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Gulüv ve İnsanın Doğaüstü Yeteneklerine Olan İnanç: Kur'an'da Gulüv Kavramı Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 6 - 27, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.48203/siader.1246481

Öz

Gulüv, İslam teolojisinde özel bir yere sahip olan Kur'an kavramlarından biridir. Bununla birlikte, önemine rağmen, bu kavram etrafında hala bazı belirsizlikler bulunmaktadır. Özellikle, Kur'an hululü kesin olarak yasaklarken, aynı zamanda bazı bireylere doğaüstü nitelikler veya yetenekler atfetmektedir. Bu durum, Kur'an'daki gulüv kavramının tam olarak ne olduğu ve onu gulüv olmayanlardan ayıran şeyin ne olduğu sorusunu ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu makale, gulüv kavramını tüm Müslümanlar arasında tartışılmaz tek kaynak olan Kur'an ayetleri aracılığıyla aydınlatmaya yönelik bir girişimdir. Makale, ilgili Kur'an ayetlerini iki kategoriye ayırmaktadır: gulüvü yasaklayan ayetler ve belirli kişiler için görünüşte abartılı nitelikleri onaylayan ayetler. Bu ayetleri tefsir eserlerinin merceğinden inceleyerek ve kolektif çağrışımlarını göz önünde bulundurarak yazar, Kur'an'a göre guluvün, Allah'tan başka herhangi bir bireye herhangi bir ilahlık biçimi atfetmek veya onlara Allah'tan bağımsız olarak insanüstü nitelikler atfetmek olduğu sonucuna varmaktadır. Bu nedenle, belirli bir birey için insanüstü nitelikleri veya yetenekleri onaylamak, eğer doğrulanabilirse, Allah'a bağlı olarak kabul edildikleri sürece gulüv olmayacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Al- Jaṣṣāṣ, Aḥmad ibn ʿAlī. Aḥkām Al-Qurʾān. Edited by Muḥammad Ṣādiq Qamḥāwī. Beirut: Dār iḥyāʾ al-turāth al-ʿArabī, 1405AH.
  • Al-Ālūsī, Maḥmūd ibn ʿAbd Allāh. Rūḥ Al-Maʿānī Fī Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm. 1st ed. Beirut: Dār al-kutub al-ʿilmiyyah, 1415.
  • Al-Bursawī, Ismāʿīl Ḥaqqī. Tafsīr Rūḥ Al-Bayān. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, n.d.
  • Al-Farāhīdī, Khalīl ibn Aḥmad. Kitāb Al-ʿAyn. Edited by Mahdi Makhzumi and Ibrahim Samarraei. 2nd ed. 8 vols. Qum: Hijrat Publications, 1410AH.
  • Al-Jawharī, Ismail ibn Ḥammād. Al-Ṣiḥāḥ. Edited by Aḥmad ibn. ʾAbd al-Ghafūr ʿAṭṭār. 1st ed. 6 vols. Beirut: Dār al-ʿilm li al-malāyīn, 1410AH.
  • Al-Kulaynī, Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb. Al-Kāfī. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī and Muḥammad Ākhūndī. Tehran: Dār al-kutub al-Islāmiyyah, 1407H.
  • Al-Maydānī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Ḥabannakah. Al-Balāghah al-ʿArabiyyah. 1st ed. Damascus: Dār al-Qalam, 1996.
  • Al-Qurṭubī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad. Al-Jāmiʿ Li-Aḥkām al-Qurʾān. 1st ed. Tehran: Nāsir Khusraw Publications, 1364SH.
  • Al-Rāzī, Fakhr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar. Mafātīḥ Al-Ghayb. 3rd ed. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1420AH.
  • Al-Sayyid al-Raḍī. Nahj Al-Balāghah. Edited by Ṣubḥī Al-Ṣāliḥ. Beirut, n.d.
  • Al-shādhilī, al-Sayyid ibn Quṭb ibn Ibrāhīm. Fī Ẓilāl Al-Qurʾān. 17th ed. Beirut-Cairo: Dār al-shurūq, 1412AH.
  • Al-Ṭabarī, Muḥammad ibn Jarīr. Jāmiʾ Al-Bayān Fī Tafsīr al-Qurʾān. 30 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Ma’rifah, 1412AH.
  • Al-Ṭabrisī, Faḍl ibn al-Ḥasan. Majmaʿ Al-Bayān Fī Tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Edited by Muḥammad Jawād Balāghī. 3rd ed. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Nāṣir Khusraw, 1372Sh.
