Yeni Bir İstihdam Biçimi Olarak Dört Günlük Çalışma Haftası

Öz

İşgücü piyasası ve istihdam günümüzde bir dönüşüm içindedir. Bu dönüşüm kapsamında birçok yeni istihdam biçimi ortaya çıkmıştır. Dört günlük çalışma haftası son yıllarda akademik araştırmalara ve uygulamalara konu olmuş bir istihdam biçimidir. Onlarca senedir sessizliğe bürünmüş olan dört günlük çalışma haftası modeli Covid 19 sonrası tekrar gündeme gelmiş ve tartışılmaya başlanmıştır. Dört günlük çalışma haftasının modern versiyonu günde sekiz saat, haftanın dört günü çalışma olarak şekillenmiştir. Literatürde, dört günlük çalışma haftası 4/32 olarak da ifade edilmektedir. Bu kapsamda dört günlük çalışma haftasının, kavram, tanım, tarihsel gelişimi ve Dünya’daki uygulama ve sonuçları kapsamlı bir şekilde açıklanmıştır. Sonrasında ise dört günlük çalışma haftasının merkez ve çevre işgücüne etkileri, sektörlere ve işletmelere etkileri, çevreye ve toplumsal cinsiyete etkilerine değinilmiştir. Bu çalışma, dört günlük çalışma haftası uygulamasını kavramsal ve tarihsel bağlamda ele alan nitel bir yaklaşımla ve kapsamlı literatür taraması yoluyla yürütülmüştür. Bu çalışmanın amacı sosyal politika açısından dört günlük çalışma haftasının, yeni esnek çalışma biçimleri arasında sosyal hakları korumaya yakın bir alternatif çalışma modeli olup olmadığını analiz etmektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dört günlük çalışma haftası
• esnek çalışma
• yeni istihdam biçimleri
• çalışma psikolojisi

The Four-Day Work Week as a New Form of Employment

Öz

The labor market and employment structures are undergoing a significant transformation. Within the scope of this transformation, various new forms of employment have emerged. One of these is the four-day workweek, which has become a subject of growing interest in both academic research and practical implementation in recent years. Having remained largely dormant for decades, the fourday workweek model resurfaced in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic and has since been widely discussed. The modern version of this model is structured as working eight hours per day over four days a week, and is commonly referred to in the literature as the “4/32 model.” This study provides a comprehensive examination of the concept, definition, historical evolution, and global implementations and outcomes of the four-day workweek. Subsequently, the study discusses its implications for core and peripheral labor markets, its sectoral and organizational impacts, as well as its environmental and gender-related dimensions. The study is based on a qualitative and descriptive research approach, utilizing extensive literature review and conceptual analysis. The primary objective of this research is to analyze whether the four-day workweek can be considered a viable alternative model that is more likely to protect social rights among the new flexible forms of employment from a social policy perspective.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Four-day work week
• flexible working
• new forms of employment
• work psychology

Kaynakça

1. Afshari, F. S., Guajardo, L., Kramer, J. M., Musawi, A., Regasamy Venugopalan, S. ve Sykes-Smith, A. (2023). Compressed 4-Day Workweek for Dental Faculty Retention And Recruitment. Journal of Dental Education. 87(8). 1108-1112.
2. Åkerstedt, T., Olsson, B., Ingre, M., Holmgren, M. ve Kecklund, G. (2001). A 6-Hour Working Day--Effects on Health and Well-Being. Journal of Human Ergology. 30(1/2): 197–202.
3. Alfares, H. K. (2003). Four-Day Workweek Scheduling with Two or Three Consecutive Days Off. Journal of Mathematical Modelling and Algorithms. 2. 67-80.
4. Anker, M. P. (2023) The Four-Day Work Week: An Institutional Analysis of Trade Union Strategies in Denmark and the UK. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi).
5. Aronowitz, S., Esposito, D., DiFazio, W. ve Yard, M. (1998). The Post-Work Manifesto. In S. Aronowitz ve J. Cutler (Eds.). Post-Work (31–80). Routledge.
6. Barnes, A. (2020). The 4 Day Week: How The Flexible Work Revolution Can Increase Productivity, Profitability and Well-Being and Create a Sustainable Future. Hachette UK.
7. Bateman, T. (2022). Belgium Approves Four-Day Week and Gives Employees The Right to Ignore Their Bosses After Work. euronews.com (2022, Şubat 15) https://www.euronews.com/next/2022/02/15/belgiumapproves- four-day-week-and-gives-employees-the-right-to-ignore-their-bosses (Erişim: 01 Temmuz 2024).
8. Baxter, J. ve Chesters, J. (2011). Perceptions of Work-Family Balance: How Effective Are Familyfriendly Policies? Australian Journal of Labour Economics. 14. 139-151.

