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AB Üyeliği Eski Doğu Blok’u Ülkelerinin Dış Ticaret Yapılarını Nasıl Dönüştürdü? Bulgaristan Örneği

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 3, 25 - 48, 01.07.2013

Öz

Bu çalışma, Avrupa Birliği’ne 2007 yılında Romanya ile birlikte dahil olan Bulgaristan’ın dış ticaret yapısındaki dönüşümünü incelemektedir. Sovyetler Birliği’nin çöküşü ile Avrupa’da çözülen sosyalist sistemler serbest pazar ekonomisini sırayla benimsemeye başladılar. Bu bağlamda, makalede Bulgaristan’ın sosyalist dönemden bu yana dış ticaret performansı ülkeler ve ürünler bazında ele alınmıştır. Uluslararası ticarette dönüşen Bulgar ekonomisine paralel olarak değişen aktörler üzerinde durularak ülkenin dış ticaret rakamları doğrultusunda Avrupa Birliği ile bütünleşip bütünleşmediği makalede anlatılmaktadır. Bulgaristan sosyalist sistemden kalan teknolojik yoğunluğu az olan ürünleri ihraç ederken dış ticarette öne çıkan iki ülkenin Rusya ve Almanya olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bulgaristan henüz dış ticaretindeki ham madde yoğunluğundan kurtulabilmiş değildir.

