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Politics of Non-Motherhood in Shi’a Islam: Imagery and Narratives around Lady Fatemeh-Masoumeh of Qom

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 17 - 31, 30.06.2020

Öz

Religion can be a source of both pressure and empowerment for mothers. It is sometimes speculated that Muslims have more negative attitudes toward childlessness, as Islam values and encourages procreation. Islam also has associated Muslim women’s social position with motherhood. Motherhood is frequently mentioned in connection to birth-giving, breastfeeding, and caring for the children in the Qur’an and Islamic fiqh. In canonical texts, non-motherhood is mostly represented as a struggle for families in general, and for women in particular. In Islamic history, however, there were prominent female figures who were childless/childfree. My focus and interest in this article are to investigate representations, moral and theological contemporary imagery of non-motherhood in Shi’a Islam by looking into the case of Lady Fatemeh-Masoumeh of Qom as a highly venerated Shi’i figure. I first introduce Lady Masoumeh, her life story and the significance of her narrative in Shi’a Islam. I then focus on her story as a non-mother and its representations in contemporary Shi’i cultural imaginary.

Destekleyen Kurum

Flanders Research Foundation

Proje Numarası

12T9920N

Teşekkür

This study is supported by Flanders Research Foundation (FWO).

Kaynakça

  • Ajami, Fouad. The Vanished Imam: Musa Al Sadr and the Shia of Lebanon. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1987.
  • Al-Islam. “The Biography of Lady Fatima Masuma.” https://www.al-islam.org/lady-fatima-masuma-of-qum-masuma-jaffer/biography-lady-fatima-masuma#fref_08013c9b_42.
  • Al-Islam. “Marriage in the Quran and Sunnah of the Prophet.” https://www.al-islam.org/religion-al-islam-and-marriage/marriage-quran-and-sunnah-prophet-s.
  • Ammar, Nawal H. “The Status of Childless Women in Islam: Issues of Social and Legal Construction.” Humanity & Society 20, no. 3 (1996/08/01 1996): 77-89.
  • Angeles, Vivienne SM. “The Development of the Shia Concept of the Imamate.” Asian Studies 21 (1983): 145-60.
  • Blair, David. “Iran Elections: Little Choice for Voters in the 'Shia Vatican' Where Reformers Are Banned from Standing.” https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/12173429/Iran-elections-Little-choice-for-voters-in-the- Shia-Vatican-where-reformers-are-banned-from-standing.html.
  • Brodsky, Anne E. “The Role of Religion in the Lives of Resilient, Urban, African American, Single Mothers.” Journal of Community Psychology 28, no. 2 (2000/03/01 2000): 199-219.
  • Butt, Myhammad Qasim, and Muhammad Sultan Shah. “An Overview of Islamic Teachings on Infertility.” Al-Adwa 48, no. 32 (2019): 53-68.
  • Chaudhry, Ayesha S. “Unlikely Motherhood in the Qur'ān: Oncofertility as Devotion.” [In eng]. Cancer treatment and research 156 (2010): 287-94.
  • Dierickx, Susan, Ladan Rahbari, Chia Longman, Fatou Jaiteh, and Gily Coene. “‘I Am Always Crying on the Inside’: A Qualitative Study on the Implications of Infertility on Women’s Lives in Urban Gambia.” Reproductive health 15, no. 1 (2018): 151.
  • Eshtehardi, Mohammad Mehdi. Hazrat Masoumeh, the Second Fatima: . Vol. Qom: Akhlagh (in Farsi), 2001. Göknar, Merve. “Everyday Ontologies and Islam for Childless Women in Northwestern Turkey.” Contemporary Levant 3, no. 1 (2018/01/02 2018): 56-65.
  • Hasheminejad, Somayyeh, Ali Faqihi, Hamzeh Hoseini, and Mahmoud Sakhai. “Homogamy in Psychology and Its Comparison to the Concept of Kufwiat.” Islam and Health Journal 1, no. 3 (2014): 50-60.
  • Hawzah. “One Look at Hazrat Masoumeh's Life.” https://hawzah.net/fa/Magazine/View/4180/5477/51709/. Husnu, Shenel. “The Role of Ambivalent Sexism and Religiosity in Predicting Attitudes toward Childlessness in Muslim Undergraduate Students.” Sex Roles 75, no. 11-12 (2016): 573-82.
  • Hussain, Sabiha. “Motherhood and Female Identity: Experiences of Childless Women of Two Religious Communities in India.” Asian Journal of Women's Studies 15, no. 3 (2009): 81-108.
  • Iqna. “Investigating the Reasons for Naming Lady Masoumeh's Birthday as the Girls' Day.” http://bit.ly/31FEfel.
  • Irna. “Birthday of Hazrat Fatemeh Masoumeh and Girls' Day [in Farsi].” www.irna.ir/news/83380780/.
  • Majlesi, Molla Mohammad-Baqer. “Bihar Al-Anwar.” 48 (online version): 317.
  • Mehrnews. “What Was the Reason for Hazrat Masoumeh's Travel to Iran and Qom?” http://bit.ly/2SeJ2QX.