9. BBC, Four-Day Week An Overwhelming Success in Iceland. BBC News. (2021 Temmuz 6). [https://www.bbc. co. uk/news/business-57724779] (Erişim: 01 Temmuz 2024).
10. Bielenski, H. G., Bosch ve Wagner, A. (2002). Working Time Preferences in Sixteen European Countries, Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
11. Bird, R. C. (2010). The Four-Day Work Week: Old Lessons, New Questions Symposium. Connecticut Law Review. 42(4). 1059–1080. [www.connecticutlawreview.law.uconn.edu/masthead].
12. Black, E. (2023). Clearer Heads: Why This Company is Sticking to A Four-Day Week. Australian Financial Review. [https://www.afr.com/work-and-careers/workplace/clearer-heads-why-this-company-is-sticking-to-afour- day-week-20230514-p5d8av].
13. Bosotti, A. (2019). Audience Explodes in Laughter as Corbyn Says 4-Day Week is Good for ‘Well-Being and pay’. Express. [www.express.co.uk/news/uk/1206599/General-election-2019-Jeremy-Corbyn-Labour- Partyfour-day-plan-ITV-debate-Boris-Johnson].
14. Bozkurt, V. (2012). Endüstriyel ve Post-Endüstriyel Dönüşüm: Bilgi, Ekonomi ve Kültür. Ekin Kitabevi.
15. Breunig R., Gong, X. ve Leslie, G. (2015). The Dynamics of Satisfaction With Working Hours in Australia: The Usefulness of Panel Data in Evaluating The Case For Policy Intervention. Asia & The Pacific Policy Studies. 2(1). 130–154.
16. Burroni, L. ve Keune, M. (2011). Flexicurity: A Conceptual Critique. European Journal of Industrial Relations. 17(1). 75-91.
17. Campbell, T. T. (2023). The Four-Day Work Week: A Chronological, Systematic Review of the Academic Literature. Management Review Quarterly. 1-17.
18. Chappell, B. (2019). 4-Day Work Week Boosted Workers’ Productivity By 40%, Microsoft Japan Says. [https:// www.npr.org/2019/11/04/776163853/microsoft-japan-says-4-day-workweekboosted-workers-productivity-by-40]
19. Coote A., Franklin J. ve Simms A. (2010). 21 Hours: The Case for A Shorter Working Week, London, New Economics Foundation. (2010, Şubat 21). [http://neweconomics.org/2010/02/21-hours/]
20. Copeland, L. (2008). State Workers in Utah Shifting to 4-Day Week. USA TODAY.
21. Cross, G. S. (1989). A Quest for Time: The Reduction of Work in Britain and France. 1840-1940. Univ of California Press.
22. Cuello, H. (2023). Assessing The Validity of Four-Day Week Pilots. Seville: European Commission.
23. Dittmer, E. (2020). The (Short) History of Work-Life Balance and Its Effect on Our Happiness. Truly Experiences Blog. [https://trulyexperiences.com/blog/history-of-work-life-balance/]
24. Dunedin, E. A. R. (2018). Trial of Four-Day Working Week An ‘Unmitigated Success’ For Employees’ Health. [https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/health-family/trial-of-fourday-working-week-an-unmitigatedsuccess- for-employees-health-1.3571274]
25. De Spiegelaere, S. ve Piasna, A. (2017). The Why and How of Working Time Reduction. European Trade Union Institute.
26. Dunham R. B. ve Hawk D. L. (1977). The 4-Day/Forty-Hour Week: Who Wants It? Academy of Management Journal. 20(4). 644–655.
27. Eberle, T. S. (1996). Dislocation Policies in Western Europe: Past, Present and Future. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 544. 127–139.
28. EURES, (2022). Săptămână De Lucru De Patru Zile Ar Putea Fi Viitorul Angajaților Dumneavoastră?, [https:// eures.europa.eu/could-four-day-working-week-be-future-your-employees-2022-11-14_ro]. (Erişim: 01 Temmuz 2024).
29. Fagan, J. ve Press, J. (2008). Father Influences on Employed Mothers’ Work-Family Balance. Journal of Family Issues. 29. 1136-1160.
30. Fiksenbaum, L. M. (2014). Supportive Work-Family Environments: Implications For Work-Family Conflict and Well-Being. The International Journal of Human Resource Management. 25. 653-672.
