BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

OECD Ülkelerinde Gelir Dağılımının Gelir Eşitsizliği İndeksleri ile Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 4, 153 - 170, 01.10.2016

Öz

Gelir eşitsizliği, kaynakların toplum içerisinde bireyler açısından ne şekilde dağılım gösterdiğini ölçen bir göstergedir. Bu nedenle yüksek gelir eşitsizliği toplumda bireyler tarafından arzu edilmemektedir. Bazı insanlar da, gelir eşitsizliğinin ülkenin ekonomik gelişimi açısından olumsuz olacağını düşünmektedir. OECD Raporu, 2015 . Şili, Meksika ve Türkiye en yüksek gelir eşitsizliğine sahip ülkelerdir. Dili İngilizce olan OECD ülkelerinde gelir eşitsizliği, ya OECD ortalama seyrindedir ya da üzerindedir. Bu noktadan hareketle, çalışmanın amacı, OECD ülkelerinde gelir eşitsizliğini analiz etmektir. Bu amaçla, çalışmada gelir eşitsizliğine dair indeksler kullanılmıştır. Bu indeksler; GINI katsayısı, GNI Toplam Milli Gelir , Atkinson İndeksi ve Desil Oranıdır. Çalışmada mekânsal ekonometrik teknikler kullanılmıştır. Çıktılar, GeoDa 1.8.8 paket programı ile elde edilmiştir. Analizden elde edilen sonuçlara göre, Türkiye, Şili ve Meksika’da indeksler en yüksek değerlere sahiptir. Yani OECD ülkeleri arasında en yüksek gelir eşitsizliğine sahip ülkeler bunlardır. Çalışmada, 2015 yılına ait veriler kullanılmış olup, bulgular GeoDa 1.8.8 paket programı yardımıyla elde edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Annoni, Paola and Kozovska, Kornelia (2010), “EU Regional Competitiveness Index 2010”, JRC Scientific and Technical Reports, European Commission Joint Research Centre.
  • Anselin, Luc (1988), Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models, Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer.
  • Anselin, Luc (1995), “Local Indicators of Spatial Association-LISA”, Geographical Analysis, Vol. 27, Iss. 2, p. 93-115.
  • Atkinson, A.B. (1975), The Economics of Inequality, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Berg, Andrew G. & Ostry, Jonathan D. (2011), “Inequality and Unsustainable Growth: Two Sides of the Same Coin ”, IMF Staff Discussion Note, SDN/11/08.
  • Corak, Miles (2013). “Income Inequality, Equality of Opportunity, and IntergenerationaL Mobility”, Discussion Paper No. 7520.
  • Cowell, Frank (1998), “Measurement of Inequality”, Discussion Paper No. DARP/36.
  • Dacey, Michael F. (1965), A Review Measures of Contiguity for Two and k- color Maps, Northwestern University.
  • Gastwirth, Joseph L. (1972). “The Estimation of the Lorenz Curve and Gini Index”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 54(3), pp. 306- 316.
  • Geary, R. C. (1954), “The Contiguity Ratio and Statistical Mapping”, The Incorporated Statistician, Vol.5, pp. 115-145.
  • Gold R., Kawachi I., Kennedy B.P. et al. (2001), “Ecological Analysis of Teen Birth Rates: Association with Community Income and Income Inequality”, Matern Child Health, Vol. 51, Iss. 61, p. 161- 167.
