REFLECTIONS OF THE “NAKED BRICK STYLE” IN SELJUK ANATOLIA

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 2, 193 - 225, 27.12.2017

A.Ömür Bakırer

Öz

Brick was preferred as
a building material in central Anatolia  but more so in Mesopotamia and its environs
from the Neolithic period onwards, but its use both for building and for
architectural ornament was not explored until the tenth century. Although not for
certain, it is assumed that during the tenth the structural and deorative
possibilities of the material were discovered somewhere in  Turkestan, Khurasan, Ghazna or Central Iran
and the “naked brick”  or “exposed brick”
style matured. The Turks who migrated to Anatolia  during the second half of the eleventh
century transmitted this style of building to Anatolian Seljuk architecture and
employed it besides stone in a selective approach, but with a new enthusiasm
leading to endless trials and  new
creations until the early fourteenth century.

Anahtar Kelimeler

naked brick, brick bonds, brick revetments, Seljuk, architecture

Kaynakça

• Aslanapa 1972: Aslanapa, Oktay, Türk Sanatı, (Ankara: Milli Eğitim Basımevi, 1972), Vol. 1, 24-25, pls. 38-40.
• Bakırer 1980: Bakırer,Ömür, “A Study on the Use of Brickbonds in Anatolian Seljuk Architecture”, M.E.T.U. Journal of the Faculty of Architecture Volume 6, Number 2, Fall 1980, 143-181.
• Bakırer 1981: Bakırer, Ömür, Selçuklu Öncesi ve Selçuklu Dönemi Anadolu Mimarisinde Tuğla Kullanımı , 2 vols. (Ankara. Middle East Technical University,1981)
• Bakırer 1983: Bakırer, Ömür, "Geometric Aspects of Brick Bonds and Brick Revetments in Islamic Architecture", International Congress on Islamic Architecture and Urbanism, King Faisal University, Dammam, Jan.1980, Proceedings: (ed.A.Germen) Dammam: King Faisal University, pp.87-120.
• Bakırer 2002: Bakırer, Ömür, “From Brick to Stone: Continuity and Change in Anatolian Seljuk Architecture.” (eds.Oğuz,Karatay,Güzel) in The Turks, (Ankara: Yeni Türkiye Gazetesi, 2002), vol. 2, 729-36.
• Bakırer 2008: Bakırer, Ömür, “A Review of the Portal in Anatolian Seljuk Architecture: Architectural or Symbolic Preferences”,, in Anadolu ve Çevresinde Ortaçağ, (ed.Kadiroğlu) ,2, AKVAD, 53-72. Bakırer 2009: Bakırer, Ömür, “İki Selçuklu Dönemi Yapısında Roma ve Bizans Dönemlerine Ait İzler” , Ebru Parman’a Armağan, (der.A.O.Alp) Ankara, Alter Yayıncılık, 91-116.
• Bakırer 2013: Bakırer, Ömür, Anadolu Selçuklu Mimarisinde Yapı Malzemeleri, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Mimarlık Fakültesi, Cep Kitapları
• Bakırer 2016: Bakırer, Ömür,”Great Mosque and Hospital of Divriği”, Unesco, World Heritage in Turkey, Ankara, grafiker, 2016 (second edition)
• Bardill 2004: Bardill, Jonathan. Brickstamps of Constantinople, 2 vols, Oxford, New York :Oxford University Press, 2004.
• Bardill 2008: Bardill, Jonathan, “Building Materials and Techniques”, in The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies, (ed.Jeffreys with Haldon, Cormack, ), (Oxford, New York, Oxford University Press, 2008), 335-352.
• Bayburtluoğlu 1970: Bayburtluoğlu, Zafer, “Niğde-Aksaray, Selimeköyü Türbesi”, Önasya, vol.6, no.6 (1970), 14-15.
• Bell 1914: Bell, Gertrude, The Palace and Mosque at Ukhaidir . A Study of Mohammadan Architecture, Oxford, 1914.
• Brend 1975-76: Brend, Barbara, “The Patronage of Fahreddin Ali ibn-al Husain and the Work of Kaluk bin Abdallah in the Development of the Decoration of Portals in thirteenth Century Anatolia”, in Kunst des Orients , X, Heft ½, (Jahrgang 1975-76), Wiesbaden, 160-186.
• Briggs 1956-1958: Briggs, Martin S., “Building Construction” in A History of Technology, (ed.Singer, Holmyard, Hall), II, (Oxford,Clarendon Press,1956-1958),398-402.
• Blair &Bloom, 1999: Blair Sheila S. an Bloom, Jonathan M., “Art and Architecture, Thames and Variations”, Oxford History of Islam (ed.Esposito, John E.),(New York, Oxford University Press, 1999), 215-267.
• Cahen 1968: Cahen, Claude, Pre Ottoman Turkey, a general survey of the material and Spiritual Culture and history c.1071-1333, (trans.J.J.Williams), (NewYork:Taplinger Publ.Co.1968)
• Cahen 2001: Cahen, Claude, The Formation of Turkey, The Seljukid Sultanate of Rum: eleventh to fourteenth century,(trans.P.M.Holt), (Harlow, England, New York. Longman 2001)
• Cezar 1977: Cezar, Mustafa, Anadolu Öncesi Türklerde Şehir ve Mimarlık. (Istanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası, 1977).