31. Gilmore, O. (2019). A 4-Day Week for Ireland? A Report on the Feasibility of a Four-Day Working Week in Ireland.
32. Gorz, A. (2025). Critique of Economic Reason. Verso Books.
33. Gorz, A. (1999). Reclaiming Work. Polity Press.
34. Hamermesh, D. S. ve Biddle, J. (2022). Days of Work Over A Half Century: The Rise of The Four-Day Week. National Bureau of Economic Research.
35. Harvey, D. (1991). The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Blackwell.
36. Hedges, J. N. (1971). A Look at the 4-Day Workweek. Monthly Labor Review. 94(10). 33-37.
37. Henderson, T. (2014). The Four-Day Workweek As A Policy Option for Australia. Journal of Australian Political Economy. 74. 119-142.
38. Hong, W., Yao, C. ve Zhou, L. (2024). A Case Study of Reform of the Four Day Work Week System in the UK. Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences. 27. 53-58.
39. Hunnicutt, B. K. (1988). Work Without End. Temple University Press.
40. ILO, (2022). Working Time and Work-Life Balance Around the World. [https://ohranatruda.ru/upload/ iblock/8ca/lekemq1unucqo5ob0kx71v9ng9hvz3d8/Doklad-MOT-_-Rabochee-vremya-i-balans-mezhdutrudovoy- i-lichnoy-zhiznyu-v-mire.pdf] (Erişim: 01 Temmuz 2024).
41. Islam, F. (2019). Labour Party Conference: McDonnell Promises 32-Hour Working Week. BBC. [www.bbc. com/news/uk-politics-49798357]. (Erişim: 01 Temmuz 2024).
42. Jahal, T., Bardoel, E. A. ve Hopkins, J. (2024). Could the 4-Way Week Work? A Scoping Review. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources. 62(1).
43. Jacobs, J. A., ve Gerson, K. (2004). The Time Divide. Harvard University Press.
44. Jones, B. (1982). Sleepers Wake! Oxford University Press.
45. Jones, S. (2021). Iceland Trialed Giving Thousands of Workers A 4-Day Work Week and Saw Improvements in Well-Being and Productivity. Business Insider. []https://www.businessinsider.com.au/iceland-governmentbacked- 4-day-work-week-trial (Erişim: 01 Temmuz 2024).
46. Kari, P. (2019). Microsoft Japan Tested a Four-Day Work Week and Productivity Jumped by 40%. The Guardian. (2019 Kasım 4). [www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/nov/04/microsoft-japan-four-day-workweek- productivity]. (Erişim: 01 Temmuz 2024).
47. Kelly, O., Schor, J., Fan, W., Bezdenezhnykh, T., Gu, G. ve Bridson Hubbard, N. (2022). The Four Day Week: Assessing Global Trials of Reduced Work Time with no Reduction in Pay: Evidence from Ireland. University College Dublin.
48. Kumar, K. (2004). From Post-Industrial to Post-Modern Society: New Theories of the Contemporary World. Blackwell.
49. LaCapra L. J. (1973). Trying out the Four Day Work Week. Public Personnel Management. 2. 216–220.
50. Laker, B. ve Roulet, T. (2019). Will the 4-Day Workweek Take Hold in Europe. Harvard Business Review. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Benjamin-Laker/publication/337340662_Will_the_4-Day_Workweek_ Take_Hold_in_Europe/links/5dd3dda9299bf1b74b4e69b7/Will-the-4-Day-Workweek-Take-Hold-in-Europe. pdf].
51. Lewis, S. ve Humbert, A. L. (2010). Discourse or Reality?Work-Life Balance, Flexible Working Policies and the Gendered Organization. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal. 29(3). 239-254.
52. Lewis, K., Stronge, W., Kellam, J. ve Kikuchi, L. (2023). The Results are in: the UK’s Four Day Week Pilot, Day Week Global. [https://salford-repository.worktribe.com/preview/1502677/The-results-are-in-The-UKsfour- day-week-pilot.pdf].
53. Lonez, L. L. ve Ganal, N. N. (2018). An Evaluation of Four-Day Compressed Workweek of Ifugao State University System: Basis for Action Plan. International Journal for Educational Studies. 11(1). 29-48.
54. Maklan, D. M. (1977). How Blue-Collar Workers on 4-Day Workweeks Use Their Time. Monthly Labor Review. 100(8).18-26.