  • Al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan. Al-Tibyān Fī Tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Edited by Aḥmad Qaṣīr Al-ʿĀmilī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, n.d.
  • Al-Zamakhsharī, Maḥmūd ibn ʿUmar. Al-Kashshāf ʿan Ḥaqāʾiq Ghawāmiḍ al-Tanzīl. 3rd ed. Beirut: Dār al-Kitab al-Arabi, 1407AH.
  • Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali. The Spirituality of Shi’i Islam: Beliefs and Practices. London: I.B.Tauris and the Institute of Ismaili Studies, 2011.
  • Āmulī, Mirzā Muḥammad Taqī al-. Miṣbāḥ Al-Hudā Fī Sharḥ al-ʿUrwat al-Wuthqā. 1st ed. Tehran, 1380AH.
  • Arjomad, Said Amir. Sociology of Shi’ite Islam: Collected Essays. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2016.
  • Ayāzī, Muḥammad ʿAlī, ed. Tafsīr Al-Qur’ān al-Majīd al-Mustakhraj Min Turāth alShaykh al-Mufīd. 1st ed. Qum: Maktab al-Iʿlām al-Islāmī, 1424AH.
  • Bianquis, Bearman, Bosworth Van Donzel, and W. P. Heinrighs, eds. The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 10. Leiden: Brill, 2000.
  • Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, Mullā Muḥsin. Tafsīr Al-Ṣāfī. Tehran: Intishārāt al-Ṣadr, 1415AH.
  • Ghaffār, ʿAbd al-Rasūl al-. Shubhat Al-Ghuluww ʿind al-Shīʿah. Beirut: Dār al-Maḥajjah al-Bayḍāʾ, 1415AH.
  • Ibn Fāris. Muʿjam Maqāyīs Al-Lughah. 1st ed. 6 vols. Qum: Maktab al-Iʿlām al-Islāmī, 1404AH.
  • Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad ibn Mukarram. Lisān Al-ʿArab. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1414AH.
  • Karamī Ḥuwayzī, Muḥammad. Al-Tafsīr Li-Kitāb Allāh al-Munīr. Qum: Ilmiyyah Publications, 1402AH.
  • Mufīd, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-. Taṣḥīḥ Iʿtiqādāt Al-Imāmiyyah. 2nd ed. Qum: al-Muʾtamar al-ʿĀlamī li-alfiyyat al-Shaykh al-Mufīd, 1414H.
  • Mughniyyah, Muḥammad Jawād. Tafsīr Al-Kāshif. 1st ed. Tehran: Dār al-kutub alIslāmiyyah, 1424AH.
  • Muqātil ibn Sulaymān al-Balkhī. Tafsīr Muqātil ibn Sulaymān. Cairo: Mu’assasat al- Ḥalabi, 1969.
  • Mūsawī Sabzawārī, ʿAbd al-Aʿlā. Mawāhib Al-Raḥmān Fī Tafsīr al-Qurʾān. 2nd ed. Beirut: Muʾassasah-i Ahl-i Bayt (a), 1409AH.
  • Muṣṭafawī, Ḥasan. Al-Taḥqīq Fī Kalimāt al-Qur’ān al-Karīm. Tehran: Markaz al-Kitāb li-al-tarjumah wa l-nashr, 1402AH.
  • Qāsimī, Muḥammad Jamāl al-Dīn. Maḥāsin Al-Taʾwīl. 1st ed. Beirut: Dār al-kutub al- ʿilmiyyah, 1418AH.
  • Sabzawārī Najafī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥabīb Allāh. Al-Jadīd Fi Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-Majīd. Beirut: Dār al-taʿāruf li-al maṭbūʿāt, 1406AH.
  • Ṣāḥib ibn ʿUbbād. Al-Muḥīṭ Fī al-Lughah. 1st ed. Beirut: ’Ālam al-Kitāb Publications, 1414AH.
  • Shahristānī, Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm al-. Al-Milal Wa al-Niḥal. Qum: Al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, 1364Sh.
  • Subḥānī, Jaʿfar. Rasāʾil Wa Maqālāt. Muʾassasat al-Imām al-Ṣādiq (a.s.), 1425AH
  • Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn. Al-Mīzān Fī Tafsīr al-Qurʾān. 2nd ed. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Aʿlamī li-al-Maṭbūʿāt, 1390AH.
  • Turner, Colin P. “The ‘Tradition of Mufaḍḍal’ and the Doctrine of the Rajʿa: Evidence of ‘Ghuluww’ in the Eschatology of Twelver Shiʿism?” Iran 44 (2006): 175–95.
  • ʿAtīq, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. ʿIlm Al-Badīʿ. Beirut: Dār al-nahḍah al-ʿArabiyyah, n.d.