  • Naef, Shirin. Kinship, Law and Religion: An Anthropological Study of Assisted Reproductive Technologies in Iran. Tübingen: Narr Francke Attempto Verlag, 2017.
  • Noori, Azam, and Hasan Poorkarimi. “Maternal Role in Quranic Teachings.” Journal of Islamic Studies of Women and the Family (Jameat-Almostafa Alalamiya) 2, no. 2 (2014): 71-92 [in Farsi].
  • Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf. “Reproductive Choice in Islam: Gender and State in Iran and Tunisia.” Studies in Family Planning (1994): 41-51.
  • Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf. “Reproductive Choice in Islam: Gender and State in Iran and Tunisia.” Studies in Family Planning 25, no. 1 (1994): 41-51.
  • Oghaf. “The Holy Shrine of Hazrat Masoumeh in Qom.” http://bit.ly/2PDPzC3.
  • Oh, Irene. “Motherhood in Christianity and Islam: Critiques, Realities, and Possibilities.” Journal of Religious Ethics 38, no. 4 (2010): 638-53.
  • Omran, Abdel-Rahim. Family Planning in the Legacy of Islam. London and New York: Routledge, 2012.
  • Pappano, Margaret Aziza, and Dana M. Olwan. “Introduction: Muslim Mothering: Between Sacred Texts and Contemporary Practices.” In Muslim Mothering. Global Histories, Theories, and Practices, 1-18. Bradford: Demeter Press, 2016.
  • Park, Kristin. “Choosing Childlessness: Weber's Typology of Action and Motives of the Voluntarily Childless.” Sociological Inquiry 75, no. 3 (2005/08/01 2005): 372-402.
  • Peters, Francis E. The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition, Volume Ii: The Words and Will of God. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2005.
  • Pierre, Major Jean-Marc, Captain Edward Hutchinson, and Hassan Abdulrazak. “The Shi’a Awakening.” Military review 87, no. 2 (2007): 61-69.
  • Rahbari, Ladan. “Emotional Exchange, Discourse of Martyrdom and Self-Sacrifice: A Qualitative Study of Self-Sacrifice among Iran-Iran War Widows.” Paper presented at the Proceedings of the first international symposium on self-sacrifice and martyrdom: A scholarly approach (ISSMSA 2013), Tehran: Setaregan Foundation, 2013.
  • Rahbari, Ladan. “Marriage in Iran: Women Caught between Shi’i and State Law.” Electronic Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law (EJIMEL) 7 (2019): 37-48.
  • Rahbari, Ladan. “Milk Kinship and the Maternal Body in Shi’a Islam.” Open Theology 6, no. 1 (2020): 43-53.
  • Rahbari, Ladan. “Their Beastly Manner”: Discourses of Non-Binary Gender and Sexuality in Shi’ite Safavid Persia.” Open Cultural Studies 2, no. 1 (2018): 758-70.
  • Rahbari, Ladan. “Women’s Ijtihad and Lady Amin’s Islamic Ethics on Womanhood and Motherhood.” Religions 11, no. 88 (2020): 1-13. Remennick, Larissa. “Childless in the Land of Imperative Motherhood: Stigma and Coping among Infertile Israeli Women.” Sex Roles 43, no. 11 (2000/12/01 2000): 821-41.
  • Ruffle, Karen G. “An Even Better Creation: The Role of Adam and Eve in Shiʿi Narratives About Fatimah Al-Zahra.” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 81, no. 3 (2013): 791-819.
  • Safari, Nematollah, and Zahra Bakhiari. “Cutural and Political Conditions During the Imamat of Imam Reza.” Seven Skies 15, no. 59 (2013): 5-35.
  • Schleifer, Aliah. Motherhood in Islam. Loisville: Fons Vitae, 1996.
  • Sered, Susan. “Rachel, Mary, and Fatima.” Cultural Anthropology 6, no. 2 (1991): 131-46.
  • Shabestan. “More Than Twenty Million Pilgrims to Hazrat Masoumeh.” http://shabestan.ir/detail/News/445560.
  • Tanaka, Kimiko, and Nan E. Johnson. “Childlessness and Mental Well-Being in a Global Context.” Journal of Family Issues 37, no. 8 (2016/06/01 2014): 1027-45.
  • Thurlkill, Mary. Chosen among Women: Mary and Fatima in Medieval Christianity and Shiite Islam. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Pess, 2008.
  • Tucker, Judith. Women, Family, and Gender in Islamic Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  • Voll, John Obert. Islam: Continuity and Change in the Modern World. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1994.
  • Wehrey, Frederic M. Beyond Sunni and Shia: The Roots of Sectarianism in a Changing Middle East. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
  • Yaqubi, Ahmad. Tarikh Al-Yaqubi. Vol. volume two, Tehran: Entesharat Elmi va Farhangi, 2003.
  • YJC (Young Journalsists' Club). “Predictions of Imam Sadegh About Qom and Reappearnce of the Twelfth Imam.” https://www.yjc.ir/fa/news/5292059/.
  • Zabeth, Hyder Reza. Landmarks of Mashhad. Mashhad: Islamic Research Foundation, 1999.

