre 1999, 37-46, Paris.
  • Yener 2017 Yener, A.K., “Cult and Ritual at Late Bronze Age II Alalakh: Hybridity and Power Under Hittite Administration”, Ed. A. Mouton, HITTITOLOGY TODAY:Studies on Hittite and Neo-Hittite Anatolia in Honor of Emmanuel Laroche’s 100th Birthday, 215-224, İstanbul.
  • Zuckerman, Ben-Shlomo, Mountjoy, Mommsen 2010 Zuckerman, S., Ben-Shlomo, D., Mountjoy, P., Mommsen, H., “A provenance study of Mycenaean pottery from Northern Israel”, Journal of Archaeological Science 37, 409-416.
Toplam 121 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Barış Gür Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Sayı: 9

Kaynak Göster

APA Gür, B. (2019). Hitit ve Miken Ticari İlişkileri Sorunsalının Arz ve Talep Dengeleri Üzerinden Bir Değerlendirmesi. Seleucia(9), 147-180.
AMA Gür B. Hitit ve Miken Ticari İlişkileri Sorunsalının Arz ve Talep Dengeleri Üzerinden Bir Değerlendirmesi. Seleucia. Ocak 2019;(9):147-180.
Chicago Gür, Barış. “Hitit Ve Miken Ticari İlişkileri Sorunsalının Arz Ve Talep Dengeleri Üzerinden Bir Değerlendirmesi”. Seleucia, sy. 9 (Ocak 2019): 147-80.
EndNote Gür B (01 Ocak 2019) Hitit ve Miken Ticari İlişkileri Sorunsalının Arz ve Talep Dengeleri Üzerinden Bir Değerlendirmesi. Seleucia 9 147–180.
IEEE B. Gür, “Hitit ve Miken Ticari İlişkileri Sorunsalının Arz ve Talep Dengeleri Üzerinden Bir Değerlendirmesi”, Seleucia, sy. 9, ss. 147–180, Ocak 2019.
ISNAD Gür, Barış. “Hitit Ve Miken Ticari İlişkileri Sorunsalının Arz Ve Talep Dengeleri Üzerinden Bir Değerlendirmesi”. Seleucia 9 (Ocak 2019), 147-180.
JAMA Gür B. Hitit ve Miken Ticari İlişkileri Sorunsalının Arz ve Talep Dengeleri Üzerinden Bir Değerlendirmesi. Seleucia. 2019;:147–180.
MLA Gür, Barış. “Hitit Ve Miken Ticari İlişkileri Sorunsalının Arz Ve Talep Dengeleri Üzerinden Bir Değerlendirmesi”. Seleucia, sy. 9, 2019, ss. 147-80.
Vancouver Gür B. Hitit ve Miken Ticari İlişkileri Sorunsalının Arz ve Talep Dengeleri Üzerinden Bir Değerlendirmesi. Seleucia. 2019(9):147-80.