Ghuluww and the Belief in Supernatural Abilities for Human: An Investigation into the Concept of Ghuluww in the Qur’an

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 6 - 27, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.48203/siader.1246481

Öz

Ghuluww is one of the Qur’anic concepts that holds a special place in Islamic theology. Despite its significance, however, there still remains some ambiguity around this concept. Specifically, while the Qur’an strictly forbids ghuluww, it also attributes supernatural qualities or abilities to certain individuals. This gives rise to the question as to what exactly the Qur’anic concept of ghuluww is, and what distinguishes it from non-ghuluww. The present article is an attempt to elucidate the concept of ghuluww through the verses of the Qur’an as the only indisputable source among all Muslims. The article classifies the relevant Qur’anic verses into two categories: verses prohibiting ghuluww, and those approving of seemingly exaggerated attributes for certain individuals. By exploring these verses through the lens of tafsir works and considering their collective connotations, the author concludes that ghuluww, as per the Qur’an, is to attribute any form of divinity to any individual besides God, or to ascribe to them any superhuman qualities independently of God. As such, to affirm superhuman qualities or abilities for a certain individual, if verifiably established, would not be ghuluww as long as they are regarded dependent on God.

Kaynakça

  • Al- Jaṣṣāṣ, Aḥmad ibn ʿAlī. Aḥkām Al-Qurʾān. Edited by Muḥammad Ṣādiq Qamḥāwī. Beirut: Dār iḥyāʾ al-turāth al-ʿArabī, 1405AH.
  • Al-Ālūsī, Maḥmūd ibn ʿAbd Allāh. Rūḥ Al-Maʿānī Fī Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm. 1st ed. Beirut: Dār al-kutub al-ʿilmiyyah, 1415.
  • Al-Bursawī, Ismāʿīl Ḥaqqī. Tafsīr Rūḥ Al-Bayān. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, n.d.
  • Al-Farāhīdī, Khalīl ibn Aḥmad. Kitāb Al-ʿAyn. Edited by Mahdi Makhzumi and Ibrahim Samarraei. 2nd ed. 8 vols. Qum: Hijrat Publications, 1410AH.
  • Al-Jawharī, Ismail ibn Ḥammād. Al-Ṣiḥāḥ. Edited by Aḥmad ibn. ʾAbd al-Ghafūr ʿAṭṭār. 1st ed. 6 vols. Beirut: Dār al-ʿilm li al-malāyīn, 1410AH.
  • Al-Kulaynī, Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb. Al-Kāfī. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī and Muḥammad Ākhūndī. Tehran: Dār al-kutub al-Islāmiyyah, 1407H.
  • Al-Maydānī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Ḥabannakah. Al-Balāghah al-ʿArabiyyah. 1st ed. Damascus: Dār al-Qalam, 1996.
  • Al-Qurṭubī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad. Al-Jāmiʿ Li-Aḥkām al-Qurʾān. 1st ed. Tehran: Nāsir Khusraw Publications, 1364SH.
  • Al-Rāzī, Fakhr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar. Mafātīḥ Al-Ghayb. 3rd ed. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1420AH.
  • Al-Sayyid al-Raḍī. Nahj Al-Balāghah. Edited by Ṣubḥī Al-Ṣāliḥ. Beirut, n.d.
  • Al-shādhilī, al-Sayyid ibn Quṭb ibn Ibrāhīm. Fī Ẓilāl Al-Qurʾān. 17th ed. Beirut-Cairo: Dār al-shurūq, 1412AH.
  • Al-Ṭabarī, Muḥammad ibn Jarīr. Jāmiʾ Al-Bayān Fī Tafsīr al-Qurʾān. 30 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Ma’rifah, 1412AH.
  • Al-Ṭabrisī, Faḍl ibn al-Ḥasan. Majmaʿ Al-Bayān Fī Tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Edited by Muḥammad Jawād Balāghī. 3rd ed. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Nāṣir Khusraw, 1372Sh.
  • Al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan. Al-Tibyān Fī Tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Edited by Aḥmad Qaṣīr Al-ʿĀmilī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, n.d.