Kaynakça

  • Breuss, F. (2009), “An Evaluation of the EU’s Fifth Enlargement With Special Focus on Bulgaria and Romania”, Economic Papers, No: 361.
  • Deik, (Dış Ekonomik İlişkiler Kurulu), (2011), Bulgaristan Ülke Bülteni.
  • Drezov, K. (2013), “Hard Bargaining Amongst Friends: An Overview of Contemporary Russian-Bulgarian Relations”, Russian Analytical Digest, No.125, p. 11-14.
  • Gentimir, I. ve Sebastian Enea, (2012), “The Economic and Political Relations Between Bulgaria and Germany. A Short Historical Perspective”, Center for European Studies Working Papers, No:1, p.44-59.
  • Georgieva, E. (2012), “ The Economies of the BELL Countries (Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) After Their EU Accession”, Review of European Studies, Vol.4, No:5, p.191-202.
  • Gulde, A. ve Marie Gulde, (1999), “The Role of Currency Board in Bulgaria’s Stabilization”, Finance &Development, Volume: 36, Number: 3.
  • Güngör, B. ve Serdar Kurt (2010), “Dışa Açıklık ve Kalkınma İlişkisi (1968-2003): Türkiye Örneği”, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt: 21, Sayı: 2, s. 197-210.
  • Leonard, M. ve Nicu Popescu, (2007), A Power Audit of EU-Russia Relations, Policy Papers, European Council on Foreign Relations.
  • Moody’s, (2008), Sovereign Default and Recovery Rates, 1983-2007.
  • Nenovsky, N. ve Camelia Turcu, (2012), “Europe and The Balkans: Economic Integration, Challenges and Solutions”, East-West Journal of Economics and Busines, Volume:15 -2012, No: 1-2, p.11-15.
  • Szemler, T. (2009), “Friends Will Be Friends? Bulgaria, Russia and The Eastern ENP Partners”, East European Studies, Volume:1, p.132-164.
  • Şener, S. ve Ekaterina Kuznetsova, (2012), Rusya’nın Dünya Ticaret Örgütü’ne Katılımı, KPMG Gündem.
  • Tezcan, E. (2004), “Avrupa Birliği’ne Katılma Yolunda Bulgaristan, Romanya ve Türkiye: Komisyonun 2003 İlerleme Raporları Işığında Bir Karşılaştırma”, Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, Cilt:3, Sayı:2, s. 95-109.
  • Yapraklı, S., (2007), “Ticari ve Finansal Dışa Açıklık ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama”, İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Ekonometri ve İstatistik Dergisi, Sayı:5.
  • Yorgova, N., (2011), “Impacts of and Experience With EU Membership of the Countries of Central, Eastern, South – Eastern Europe. Country Study on Bulgaria.”, Eastern Journal of European Studies, Vol.2, Issue.2, p.169-188.
  • Zhelev, P. ve Tzvetomir Tzanov (2012), “Bulgaria’s Export Competitiveness Before and After EU Accession”, East-West Journal of Economics and Business, Volume: 15-2012, No:1-2, p. 107-128.
  • Velichkova, B., (2011), Bulgaria’s Accession in the Context of the European Union Enlargement, Master of Science in European Studies, University of Twente and University of Münster, Netherlands and Germany.
  • Taylan, T., (2011), Bulgaristan Ülke Raporu, İGEME (İhracatı Geliştirme Etüt Merkezi), Ankara.
  • Timabülten, (Türkiye İhracatçılar Meclisi), (2012), AB ülkelerinde ve Türkiye’de Son On Yılda Kamu Borçlarının GSYİH’ya Oranı.
  • Bulgaria National Bank, (2012a), http://www.bnb.bg/Statistics/StExternalSector/StDirectInvestments/StDIBul garia/index.htm, 09.01.2013.
  • Bulgaria National Bank, (2013a), http://www.bnb.bg/Statistics/StExternalSector/StDirectInvestments/StDIBul garia/index.htm, 07.08.2013
  • Bulgaria National Bank, (2013b), http://www.bnb.bg/Statistics/index.htm, 05.02.2013
  • Bulgarian Small and Medium Enterprises Promotion Agency, (2013), http://www.sme.government.bg/en/, 28.01.2013.
  • Bulgaria Statistical Institute, (2013), http://www.nsi.bg/indexen.php, 24.01.2013.
  • Cendrowicz, L., (2009), Could the E.U. Lose Bulgaria to Russia, http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1912192,00.html, 20.02.2013.
  • CIA, (Central Intelligence Agency), (2013), https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2186 rank.html, 09.02.2013.
  • Daborowski, T., (2012), New Opening in Energy Relations Between Bulgaria and Russia, Centre For Eastern Studies, http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/eastweek/2012-04-04/new-opening-en ergy-relations-between-bulgaria-and-russia, 08.01.2013.
  • DPT,(Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı), (1998), Rusya Krizi ve Türkiye Üzerine Muhtemel Etkileri, Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı Yıllık Programlar ve Koordinasyon Genel Müdürlüğü, http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/dunya/rusya.pdf, 07.01.2013.
  • Eurostat, GDP and Main Components- Current Prices, (2013), http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=nama_gdp_c&lang =en, 06.06.2013.
  • Investnet, The Bulgarian Investment and Business Network, (2013), http://www.investnet.bg/AboutUs.aspx, 20.02.2013.
  • Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty, (2012), Clinton Urges Bulgaria To Break Energy Dependence On Russia, http://www.rferl.org/content/clinton_bulgaria_energy_int/24474178.html, 03.01.2013.
  • Sgro, P., (2009), International Economics, Finance and Trade, http://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C13/E1-23.pdf, 14.01.2013.
  • The Sofia Globe, (2013), Among EU countries, children in Bulgaria most at risk of poverty and social exclusion, http://sofiaglobe.com/2013/02/26/among-eu-countries-children-in-bulgariamost-at-risk-of-poverty-and-social-exclusion-eurostat/, 03.03.2013.
  • Transparency International, (2012), Corruption Perception Index 2012, http://www.transparency.org/cpi2012/results, 01.02.2013.
  • Vassilev, R., (2011), The Tragic Failure of “Post-Communism” in Eastern Europe, http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-tragic-failure-of-post-communism-in-easte rn-europe/23616, 18.01.2013.
  • Vrabevski, M., (2002), Clinical Trials in Bulgaria, http://www.touchbriefings.com/pdf/17/pt031_t_comac1.pdf, 15.02.2013.
  • World Bank, (2013), Data World Bank, http://data.worldbank.org/, 06.02.2013.