Şiî İslam’da Anne Olmayışın Siyaseti: Kum’un Fatıma Masume’si Etrafındaki Anlatı ve İmgeler

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 17 - 31, 30.06.2020

Öz

Din, anneler için hem baskı hem de güçlenme kaynağı olabilir. İslam'ın neslin devam etmesine değer vermesi ve bunu teşvik etmesi, Müslümanların çocuksuzluğa karşı daha olumsuz tutumları olduğuna dair düşüncelere yol açmıştır. İslam Müslüman kadınların sosyal konumlarını da annelikle ilişkilendirmiştir. Annelik, Kur’an’da ve İslam fıkhında çoğunlukla doğum, anne sütü ile besleme ve çocuk bakımıyla ilişkili olarak bahse konu edilmiştir. Geleneksel metinlerde, anne olmayış genelde aile, özelde kadınlar için daha ziyade bir mücadele olarak ele alınmıştır. Ancak İslam tarihinde çocuksuz bazı önemli figürler mevcuttur. Benim bu makalede odak noktam ve ilgim, Kum’un çok saygın bir Şii figürü olan Fatıma Masume’yi merkeze alarak Şii İslam’ında anne olmamaya yönelik temsilleri, ahlakî ve dinî çağdaş tanımlamaları araştırmaya yöneliktir. Öncelikle Fatıma Masume’nin hayat hikâyesi ve onun anlatısının Şii İslam’daki önemini ele aldım. Daha sonra onun anne olmayışını merkeze alarak bu durumun çağdaş Şii kültürel imgesindeki temsillerine odaklandım.