  • Al-Zamakhsharī, Maḥmūd ibn ʿUmar. Al-Kashshāf ʿan Ḥaqāʾiq Ghawāmiḍ al-Tanzīl. 3rd ed. Beirut: Dār al-Kitab al-Arabi, 1407AH.
  • Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali. The Spirituality of Shi’i Islam: Beliefs and Practices. London: I.B.Tauris and the Institute of Ismaili Studies, 2011.
  • Āmulī, Mirzā Muḥammad Taqī al-. Miṣbāḥ Al-Hudā Fī Sharḥ al-ʿUrwat al-Wuthqā. 1st ed. Tehran, 1380AH.
  • Arjomad, Said Amir. Sociology of Shi’ite Islam: Collected Essays. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2016.
  • Ayāzī, Muḥammad ʿAlī, ed. Tafsīr Al-Qur’ān al-Majīd al-Mustakhraj Min Turāth alShaykh al-Mufīd. 1st ed. Qum: Maktab al-Iʿlām al-Islāmī, 1424AH.
  • Bianquis, Bearman, Bosworth Van Donzel, and W. P. Heinrighs, eds. The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 10. Leiden: Brill, 2000.
  • Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, Mullā Muḥsin. Tafsīr Al-Ṣāfī. Tehran: Intishārāt al-Ṣadr, 1415AH.
  • Ghaffār, ʿAbd al-Rasūl al-. Shubhat Al-Ghuluww ʿind al-Shīʿah. Beirut: Dār al-Maḥajjah al-Bayḍāʾ, 1415AH.
  • Ibn Fāris. Muʿjam Maqāyīs Al-Lughah. 1st ed. 6 vols. Qum: Maktab al-Iʿlām al-Islāmī, 1404AH.
  • Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad ibn Mukarram. Lisān Al-ʿArab. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1414AH.
  • Karamī Ḥuwayzī, Muḥammad. Al-Tafsīr Li-Kitāb Allāh al-Munīr. Qum: Ilmiyyah Publications, 1402AH.
  • Mufīd, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-. Taṣḥīḥ Iʿtiqādāt Al-Imāmiyyah. 2nd ed. Qum: al-Muʾtamar al-ʿĀlamī li-alfiyyat al-Shaykh al-Mufīd, 1414H.
  • Mughniyyah, Muḥammad Jawād. Tafsīr Al-Kāshif. 1st ed. Tehran: Dār al-kutub alIslāmiyyah, 1424AH.
  • Muqātil ibn Sulaymān al-Balkhī. Tafsīr Muqātil ibn Sulaymān. Cairo: Mu’assasat al- Ḥalabi, 1969.
  • Mūsawī Sabzawārī, ʿAbd al-Aʿlā. Mawāhib Al-Raḥmān Fī Tafsīr al-Qurʾān. 2nd ed. Beirut: Muʾassasah-i Ahl-i Bayt (a), 1409AH.
  • Muṣṭafawī, Ḥasan. Al-Taḥqīq Fī Kalimāt al-Qur’ān al-Karīm. Tehran: Markaz al-Kitāb li-al-tarjumah wa l-nashr, 1402AH.
  • Qāsimī, Muḥammad Jamāl al-Dīn. Maḥāsin Al-Taʾwīl. 1st ed. Beirut: Dār al-kutub al- ʿilmiyyah, 1418AH.
  • Sabzawārī Najafī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥabīb Allāh. Al-Jadīd Fi Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-Majīd. Beirut: Dār al-taʿāruf li-al maṭbūʿāt, 1406AH.
  • Ṣāḥib ibn ʿUbbād. Al-Muḥīṭ Fī al-Lughah. 1st ed. Beirut: ’Ālam al-Kitāb Publications, 1414AH.
  • Shahristānī, Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm al-. Al-Milal Wa al-Niḥal. Qum: Al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, 1364Sh.
  • Subḥānī, Jaʿfar. Rasāʾil Wa Maqālāt. Muʾassasat al-Imām al-Ṣādiq (a.s.), 1425AH
  • Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn. Al-Mīzān Fī Tafsīr al-Qurʾān. 2nd ed. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Aʿlamī li-al-Maṭbūʿāt, 1390AH.
  • Turner, Colin P. “The ‘Tradition of Mufaḍḍal’ and the Doctrine of the Rajʿa: Evidence of ‘Ghuluww’ in the Eschatology of Twelver Shiʿism?” Iran 44 (2006): 175–95.
  • ʿAtīq, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. ʿIlm Al-Badīʿ. Beirut: Dār al-nahḍah al-ʿArabiyyah, n.d.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Meisam Sadiq 0000-0003-0605-4766

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Şubat 2023
Kabul Tarihi 28 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Sadiq, Meisam. “Ghuluww and the Belief in Supernatural Abilities for Human: An Investigation into the Concept of Ghuluww in the Qur’an”. Turkish Journal of Shiite Studies 5/1 (Haziran 2023), 6-27. https://doi.org/10.48203/siader.1246481.

Turkish Journal of Shiite Studies, Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.