55. Munck, R. (2002). Globalisation and Labour: The New Great Transformation. Zed Books.
56. Nicola, S. (2021) Tell Your Boss The 4-Day Week Is Coming. Financial Review. [https://www.afr.com/workand- careers/workplace/tell-your-boss-the-4-day-week-is-coming-20210308-p578vv].
57. Nord, W. R. ve Costigan, R. (1973). Worker Adjustment to the 4-Day Week: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of Applied Psychology. 58(1). 60–66.
58. Oberrauter-Zabransky, B. (2023). Flexibility is the Key: The 4-Day Workweek for Developers. [https://www. wearedevelopers.com/blog/flexibility-is-key-the-4-day-workweek-for-developers].
59. OECD (2017). Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. How’s Life? Measuring Well- Being. Paris: OECD.
60. OECD (2023). [https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=Ave_HRS]. (Erişim: 01 Temmuz 2024).
61. Orehova, B. ve Chepisheva, S. (2022). Work-Life Management Through the Lens of the 4-Day Workweek. [https://rucforsk.ruc.dk/ws/files/81426180/Project_report_final.pdf]. (Erişim: 01 Temmuz 2024).
62. Reynolds, J. (2003). You Can’t Always get the Hours You Want: Mismatches between Actual and Preferred Work Hours in the United States. Social Forces. 81(4).
63. Rifkin, J. (1995). The End of Work. G.P. Putnam’s Sons.
64. Rifkin, J. (2011). The Third Industrial Revolution: How Lateral Power is Transforming Energy the Economy and the World. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
65. Sanchez E. ve Galindo C. (2022). The Four-Day Working Week: They d Have To Pay Me Double To Go Back to the Old Schedule. [https://english.elpais.com/economy-and-business/2022-06-20/the-four-day-workingweek- theyd-have-to-pay-me-double-to-go-back-to-the-old-schedule.html].
66. Silbaugh, K. B. (2009). Sprawl, Family Rhythms and the Four-Day Work Week. Connecticut Law Review. 42. 1267.
67. Skidelsky, R. (2019). How to Achieve Shorter Working Hours. London: Progressive Economy Forum.
68. Skidelsky, R. ve Skidelsky, E. (2012). How Much is Enough? Allen Lane.
69. Spencer, D. A. (2022). A Four-Day Working Week: Its Role in a Politics of Work. The Political Quarterly. 93(3). 401-407.
70. Standing, G. (2017a). Prekarya Bildirgesi (S. Çınar ve S. Demiralp, Çev.): İletişim Yayınları: İstanbul.
71. Standing, G. (2017b). Prekarya: Yeni Tehlikeli Sınıf (E. Bulut, Çev.) İletişim Yayınları: İstanbul.
72. Tausig, M. ve Fenwick, R. (2001). Unbinding Time: Alternate Work Schedules and Work-Life Balance. Journal of Family and Economic Issues. 22. 101-119.
73. Topp, J., Hille, J., Neumann, M. ve Motefindt, D. (2021). How a 4-Day Work Week Affects Agile Software Development Teams. [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2111.08968].
74. Unilever (2020). Unilever NZ to Trial Four-Day Work Week at Full Pay. [www.unilever.com.au/news/pressreleases/ 2020/unilever-nz-to-trial-four-day-work-week-at-full-pay/]. (Erişim: 01 Temmuz 2024).
75. Veal, A. J. (2023). The 4-Day Work-Week: The New Leisure Society? Leisure Studies. 42(2). 172-187.
76. Vidat, A. (2023). A Measure to Make Work More Flexible: Reducing The Working Week to 4 Days. Perspectives of Law and Public Administratio. 12(4). 618-622.
77. Viebrock, E. ve Clasen, J. (2009). Flexicurity and Welfare Reform: A Review. Socio-Economic Review. 7(2). 305-331.
78. Vistnes, J. P. (1997). Gender Differences in Days Lost from Work due to Illness. Industrial and Labor Relations Review. 50. 304-323.
79. Wadsworth, L. L. ve Facer, R. L. (2016). Work–Family Balance and Alternative Work Schedules: Exploring the Impact of 4-Day Workweeks on State Employees. Public Personnel Management. 45(4). 382-404.
80. World Economic Forum (2019). Global Gender Gap Report 2020. [https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_ GGGR_2020.pdf ].(Erişim: 01 Temmuz 2024).