How Membership to EU Transforms Foreign Trade of Former East Bloc Countries? Bulgaria Example

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 3, 25 - 48, 01.07.2013

Öz

The purpose of this article is to manifest the transformation of foreign trade of Bulgaria. Especially, after the collapse of the Union Soviet Socialist Republics, a new period has been opened for Bulgaria in terms of economy. European Union could not be indifferent to this situation. Therefore, EU approved the membership of Bulgaria at 2007. This study focuses on the international trade in accordance with foreign trade countries and products of Bulgaria. As a result, according to figures, Bulgaria can not leave the socialist patterns for international trade but country has stronger trade ties with Europe day by day

Kaynakça

  • Breuss, F. (2009), “An Evaluation of the EU’s Fifth Enlargement With Special Focus on Bulgaria and Romania”, Economic Papers, No: 361.
  • Deik, (Dış Ekonomik İlişkiler Kurulu), (2011), Bulgaristan Ülke Bülteni.
  • Drezov, K. (2013), “Hard Bargaining Amongst Friends: An Overview of Contemporary Russian-Bulgarian Relations”, Russian Analytical Digest, No.125, p. 11-14.
  • Gentimir, I. ve Sebastian Enea, (2012), “The Economic and Political Relations Between Bulgaria and Germany. A Short Historical Perspective”, Center for European Studies Working Papers, No:1, p.44-59.
  • Georgieva, E. (2012), “ The Economies of the BELL Countries (Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) After Their EU Accession”, Review of European Studies, Vol.4, No:5, p.191-202.
  • Gulde, A. ve Marie Gulde, (1999), “The Role of Currency Board in Bulgaria’s Stabilization”, Finance &Development, Volume: 36, Number: 3.
  • Güngör, B. ve Serdar Kurt (2010), “Dışa Açıklık ve Kalkınma İlişkisi (1968-2003): Türkiye Örneği”, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt: 21, Sayı: 2, s. 197-210.
  • Leonard, M. ve Nicu Popescu, (2007), A Power Audit of EU-Russia Relations, Policy Papers, European Council on Foreign Relations.
  • Moody’s, (2008), Sovereign Default and Recovery Rates, 1983-2007.
  • Nenovsky, N. ve Camelia Turcu, (2012), “Europe and The Balkans: Economic Integration, Challenges and Solutions”, East-West Journal of Economics and Busines, Volume:15 -2012, No: 1-2, p.11-15.
  • Szemler, T. (2009), “Friends Will Be Friends? Bulgaria, Russia and The Eastern ENP Partners”, East European Studies, Volume:1, p.132-164.
  • Şener, S. ve Ekaterina Kuznetsova, (2012), Rusya’nın Dünya Ticaret Örgütü’ne Katılımı, KPMG Gündem.
  • Tezcan, E. (2004), “Avrupa Birliği’ne Katılma Yolunda Bulgaristan, Romanya ve Türkiye: Komisyonun 2003 İlerleme Raporları Işığında Bir Karşılaştırma”, Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, Cilt:3, Sayı:2, s. 95-109.
  • Yapraklı, S., (2007), “Ticari ve Finansal Dışa Açıklık ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama”, İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Ekonometri ve İstatistik Dergisi, Sayı:5.
  • Yorgova, N., (2011), “Impacts of and Experience With EU Membership of the Countries of Central, Eastern, South – Eastern Europe. Country Study on Bulgaria.”, Eastern Journal of European Studies, Vol.2, Issue.2, p.169-188.
  • Zhelev, P. ve Tzvetomir Tzanov (2012), “Bulgaria’s Export Competitiveness Before and After EU Accession”, East-West Journal of Economics and Business, Volume: 15-2012, No:1-2, p. 107-128.