Proje Numarası

12T9920N

Kaynakça

  • Ajami, Fouad. The Vanished Imam: Musa Al Sadr and the Shia of Lebanon. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1987.
  • Al-Islam. “The Biography of Lady Fatima Masuma.” https://www.al-islam.org/lady-fatima-masuma-of-qum-masuma-jaffer/biography-lady-fatima-masuma#fref_08013c9b_42.
  • Al-Islam. “Marriage in the Quran and Sunnah of the Prophet.” https://www.al-islam.org/religion-al-islam-and-marriage/marriage-quran-and-sunnah-prophet-s.
  • Ammar, Nawal H. “The Status of Childless Women in Islam: Issues of Social and Legal Construction.” Humanity & Society 20, no. 3 (1996/08/01 1996): 77-89.
  • Angeles, Vivienne SM. “The Development of the Shia Concept of the Imamate.” Asian Studies 21 (1983): 145-60.
  • Blair, David. “Iran Elections: Little Choice for Voters in the 'Shia Vatican' Where Reformers Are Banned from Standing.” https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/12173429/Iran-elections-Little-choice-for-voters-in-the- Shia-Vatican-where-reformers-are-banned-from-standing.html.
  • Brodsky, Anne E. “The Role of Religion in the Lives of Resilient, Urban, African American, Single Mothers.” Journal of Community Psychology 28, no. 2 (2000/03/01 2000): 199-219.
  • Butt, Myhammad Qasim, and Muhammad Sultan Shah. “An Overview of Islamic Teachings on Infertility.” Al-Adwa 48, no. 32 (2019): 53-68.
  • Chaudhry, Ayesha S. “Unlikely Motherhood in the Qur'ān: Oncofertility as Devotion.” [In eng]. Cancer treatment and research 156 (2010): 287-94.
  • Dierickx, Susan, Ladan Rahbari, Chia Longman, Fatou Jaiteh, and Gily Coene. “‘I Am Always Crying on the Inside’: A Qualitative Study on the Implications of Infertility on Women’s Lives in Urban Gambia.” Reproductive health 15, no. 1 (2018): 151.
  • Eshtehardi, Mohammad Mehdi. Hazrat Masoumeh, the Second Fatima: . Vol. Qom: Akhlagh (in Farsi), 2001. Göknar, Merve. “Everyday Ontologies and Islam for Childless Women in Northwestern Turkey.” Contemporary Levant 3, no. 1 (2018/01/02 2018): 56-65.
  • Hasheminejad, Somayyeh, Ali Faqihi, Hamzeh Hoseini, and Mahmoud Sakhai. “Homogamy in Psychology and Its Comparison to the Concept of Kufwiat.” Islam and Health Journal 1, no. 3 (2014): 50-60.
  • Hawzah. “One Look at Hazrat Masoumeh's Life.” https://hawzah.net/fa/Magazine/View/4180/5477/51709/. Husnu, Shenel. “The Role of Ambivalent Sexism and Religiosity in Predicting Attitudes toward Childlessness in Muslim Undergraduate Students.” Sex Roles 75, no. 11-12 (2016): 573-82.
  • Hussain, Sabiha. “Motherhood and Female Identity: Experiences of Childless Women of Two Religious Communities in India.” Asian Journal of Women's Studies 15, no. 3 (2009): 81-108.
  • Iqna. “Investigating the Reasons for Naming Lady Masoumeh's Birthday as the Girls' Day.” http://bit.ly/31FEfel.
  • Irna. “Birthday of Hazrat Fatemeh Masoumeh and Girls' Day [in Farsi].” www.irna.ir/news/83380780/.
  • Majlesi, Molla Mohammad-Baqer. “Bihar Al-Anwar.” 48 (online version): 317.
  • Mehrnews. “What Was the Reason for Hazrat Masoumeh's Travel to Iran and Qom?” http://bit.ly/2SeJ2QX.
  • Naef, Shirin. Kinship, Law and Religion: An Anthropological Study of Assisted Reproductive Technologies in Iran. Tübingen: Narr Francke Attempto Verlag, 2017.
  • Noori, Azam, and Hasan Poorkarimi. “Maternal Role in Quranic Teachings.” Journal of Islamic Studies of Women and the Family (Jameat-Almostafa Alalamiya) 2, no. 2 (2014): 71-92 [in Farsi].
  • Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf. “Reproductive Choice in Islam: Gender and State in Iran and Tunisia.” Studies in Family Planning (1994): 41-51.
  • Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf. “Reproductive Choice in Islam: Gender and State in Iran and Tunisia.” Studies in Family Planning 25, no. 1 (1994): 41-51.
  • Oghaf. “The Holy Shrine of Hazrat Masoumeh in Qom.” http://bit.ly/2PDPzC3.
  • Oh, Irene. “Motherhood in Christianity and Islam: Critiques, Realities, and Possibilities.” Journal of Religious Ethics 38, no. 4 (2010): 638-53.