• Creswell 1958: Creswell, K,A,C, A Short Account of Early Muslim Architecture, (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, Baltimore, Penguin Books 1958).
• Çamurcuoğlu 2015: Çamurcuoğlu, Duygu Seçil, The Wall Paintings of Çatalhöyük (Turkey): Materials, Technologies and Artists, (Thesis Submitted to University College London for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy), Institute of Archaeology University College London, September 2015.
• Eyice 1960: Eyice, Semavi, “Anadolu’da ve Rumeli’de Türk Mescid ve Camileri”, in İslam Ansiklopedisi, vol.8,(İstanbul 1960), 102. Frankfort 1951-1970: Frankfort, Henry, The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient, (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1970), 1951.
• Grabar 1966: Grabar, Oleg, “The Earliest Commemorative Structures.” in Ars Orientalis vol. 6 (1966), 7-47.
• Herzfeld 1948: Herzfeld, Ernst E., Die Ausgrabungen von Samarra, Band VI, Geschichte der Stadt Samarra, (Hamburg, Verlag von Sachardt&Messtorff ).
• Hill, Derek – Oleg, Grabar, 1964, Islamic Architecture and iys Decoration, a photographic Survey, AD800-1500. (London:Faber&Faber, 1964).
• Hillenbrand 1999: Hillenbrand, Robert, Islamic Architecture, (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999).
• Hodder 2011: Hodder, Ian, Çatalhöyük, The Leopard!s Tale, London, (Thames & Hudson, ). Hodder 2014: Hodder, Ian, (ed), Çatalhöyük Excavations. 2000-2008 seasons, (London, British Institute in Ankara; Los Angeles, CA,Costen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA, 2014).
• Kemali 1932: Kemali Ali A., Erzincan Tarihi, (İstanbul 1932).
• Konyalı 1964: Konyalı, İbrahim Hakkı, Abideleri ve Kitabeleri ile Konya Tarihi, (Konya 1964).
• Krautheimer 1965: Krautheimer, Richard, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, Baltimorte, Penguin Books.
• Kuban 1973: Kuban, Doğan, Mimarlık Kavramları, (İstanbul, 1973)
• Kuran 1969: Kuran, Aptullah, Anadolu Medreseleri, vol. I, (Ankara: Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, 1969),
• Mac Donald William Lloyd: 1986, The Architecture of the Roman Empire (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965), vol. 2.
• Mainstone Rowland,J. 1988, Hagia Sophia, Architecture, Structure and Liturgy of Justinian’s Great Church, New York, Thames and Hudson, 1988.
• Mellaart 1967: Mellaart James, Çatalhöyük: a Neolithic town in Anatolia, (London, Thames&Hudson, 1967).
• Mellaart 1970: Mellaart, James, Excavations at Hacılar, (Edinburgh, Edinburg University Press, 1970).
• Northedge 1990: Northedge, Alistair, “Creswell, Herzfeld and Samarra”, Muqarnas, 8, (1990) 74-93.
• Özgüç Tahsin - Mahmut, Akok, 1954, “Melik Gazi Türbesi ve Kalesi”, Belleten, vol.XVII, No.71 (1954), 331-336.
• Özgüç 1962: Özgüç, Tahsin, “Mengüceklere ait bir Türbe”, I.Milletlerarası Türk Sanatları Kongresi, Ankara 1959, (Communicatons, 1962), 325-327.
• Pope, Arthur Upham and Phillis Ackerman (eds.) 1938, A Survey of Persian Art, (London, New York, Oxford University Press, 1938) vol. 3.
• Pope 1965: Pope, Arthur Upham, Persian Architecture, (New York, Braziller, 1965).
• Redford 2011: Redford, Scott, “City Building in Seljuk Rum”, in The Seljuks, (ed.Lange,Mecit), (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University .Press, 2011), 256-276.
• Rempel 1936: Rempel, L.I., “The Mausoleum of Ismail the Samanid.” Bulletin of the American Institute for Persian Art and Archaeology no.5, 4 (1936), 199-205.
• Sakaoğlu 2005- 2016: Sakaoğlu, Necdet, Türk Anadolu'da Mengücekoğulları, İstanbul, Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
• Sarre, Fredrik - Ernst Herzfeld 1911- 1920, Archäeologische Reise im Euphrat und Tigris Gebiet, Berlin : D. Reimer, 1911-1920.
• Schmandt-Bessarat 1977, “The Beginnings for the use of Clay in Turkey”, in Anatolian Studies, vol. XXVII, (1977),133-150.
• Seherr-Thoss Sonia P./ Hans C. Seherr-Thoss 1968, Design and Color in Islamic Architecture. (Woniaashington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1968).
• Stronack, David - T.Cuyler Young Jr. 1966, “Three Seljuk Tomb Towers.” Iran 4 (1966), 1 20. The Turks 2002. (eds., Oğuz, Karatay, Güzel) in 4 vols.,for the Middle Ages, vol.2 (Ankara, Yeni Türkiye Gazetesi, 2002).
• Waelkans 1987: Waelkans, Marc. “The Adoption of Roman Building Tecniques in the Architecture of Asia Minor”, in Roman Architecture and Greek World,(eds. S.Macready, F.H.Thompson), London: Society of Antiquaries of, 1987), 94-105.
• Yazar 2007: Yazar, Turgay, Nahçivan’da Türk Mimarisi, (Ankara, Atatürk Kültür Merkezi,TTK, 2007).