Askerî Devrim Bağlamında Batı Savaş Lojistiğinin Tarihsel Gelişimi

Öz

Avrupa tarih yazıcılığında Askerî Devrim, Batı ordu sistemi ve savaş yöntemlerinde ateşli silahlara dayalı değişimlerin meydana gelmesi ve bu değişikliklere bağlı olarak farklı taktiklerin devreye sokulması olarak ifade edilmektedir. 16. yüzyıldan itibaren kolonyal kaynaklarla da beslenen Askeri Devrim, batılıların özellikle doğulu hasımları karşısındaki askerî üstünlüğünün önemli bir göstergesi olduğu kadar Avrupa’nın modernleşme odaklı küresel hegemonyası olarak da yorumlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Batı sefer lojistiğinin tarihsel gelişimi, Askerî Devrim çerçevesinde ele alınmıştır. Literatürde kabul gören tarihsel tasnifler temel alınarak her bir gelişim süreci kendi bütünselliği içerisinde incelenmiştir. Çalışma öncüllerinden farklı olarak Rus sefer lojistiğindeki gelişmeleri de Batı ile olan etkileşimi çerçevesinde ele almaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın amacı Askerî Devrim’in Batı sefer lojistiği üzerindeki etkilerinin irdelenmesidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Askeri Devrim,Savaş Lojistiği,Rusya,Batı Savaş Sanatı,Malî Merkezileşme

The Historical Development of Western Warfare in the Concept of Military Revolution

Öz

Military revolution can be defined as changes based on firearms in western military system and war methods and different tactics which enabled through these changes, in the European historiography. The military revolution that supplied with colonial sources till 16th century, is especially an indicator of western military superiority against eastern opponents as well as it can be interpreted as the fundamentals of modernization oriented western global hegemony. In this study, the historical development of western warfare is dealed within the frame of fiscal centralization. Each development process is analyzed in its entirety based on historical classification accepted in the literature. Unlike its premises this study the developments in the Russian war logistics is dealed within the concept of interaction

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Military Revolution, Military Logistics, Russia, Western Warfare, Fiscal Centralization

Kaynakça

1. Agoston, Gabor (2003), “Avrupa’da Osmanlı Savaşları”, Top, Tüfek ve Süngü: Yeniçağ’da Savaş Sanatı, Editör: Jeremy Black, Çeviri: Yavuz Alogan, Kitap Yayınevi, İstanbul.
2. Agoston, Gabor (2011a), “Military Transformation in the Ottoman Empire and Russia, 1500 – 1800”, Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, Cilt: 12, Sayı: 2.
3. Agoston, Gabor (2011b), “The Ottoman Empire and the Technological Dialogue Between Europe and Asia: The Case of Military Technology and Know – How in the Gunpowder Age, Science between Europe and Asia”, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Cilt: 275.
4. Agoston, Gabor (2012), Osmanlı’da Strateji ve Askeri Güç, Timaş Yayınları, Şubat.
5. Aksan, Virginia (1998), “Ottoman War and Warfare 1453 – 1812”, War in the Early Modern World, Editör: Jeremy Black, UCL Press, Routledge.
6. Aksan, Virginia (2010), Kuşatılmış Bir İmparatorluk Osmanlı Harpleri, 1700 – 1870, Çeviren: Gül Çağalı Güven, İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
7. Archer, Christian I. ve diğerleri (2006), Dünya Savaş Tarihi, Çeviri: Cem Demirkan, Tümzamanlar Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
8. Aydüz, Salim (2006), 15. ve 16. Yüzyıllarda Tophane-i Amire ve Top Döküm Teknolojisi, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 7. Dizi, Sayı: 215, Ankara.