  • Omran, Abdel-Rahim. Family Planning in the Legacy of Islam. London and New York: Routledge, 2012.
  • Pappano, Margaret Aziza, and Dana M. Olwan. “Introduction: Muslim Mothering: Between Sacred Texts and Contemporary Practices.” In Muslim Mothering. Global Histories, Theories, and Practices, 1-18. Bradford: Demeter Press, 2016.
  • Park, Kristin. “Choosing Childlessness: Weber's Typology of Action and Motives of the Voluntarily Childless.” Sociological Inquiry 75, no. 3 (2005/08/01 2005): 372-402.
  • Peters, Francis E. The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition, Volume Ii: The Words and Will of God. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2005.
  • Pierre, Major Jean-Marc, Captain Edward Hutchinson, and Hassan Abdulrazak. “The Shi’a Awakening.” Military review 87, no. 2 (2007): 61-69.
  • Rahbari, Ladan. “Emotional Exchange, Discourse of Martyrdom and Self-Sacrifice: A Qualitative Study of Self-Sacrifice among Iran-Iran War Widows.” Paper presented at the Proceedings of the first international symposium on self-sacrifice and martyrdom: A scholarly approach (ISSMSA 2013), Tehran: Setaregan Foundation, 2013.
  • Rahbari, Ladan. “Marriage in Iran: Women Caught between Shi’i and State Law.” Electronic Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law (EJIMEL) 7 (2019): 37-48.
  • Rahbari, Ladan. “Milk Kinship and the Maternal Body in Shi’a Islam.” Open Theology 6, no. 1 (2020): 43-53.
  • Rahbari, Ladan. “Their Beastly Manner”: Discourses of Non-Binary Gender and Sexuality in Shi’ite Safavid Persia.” Open Cultural Studies 2, no. 1 (2018): 758-70.
  • Rahbari, Ladan. “Women’s Ijtihad and Lady Amin’s Islamic Ethics on Womanhood and Motherhood.” Religions 11, no. 88 (2020): 1-13. Remennick, Larissa. “Childless in the Land of Imperative Motherhood: Stigma and Coping among Infertile Israeli Women.” Sex Roles 43, no. 11 (2000/12/01 2000): 821-41.
  • Ruffle, Karen G. “An Even Better Creation: The Role of Adam and Eve in Shiʿi Narratives About Fatimah Al-Zahra.” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 81, no. 3 (2013): 791-819.
  • Safari, Nematollah, and Zahra Bakhiari. “Cutural and Political Conditions During the Imamat of Imam Reza.” Seven Skies 15, no. 59 (2013): 5-35.
  • Schleifer, Aliah. Motherhood in Islam. Loisville: Fons Vitae, 1996.
  • Sered, Susan. “Rachel, Mary, and Fatima.” Cultural Anthropology 6, no. 2 (1991): 131-46.
  • Shabestan. “More Than Twenty Million Pilgrims to Hazrat Masoumeh.” http://shabestan.ir/detail/News/445560.
  • Tanaka, Kimiko, and Nan E. Johnson. “Childlessness and Mental Well-Being in a Global Context.” Journal of Family Issues 37, no. 8 (2016/06/01 2014): 1027-45.
  • Thurlkill, Mary. Chosen among Women: Mary and Fatima in Medieval Christianity and Shiite Islam. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Pess, 2008.
  • Tucker, Judith. Women, Family, and Gender in Islamic Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  • Voll, John Obert. Islam: Continuity and Change in the Modern World. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1994.
  • Wehrey, Frederic M. Beyond Sunni and Shia: The Roots of Sectarianism in a Changing Middle East. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
  • Yaqubi, Ahmad. Tarikh Al-Yaqubi. Vol. volume two, Tehran: Entesharat Elmi va Farhangi, 2003.
  • YJC (Young Journalsists' Club). “Predictions of Imam Sadegh About Qom and Reappearnce of the Twelfth Imam.” https://www.yjc.ir/fa/news/5292059/.
  • Zabeth, Hyder Reza. Landmarks of Mashhad. Mashhad: Islamic Research Foundation, 1999.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ladan Rahbari 0000-0002-3840-708X

Proje Numarası 12T9920N
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Şubat 2020
Kabul Tarihi 24 Mart 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Rahbari, Ladan. “Politics of Non-Motherhood in Shi’a Islam: Imagery and Narratives Around Lady Fatemeh-Masoumeh of Qom”. Turkish Journal of Shiite Studies 2/1 (Haziran 2020), 17-31.

Turkish Journal of Shiite Studies, Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.