  • ILO, IMF, OECD & The World Bank Report (2015), “Income Inequality and Labour Income Share in G20 Countries: Trends, Impacts and Causes”.
  • Krishna Iyer, P. V. A. (1949), “The First and Second Moments of Some Probability Distributions Arising from Points on a Lattice and Their Applications”, Biometrika, Vol. 36, p. 135-141.
  • Krueger, Dirk & Perri, Fabrizio (2005). “Does Income Inequality Lead to Consumption Inequality Evidence and Theory”
  • Kusnic, Michael W. & Davanzo, Julie (1980), “Income Inequality and the Definition of Income: The Case of Malaysia”, Agency for International Development, R-2416-AID.
  • LeSage, James P. (1997), “Regression Analysis of Spatial Data”, The Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy, Vol. 27, Iss. 2, p. 83-94.
  • Lorenzo, Giovanni Bellù & Paolo Lİberati (2005), “Charting Income Inequality the Lorenz Curve”, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO.
  • Maio, Fernando G De (2007). “Income Inequality Measures”, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, Vol. 61, Iss. 10, p. 849-852.
  • Moran, PAP (1948). “The Interpretation of Statistical Maps”, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B 37, p. 243-251.
  • Moser, Mathias & Schnetzer, Matthias (2014). “The Geography of Average Income and Inequality: Spatial Evidence from Austria”, Department of Economics, Working Paper No.191. OECD, Income Inequality, https://data.oecd.org/inequality/income- inequality.htm#indicator-chart, 02.09.2016.
  • OECD, Poverty, https://data.oecd.org/inequality/poverty-gap.htm#indicator- chart Erişim: 02.09.2016.
  • OECD (2015), “Growth and Income Inequality: Trends and Policy Implications”, OECD Economic Department, Policy Note No. 26.
  • Ostry, Jonathan, Berg, Andrew & Tsangarides, Charalambos (2014), “Redistribution, Inequality and Sustainable Growth: Reconsidering the Evidence”, http://voxeu.org/article/redistribution-inequality- and-sustainable-growth, Erişim: 02.09.2016.
  • Pede, Valerien O., Sparks, Adam H. and McKinley, Justin D. (2012). “Regional Income Inequality and Economic Growth: A Spatial Econometrics Analysis for Provinces in the Philippines”, Australian Agricultural & Resource Economics Society Annual Conference, Fremantle, Western Australia.
  • Robinson, Arthur H. (1956), “The Necessity of Weighting Values in Correlation Analysis of Areal Data”, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 43, p. 226-249.
  • Rowlingson, Karen (2011). “Does Income Inequality Cause Health and Social Problems ”, www.jrf.org.uk Erişim: 07.09.2016
  • Thomas, Edwin Neal (1960). “Maps of Residuals from Regression: Their Characteristics and Uses in Geographic Research”, State University of Iowa, Department of Geography, Report, 2.
  • World Bank (2015). http://www.worldbank.org/depweb/beyond/beyondco/beg_05.pdf Erişim: 01.09.2016.
  • OECD Report (2015). http://www.oecd.org/berlin/47570121.pdf Erişim: 01.09.2016.
  • OECD, https://data.oecd.org/inequality/poverty-gap.htm#indicator-chart OECD
  • https://data.oecd.org/inequality/incomeinequality.htm#indicator- chart