9. Bean, Richard (1973), “War and the Birth of the Nation State”, The Journal of Economic History, Cilt: 33, Sayı: 1, Mart.
10. Black, Jeremy (2006a), A Military History of Britain: From 1775 to the Present, Greenwood Publishing Group.
11. Black, Jeremy (2006b), Warfare in the Eighteenth Century, Smithsonian Books.
12. Börekçi, Günhan (2006), “A Contribution to the Military Revolution Debate, The Janissaries’ Use of Volley Fire During the Lond Ottoman – Habsburg War of 1593 – 1606 and the Problem of Origins”, Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Cilt: 4, Sayı: 59.
13. Braudel, Fernand (1994), Maddi Uygarlık Dünya’nın Zamanı, 3. Cilt, Çeviri: Mehmet Ali Kılıçbay, İmge Kitabevi Yayınları, Ankara.
14. Brewer, John (1990), The Sinews of Power, War, Money and the English State, 1688 – 1783, Harvard University Press.
15. Bruce Robert B. ve diğerleri (2011), Dünya Savaş Tarihi, İmparatorluk Çağı 1776 – 1914, Timaş Yayınları, Mayıs.
16. Carruthers, Bruce G (1996), City of Capital, Politics and Markets in the English Financial Revolution, Princeton University Press.
17. Chandler, David G (1981), “War and the Past: The Logistics of Military History”, History Today, Cilt: 31, Sayı: 2, Şubat.
18. Childs, John (2001), Warfare in the Seventeenth Century, Smithsonian Books, Aralık.
19. Davies, Brian L (2007), Warfare, State and Society on the Black Steppe, 1500 – 1700, Taylor & Francis.
20. De Jomini, Antoine Henri (2008), The Art of War, Çeviren: G. H. Mendell ve W. P. Craighill, Restored Edition, Legacy Books Press Classics.
21. Dixon, Simon (1999), The Modernisation of Russia, 1676 – 1825, Cambridge University Press.
22. Duffy, Christopher (1981a), Russia’s Military Way to the West, Origins and Nature of Russian Military Power 1700 – 1800, Routledge & Kegan Paul.
23. Duffy, Michael (1980b), The Military Revolution and the State, 1500 – 1800, University of Exeter Press.
24. Emecen, Feridun (2010), Osmanlı Klasik Çağında Savaş, Timaş Yayınları, Mart.
25. Frazelle, Edward (2002), Supply Chain Strategy: The Logistics of Supply Chain Management, McGraw Hill.
26. Greenhous, Brereton (1970). “A Note on Western Logistics in War of 1812”, Military Affairs, Sayı: 34, Nisan.
27. Hazenkampf, Colonel M (1878), “The Supply of an Army in Time of War”, The Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, Cilt: 21, Sayı: 92.
28. Hippler, Thomas (2008), Citizens, Soldiers and National Armies, Military Service in France and Germany 1789 – 1830, Routledge.
29. James, Raymond (2007), Henry VIII’s Military Revolution: The Armies of Sixteenth Century Britain and Europe, I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd., International Library of Historical Studies.
30. Jones, Archer (2001), The Art of War in the Western World, University of Illinois Press.
31. Jörgensen, Christer ve diğerleri (2011), Dünya Savaş Tarihi, Erken Modern Çağ (1500 – 1763), 2. Cilt, Timaş Yayınları, Mart.
32. Kaçar, Mustafa (1995), “Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Askeri Sahada Yenileşme Döneminin Başlangıcı”, Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
33. Karaman, Kıvanç ve Şevket Pamuk (2010), “Ottoman State Finances in European Perspective, 1500 – 1914”, The Journal of Economic History, Cilt: 70, Sayı: 3, Eylül.
34. Keep, John L. H. (1980), “The Russian Army’s Response to the French Revolution”, Periodical Archive Online, Ocak.
35. Kingra, Mahinder S. (1993), “The Trace Italianne and the Military Revolution During the Eighty Years War”, The Journal of Military History, Sayı: 57, Temmuz.