  • Velichkova, B., (2011), Bulgaria’s Accession in the Context of the European Union Enlargement, Master of Science in European Studies, University of Twente and University of Münster, Netherlands and Germany.
  • Taylan, T., (2011), Bulgaristan Ülke Raporu, İGEME (İhracatı Geliştirme Etüt Merkezi), Ankara.
  • Timabülten, (Türkiye İhracatçılar Meclisi), (2012), AB ülkelerinde ve Türkiye’de Son On Yılda Kamu Borçlarının GSYİH’ya Oranı.
  • Bulgaria National Bank, (2012a), http://www.bnb.bg/Statistics/StExternalSector/StDirectInvestments/StDIBul garia/index.htm, 09.01.2013.
  • Bulgaria National Bank, (2013a), http://www.bnb.bg/Statistics/StExternalSector/StDirectInvestments/StDIBul garia/index.htm, 07.08.2013
  • Bulgaria National Bank, (2013b), http://www.bnb.bg/Statistics/index.htm, 05.02.2013
  • Bulgarian Small and Medium Enterprises Promotion Agency, (2013), http://www.sme.government.bg/en/, 28.01.2013.
  • Bulgaria Statistical Institute, (2013), http://www.nsi.bg/indexen.php, 24.01.2013.
  • Cendrowicz, L., (2009), Could the E.U. Lose Bulgaria to Russia, http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1912192,00.html, 20.02.2013.
  • CIA, (Central Intelligence Agency), (2013), https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2186 rank.html, 09.02.2013.
  • Daborowski, T., (2012), New Opening in Energy Relations Between Bulgaria and Russia, Centre For Eastern Studies, http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/eastweek/2012-04-04/new-opening-en ergy-relations-between-bulgaria-and-russia, 08.01.2013.
  • DPT,(Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı), (1998), Rusya Krizi ve Türkiye Üzerine Muhtemel Etkileri, Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı Yıllık Programlar ve Koordinasyon Genel Müdürlüğü, http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/dunya/rusya.pdf, 07.01.2013.
  • Eurostat, GDP and Main Components- Current Prices, (2013), http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=nama_gdp_c&lang =en, 06.06.2013.
  • Investnet, The Bulgarian Investment and Business Network, (2013), http://www.investnet.bg/AboutUs.aspx, 20.02.2013.
  • Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty, (2012), Clinton Urges Bulgaria To Break Energy Dependence On Russia, http://www.rferl.org/content/clinton_bulgaria_energy_int/24474178.html, 03.01.2013.
  • Sgro, P., (2009), International Economics, Finance and Trade, http://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C13/E1-23.pdf, 14.01.2013.
  • The Sofia Globe, (2013), Among EU countries, children in Bulgaria most at risk of poverty and social exclusion, http://sofiaglobe.com/2013/02/26/among-eu-countries-children-in-bulgariamost-at-risk-of-poverty-and-social-exclusion-eurostat/, 03.03.2013.
  • Transparency International, (2012), Corruption Perception Index 2012, http://www.transparency.org/cpi2012/results, 01.02.2013.
  • Vassilev, R., (2011), The Tragic Failure of “Post-Communism” in Eastern Europe, http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-tragic-failure-of-post-communism-in-easte rn-europe/23616, 18.01.2013.
  • Vrabevski, M., (2002), Clinical Trials in Bulgaria, http://www.touchbriefings.com/pdf/17/pt031_t_comac1.pdf, 15.02.2013.
  • World Bank, (2013), Data World Bank, http://data.worldbank.org/, 06.02.2013.
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Halil Şimdi Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Şimdi, Halil. “AB Üyeliği Eski Doğu Blok’u Ülkelerinin Dış Ticaret Yapılarını Nasıl Dönüştürdü? Bulgaristan Örneği”. Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi 1/3 (Temmuz 2013), 25-48.