Evaluation of Income Distribution in OECD Countries with Income Inequality Indexes

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 4, 153 - 170, 01.10.2016

Öz

Income inequality is an indicator of how material resources are distributed across society. Some people consider high levels of income inequality are morally undesirable. Others focus on income inequality as bad for economic progress of country OECD Report; 2015 . Chile, Mexcio and Turkey had the highest income inequality. OECD Anglophone countries had levels of inequality around or above the OECD average. From this point of view, this study aims to analyze the income inequality for OECD countries. For this aim, we use some indexes to analyze inequality. These indexes are GINI Index, GNI, Atkinson Index and Decile Ratio. We use spatial econometric techniques to evaluate the differences in terms of inequality for OECD countries. Results are obtained from GeoDA 1.8.8 Software

Kaynakça

  • Annoni, Paola and Kozovska, Kornelia (2010), “EU Regional Competitiveness Index 2010”, JRC Scientific and Technical Reports, European Commission Joint Research Centre.
  • Anselin, Luc (1988), Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models, Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer.
  • Anselin, Luc (1995), “Local Indicators of Spatial Association-LISA”, Geographical Analysis, Vol. 27, Iss. 2, p. 93-115.
  • Atkinson, A.B. (1975), The Economics of Inequality, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Berg, Andrew G. & Ostry, Jonathan D. (2011), “Inequality and Unsustainable Growth: Two Sides of the Same Coin ”, IMF Staff Discussion Note, SDN/11/08.
  • Corak, Miles (2013). “Income Inequality, Equality of Opportunity, and IntergenerationaL Mobility”, Discussion Paper No. 7520.
  • Cowell, Frank (1998), “Measurement of Inequality”, Discussion Paper No. DARP/36.
  • Dacey, Michael F. (1965), A Review Measures of Contiguity for Two and k- color Maps, Northwestern University.
  • Gastwirth, Joseph L. (1972). “The Estimation of the Lorenz Curve and Gini Index”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 54(3), pp. 306- 316.
  • Geary, R. C. (1954), “The Contiguity Ratio and Statistical Mapping”, The Incorporated Statistician, Vol.5, pp. 115-145.
  • Gold R., Kawachi I., Kennedy B.P. et al. (2001), “Ecological Analysis of Teen Birth Rates: Association with Community Income and Income Inequality”, Matern Child Health, Vol. 51, Iss. 61, p. 161- 167.
  • ILO, IMF, OECD & The World Bank Report (2015), “Income Inequality and Labour Income Share in G20 Countries: Trends, Impacts and Causes”.
  • Krishna Iyer, P. V. A. (1949), “The First and Second Moments of Some Probability Distributions Arising from Points on a Lattice and Their Applications”, Biometrika, Vol. 36, p. 135-141.
  • Krueger, Dirk & Perri, Fabrizio (2005). “Does Income Inequality Lead to Consumption Inequality Evidence and Theory”
  • Kusnic, Michael W. & Davanzo, Julie (1980), “Income Inequality and the Definition of Income: The Case of Malaysia”, Agency for International Development, R-2416-AID.
  • LeSage, James P. (1997), “Regression Analysis of Spatial Data”, The Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy, Vol. 27, Iss. 2, p. 83-94.
  • Lorenzo, Giovanni Bellù & Paolo Lİberati (2005), “Charting Income Inequality the Lorenz Curve”, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO.
  • Maio, Fernando G De (2007). “Income Inequality Measures”, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, Vol. 61, Iss. 10, p. 849-852.
  • Moran, PAP (1948). “The Interpretation of Statistical Maps”, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B 37, p. 243-251.
  • Moser, Mathias & Schnetzer, Matthias (2014). “The Geography of Average Income and Inequality: Spatial Evidence from Austria”, Department of Economics, Working Paper No.191. OECD, Income Inequality, https://data.oecd.org/inequality/income- inequality.htm#indicator-chart, 02.09.2016.
  • OECD, Poverty, https://data.oecd.org/inequality/poverty-gap.htm#indicator- chart Erişim: 02.09.2016.
  • OECD (2015), “Growth and Income Inequality: Trends and Policy Implications”, OECD Economic Department, Policy Note No. 26.
  • Ostry, Jonathan, Berg, Andrew & Tsangarides, Charalambos (2014), “Redistribution, Inequality and Sustainable Growth: Reconsidering the Evidence”, http://voxeu.org/article/redistribution-inequality- and-sustainable-growth, Erişim: 02.09.2016.
  • Pede, Valerien O., Sparks, Adam H. and McKinley, Justin D. (2012). “Regional Income Inequality and Economic Growth: A Spatial Econometrics Analysis for Provinces in the Philippines”, Australian Agricultural & Resource Economics Society Annual Conference, Fremantle, Western Australia.
  • Robinson, Arthur H. (1956), “The Necessity of Weighting Values in Correlation Analysis of Areal Data”, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 43, p. 226-249.
  • Rowlingson, Karen (2011). “Does Income Inequality Cause Health and Social Problems ”, www.jrf.org.uk Erişim: 07.09.2016
  • Thomas, Edwin Neal (1960). “Maps of Residuals from Regression: Their Characteristics and Uses in Geographic Research”, State University of Iowa, Department of Geography, Report, 2.
  • World Bank (2015). http://www.worldbank.org/depweb/beyond/beyondco/beg_05.pdf Erişim: 01.09.2016.
  • OECD Report (2015). http://www.oecd.org/berlin/47570121.pdf Erişim: 01.09.2016.
  • OECD, https://data.oecd.org/inequality/poverty-gap.htm#indicator-chart OECD
  • https://data.oecd.org/inequality/incomeinequality.htm#indicator- chart
Toplam 31 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Işın Çetin Bu kişi benim

Dilek Murat Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ekim 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Çetin, Işın - Murat, Dilek. “Evaluation of Income Distribution in OECD Countries With Income Inequality Indexes”. Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi 4/4 (Ekim 2016), 153-170.