36. Kök, Recep ve diğerleri (2012), “Tedarik Zinciri Yönetiminin İşletme Performansı Üzerine Etkisi: Konya Sanayisinde Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz”, Ulusal Lojistik ve Tedarik Zinciri Kongresi, 10 – 12 Mayıs 2012, Konya.
37. Krause, Keith (1995), Arms and the State Patterns of Military Production and Trade, Cambridge Studies in International Relations, Ağustos.
38. Kress, Moshe (2002), Operational Logistics: The Art and Science of Sustaining Military Operations, Springer Science.
39. Le Donne, John P (1991), Absolutism and Ruling Class: The Formation of the Russian Political Order, 1700 – 1825, Oxford University Press.
40. Miakinkov, Eugene (2009), A Russian Way of War? Westernization of Russian Military Thought, 1757 – 1800, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
41. Millett, John D (1945), “Logistics and Modern War”, Periodical Archive Online, Ocak.
42. Parker, Geoffrey (1976), “1560 – 1660 a Myth?”, The Journal of Modern History, Cilt: 48, Sayı: 2, Haziran.
43. Parker, Geoffrey (2004), The Army of Flanders and the Spaish Road, 1567 – 1659, The Logistics of Spanish Victory ad Defeat in the Low Countries’ Wars, Cambridge University Press.
44. Periodicals Archive Online (1899), “Feeding an Army”, Mac Millan’s Magazine, Kasım.
45. Pintner, Walter M (1984), “The Burden of Defense in Imperial Russia, 1725 – 1914”, Russian Review, Cilt: 43, Sayı: 3, Temmuz.
46. Roberts, Michael (1967), The Military Revolution, 1560-1660, Londra, Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
47. Rogers, Clifford J (1995), “The Military Revolutions of the Hundred Years War”, Editör: Clifford J. Rogers, The Military Revolution Debate: Readings in the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe, Boulder, CO: Westview.
48. Roseveare, Henry (1991), The Financial Revolution, 1660 – 1760, New York.
49. Salzmann, Ariel C (1995), Measures of Empire: Tax Farmers and the Ottoman Ancien Regime, 1695 – 1807, UMI. Dissertation Services.
50. Scott, Beth F. ve diğerleri (Editör) (2000), The Logistics of War: A Historical Perspective, Air Force Logistics Management Agency, Ocak.
51. Stone, David (2006), A Military History of Russia, Greenwood Publishing Group.
52. Şirokrad, A. B. (2009), Rusların Gözünden 240 Yıl Kıran Kırana Osmanlı – Rus Savaşları, Kırım, Balkanlar, 93 Harbi ve Sarıkamış, Çeviren: Nergize Turaeva, Selenge, Tarih Dizisi, İstanbul.
53. Thompson William R. ve Karen Rasler (1999), “War, The Military Revolution(s) Controversy And Army Expansion”, Comparative Political Studies, Cilt: 32, Sayı: 1, Şubat.
54. Tilly, Charles (1985), “War Making and State Making as Organized Crime”, Editörler: Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer ve Theda Skocpol, Bringing The State Back, Cambridge University Press.
55. Tilly, Charles (1990), Coercion, Capital and European States, AD 990 – 1992, Cambridge MA ve Oxford UK, Blackwell.
56. Van Creveld, Martin (1980), Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton, Cambridge University Press.
57. Von Clausewitz, Carl (1986), Harp Üzerine, Çeviren: H. Fahri Çeliker, Cilt: 2, Genelkurmay Basımevi, Ankara.
58. Waddel, Steven R (2010), United State Army Logistics: From the American Revolution to 9/11, Greenwood Publishing Group.
59. Wilson, Peter (1999), “Economic Warfare, 1450 – 1815”, War in the Early Modern World, 1450 – 1845, Editör: Jeremy Black, Routledge, Londra.
60. Wise, Terence (1975), “Medieval European Armies”, Men – At – Arms Series, No: 50, Osprey Military, Nisan.
61. Zürcher, Erik (Editör) (1999), Arming The State: Military Conscription in the Middle East and Central Asia: 1775 – 1925, I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd.