Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

EXPERIMENTAL ECONOMICS APPLICATIONS IN DETERMINING THE EFFECTS OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE ON ECONOMIC DECISIONS AND BEHAVIOURS: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 58 - 75, 31.08.2024

Öz

Regardless of the level of development, growth, development and employment are among the main objectives of every economy. Of course, the role of women, one of the two important parts of society in achieving these goals, is also very important. In other words, the contribution of all segments of society is needed to achieve sustainable development goals. On the other hand, every healthy woman experiences hormonal changes every month, and relevant studies reveal that these hormonal changes have an impact on economic decisions and behaviors. The aim of this study is to introduce the literature that contributes to the evaluation of the effects of the menstrual cycle on economic decisions and behaviors through a bibliometric analysis, especially in the context of experimental economics.. The evaluations in the study are important in terms of sustainable development, gender equality, growth, employment and even medical studies.

Kaynakça

  • Azmat, G., & Petrongolo, B. (2014). Gender and the labor market: What have we learned from field and lab experiments? Labor Economics, 30, 32-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2014.06.005
  • Basılgan, M. (2013). İktisat ve deneysel yöntem: Deneyler, tartışmalar ve gelecek. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 48, 61-89.
  • Benhabib, J., & Bisin, A. (2005). Modeling internal commitment mechanisms and self-control: A neuroeconomics approach to consumption–saving decisions. Games and Economic Behavior, 52(2), 460-492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2004.10.004
  • Borawska, A., & Alsakaa A. (2017). Prediction of decision outcome via observation of brain activity signals during decision-making process. In: Nermend, K., & Łatuszyńska, M. (eds) Neuroeconomic and Behavioral Aspects of Decision Making. Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62938-4_17
  • Bourgeois-Gironde, S. (2010). Is neuroeconomics doomed by the reverse inference fallacy? Mind & Society, 9(2), 229-249. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s11299-010-0076-z
  • Bourgeois-Gironde, S., & Guille, M. (2012). Keynes's animal spirits vindicated: An analysis of recent empirical and neural data on money illusion. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 34(2), 331-352. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23119508
  • Buser, T. (2012). The Impact of the Menstrual Cycle and Hormonal Contraceptives on Competitiveness. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 83(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2011.06.006
  • Camerer, C.F. (2008). The potential of neuroeconomics. Economics and Philosophy, 24(3), 369-379. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266267108002022
  • Camerer, C.F., & Hogarth, R.M. (1999). Incentives in experiments: a review and capital-labor-production framework. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 19 (1), 7-42. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007850605129
  • Chamberlin, E.H. (1948). An experimental imperfect market. Journal of Political Economy, 56(2), 95-108. https://doi.org/10.1086/256654
  • Chen, Y., Katuščák, P., & Ozdenoren, E. (2013). Why can’t a woman bid more like a man? Games and Economic Behavior, 77(1), 181-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2012.10.002
  • Clavien, C., & Klein, R.A. (2010). Eager for fairness or for revenge? Psychological altruism in economics. Economics and Philosophy, 26(3), 267-290. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266267110000374
  • Da Silva, S., Baldo, D., & Matsushita, R. (2011). Biological correlates of the Allais paradox. Applied Economics, 45(5), 555–568. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2011.607133
  • Declerck, C.H., & Boone, C. (2018). The neuroeconomics of cooperation. Nature Human Behaviour, 2, 438-440. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0387-3
  • Declerck, C.H., Boone, C., & Emonds, G. (2013). When do people cooperate? The neuroeconomics of prosocial decision making. Brain and Cognition, 81(1), 95-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2012.09.009
  • Durante, K.M., Giriskevicius, V., Cantú, S.M., & Simpson, J.A. (2014). Money, status, and the ovulatory cycle. Journal of Marketing Research, 51(1), 27-39. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmr.11.0327
  • Fišar M., Cingl L., Reggiani, T., Klocová, E.K., Kundt, R., Krátký, J., Kostolanská, K., Bencúrová, P., Pešková, M.K., & Marečková, K. (2023). Ovulatory shift, hormonal changes, and no effects on incentivized decision-making. Journal of Economic Psychology, 98, 102656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2023.102656
  • Galindo-Caballero, O.J., Alzate-Pamplona, F.A., Gangestad, S.W., & Cruz, J.E. (2023). A review and p-curve analysis of research on the menstrual cycle correlates of consumer preferences and economic decisions. Hormones and Behavior, 150, 105317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2023.105317
  • Gangestad, S.W., Simpson, J.A., Cousins, A.J., Garver-Apgar, C.E., & Christensen, P.N. (2004). Women’s preferences for male behavioral displays change across the menstrual cycle. Psychological Science, 15 (3), 203-207. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.01503010.x
  • Gneezy, U., & Rustichini, A. (2004). Gender and competition at a young age. American Economic Review, 94(2), 377-381. https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828041301821
  • Gneezy, U., Leonard, K.L., & List, J.A. (2009). Gender differences in competition: Evidence from a matrilineal and a patriarchal society Econometrica, 77 (5), 1637-1664. https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA6690
  • Helmbold, K., Bubenzer, S., Dahmen, B., Eisert, A., Gaber, T.J., Habel, U., Konrad, K., Herpertz-Dahlman, B., & Zepf, F.D. (2013). Influence of acute tryptophan depletion on verbal declarative episodic memory in young adult females. Amino Acids, 45, 1207–1219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-013-1582-1
  • Hoffman, E., McCabe, K.A., & Smith, V.L. (1996). On expectations and the monetary stakes in ultimatum games. International Journal of Game Theory, 25(3), 289-301. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02425259
  • Jianakoplos, N.A., & Bernasek, A. (1998). Are women more risk averse? Economic Inquiry, 36, 620-630. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1998.tb01740.x
  • Johansson-Stenman, O., Mahmud, M., & Martinsson, P. (2005). Does stake size matter in trust games? Economics Letters, 88(3), 365-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2005.03.007
  • Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263-292. https://doi.org/10.2307/1914185
  • Kocher, M.G., Martinsson, P., & Visser, M. (2008). Does stake size matter for cooperation and punishment? Economics Letters, 99(3), 508-511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2007.09.048
  • Lazzaro, S.C., Rutledge, R.B., Burghart, D.R., & Glimcher, P.W. (2016). The impact of menstrual cycle phase on economic choice and rationality. PLoS ONE, 11(1), e0144080. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144080
  • MacKillop, J. (2016). The behavioral economics and neuroeconomics of alcohol use disorders. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 40(4), 672-685. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13004
  • Niederle, M., & Vesterlund, L. (2007). Do women shy away from competition? Do men compete too much? The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122(3), 1067–1101. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.122.3.1067
  • Nobile, B., Maimoun, L., Jaussent, I.D., Seneque, M., Dupuis-Maurin, K., Lefebvre, P., Courtet, P., Renard, E., & Guillaume, S. (2021). Effects of Hormonal Contraception Use on Cognitive Functions in Patients With Bulimia Nervosa. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.658182
  • Öneş, U. (2019). Davranışsal iktisat deneylerinde toplumsal cinsiyet temelli farklar. Mülkiye Dergisi, 43(2), 411-434. Pawlowski, B., Atwal, R., & Dunbar, R.I.M. (2008). Sex differences in everyday risk-taking behavior in humans. Evolutionary Psychology, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/147470490800600104
  • Pearson, M., & Schipper, B.C. (2013). Menstrual cycle and competitive bidding. Games and Economic Behavior, 78, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2012.10.008
  • Powell, M., & Ansic, D. (1997). Gender differences in risk behaviour in financial decision-making: An experimental analysis. Journal of Economic Psychology, 18(6), 605-628. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(97)00026-3
  • Samuelson, P.A. (1938). A note on the pure theory of consumer’s behaviour. Economica, 5(17), 61-71. https://doi.org/10.2307/2548836
  • Samuelson, P.A. (1948). Consumption theory in terms of revealed preference. Economica, 15(60), 243-253. https://doi.org/10.2307/2549561
  • Schubert, R., Brown, M., Gysler, M., & Brachinger, H.W. (1999). Financial decision-making: Are women really more risk-averse? The American Economic Review, 89(2), 381-385. http://www.jstor.org/stable/117140
  • Sığırcı, Ö. (2023). Deneysel araştırma tasarımı ve pazarlama araştırmalarında deneysel araştırma tasarımı kullanan yayınların incelenmesi. TroyAcademy, 8(1), 101-135. https://doi.org/10.31454/troyacademy.1235967
  • Smith, V.L. (1962). An experimental study of competitive market behavior. The Journal of Political Economy, 70(2), 111-137. https://doi.org/10.1086/258609
  • Vincent, B.T., Sztwiertnia, M., Koomen, R., & Warren, J.G. (2023). Discounting for money, food, and sex, over the menstrual cycle. Evolutionary Psychological Science, 9: 71-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-022-00334-z
  • Wozniak, D. (2012). Gender differences in a market with relative performance feedback: professional tennis players. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 83(1), 158-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2011.06.020
  • Wozniak, D., Harbaugh, W.T., & Mayr, U. (2014). The menstrual cycle and performance feedback alter gender differences in competitive choices. Journal of Labor Economics, 32(1), 161-198. https://doi.org/10.1086/673324
  • Yavuzaslan, K. (2018). Deneysel iktisat ve kültürel farklılıkların deneysel iktisatla ifadesi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 33, 217-231. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.425851
  • Yavuzaslan, K. (2019). İktisat bilimi laboratuvara mı taşınıyor? Deneysel iktisat ve oyun teorisi. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 11(21), 428-444. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.531935

MENSTRÜEL DÖNGÜNÜN İKTİSADİ KARAR VE DAVRANIŞLARA ETKİLERİNİN BELİRLENMESİNDE DENEYSEL İKTİSAT UYGULAMALARI: BİBLİYOMETRİK BİR ANALİZ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 58 - 75, 31.08.2024

Öz

Hangi gelişmişlik düzeyinde olursa olsun, her ekonominin temel amaçları arasında büyüme, kalkınma ve istihdam mutlaka bulunmaktadır. Bu amaçlara ulaşmada toplumu oluşturan iki önemli parçadan biri olan kadınların rolü de elbette çok önemlidir. Bir başka deyişle, sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedeflerine ulaşmada toplumun tüm kesimlerinin katkısına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Diğer yandan her sağlıklı kadın, her ay hormonal değişimler yaşamakta ve ilgili çalışmalar, bu hormon değişimlerinin iktisadi karar ve davranışlar üzerinde etkili olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, bibliyometrik bir analiz ile menstrüel döngünün, iktisadi karar ve davranışlara etkilerinin değerlendirilmesine katkı sağlayan literatürü, özellikle deneysel iktisat bağlamında tanıtmaktır. Çalışmadaki değerlendirmeler, sürdürülebilir kalkınma, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği, büyüme, istihdam ve hatta tıbbi çalışmalar açısından önem taşımaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Azmat, G., & Petrongolo, B. (2014). Gender and the labor market: What have we learned from field and lab experiments? Labor Economics, 30, 32-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2014.06.005
  • Basılgan, M. (2013). İktisat ve deneysel yöntem: Deneyler, tartışmalar ve gelecek. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 48, 61-89.
  • Benhabib, J., & Bisin, A. (2005). Modeling internal commitment mechanisms and self-control: A neuroeconomics approach to consumption–saving decisions. Games and Economic Behavior, 52(2), 460-492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2004.10.004
  • Borawska, A., & Alsakaa A. (2017). Prediction of decision outcome via observation of brain activity signals during decision-making process. In: Nermend, K., & Łatuszyńska, M. (eds) Neuroeconomic and Behavioral Aspects of Decision Making. Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62938-4_17
  • Bourgeois-Gironde, S. (2010). Is neuroeconomics doomed by the reverse inference fallacy? Mind & Society, 9(2), 229-249. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s11299-010-0076-z
  • Bourgeois-Gironde, S., & Guille, M. (2012). Keynes's animal spirits vindicated: An analysis of recent empirical and neural data on money illusion. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 34(2), 331-352. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23119508
  • Buser, T. (2012). The Impact of the Menstrual Cycle and Hormonal Contraceptives on Competitiveness. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 83(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2011.06.006
  • Camerer, C.F. (2008). The potential of neuroeconomics. Economics and Philosophy, 24(3), 369-379. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266267108002022
  • Camerer, C.F., & Hogarth, R.M. (1999). Incentives in experiments: a review and capital-labor-production framework. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 19 (1), 7-42. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007850605129
  • Chamberlin, E.H. (1948). An experimental imperfect market. Journal of Political Economy, 56(2), 95-108. https://doi.org/10.1086/256654
  • Chen, Y., Katuščák, P., & Ozdenoren, E. (2013). Why can’t a woman bid more like a man? Games and Economic Behavior, 77(1), 181-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2012.10.002
  • Clavien, C., & Klein, R.A. (2010). Eager for fairness or for revenge? Psychological altruism in economics. Economics and Philosophy, 26(3), 267-290. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266267110000374
  • Da Silva, S., Baldo, D., & Matsushita, R. (2011). Biological correlates of the Allais paradox. Applied Economics, 45(5), 555–568. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2011.607133
  • Declerck, C.H., & Boone, C. (2018). The neuroeconomics of cooperation. Nature Human Behaviour, 2, 438-440. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0387-3
  • Declerck, C.H., Boone, C., & Emonds, G. (2013). When do people cooperate? The neuroeconomics of prosocial decision making. Brain and Cognition, 81(1), 95-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2012.09.009
  • Durante, K.M., Giriskevicius, V., Cantú, S.M., & Simpson, J.A. (2014). Money, status, and the ovulatory cycle. Journal of Marketing Research, 51(1), 27-39. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmr.11.0327
  • Fišar M., Cingl L., Reggiani, T., Klocová, E.K., Kundt, R., Krátký, J., Kostolanská, K., Bencúrová, P., Pešková, M.K., & Marečková, K. (2023). Ovulatory shift, hormonal changes, and no effects on incentivized decision-making. Journal of Economic Psychology, 98, 102656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2023.102656
  • Galindo-Caballero, O.J., Alzate-Pamplona, F.A., Gangestad, S.W., & Cruz, J.E. (2023). A review and p-curve analysis of research on the menstrual cycle correlates of consumer preferences and economic decisions. Hormones and Behavior, 150, 105317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2023.105317
  • Gangestad, S.W., Simpson, J.A., Cousins, A.J., Garver-Apgar, C.E., & Christensen, P.N. (2004). Women’s preferences for male behavioral displays change across the menstrual cycle. Psychological Science, 15 (3), 203-207. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.01503010.x
  • Gneezy, U., & Rustichini, A. (2004). Gender and competition at a young age. American Economic Review, 94(2), 377-381. https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828041301821
  • Gneezy, U., Leonard, K.L., & List, J.A. (2009). Gender differences in competition: Evidence from a matrilineal and a patriarchal society Econometrica, 77 (5), 1637-1664. https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA6690
  • Helmbold, K., Bubenzer, S., Dahmen, B., Eisert, A., Gaber, T.J., Habel, U., Konrad, K., Herpertz-Dahlman, B., & Zepf, F.D. (2013). Influence of acute tryptophan depletion on verbal declarative episodic memory in young adult females. Amino Acids, 45, 1207–1219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-013-1582-1
  • Hoffman, E., McCabe, K.A., & Smith, V.L. (1996). On expectations and the monetary stakes in ultimatum games. International Journal of Game Theory, 25(3), 289-301. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02425259
  • Jianakoplos, N.A., & Bernasek, A. (1998). Are women more risk averse? Economic Inquiry, 36, 620-630. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1998.tb01740.x
  • Johansson-Stenman, O., Mahmud, M., & Martinsson, P. (2005). Does stake size matter in trust games? Economics Letters, 88(3), 365-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2005.03.007
  • Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263-292. https://doi.org/10.2307/1914185
  • Kocher, M.G., Martinsson, P., & Visser, M. (2008). Does stake size matter for cooperation and punishment? Economics Letters, 99(3), 508-511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2007.09.048
  • Lazzaro, S.C., Rutledge, R.B., Burghart, D.R., & Glimcher, P.W. (2016). The impact of menstrual cycle phase on economic choice and rationality. PLoS ONE, 11(1), e0144080. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144080
  • MacKillop, J. (2016). The behavioral economics and neuroeconomics of alcohol use disorders. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 40(4), 672-685. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13004
  • Niederle, M., & Vesterlund, L. (2007). Do women shy away from competition? Do men compete too much? The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122(3), 1067–1101. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.122.3.1067
  • Nobile, B., Maimoun, L., Jaussent, I.D., Seneque, M., Dupuis-Maurin, K., Lefebvre, P., Courtet, P., Renard, E., & Guillaume, S. (2021). Effects of Hormonal Contraception Use on Cognitive Functions in Patients With Bulimia Nervosa. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.658182
  • Öneş, U. (2019). Davranışsal iktisat deneylerinde toplumsal cinsiyet temelli farklar. Mülkiye Dergisi, 43(2), 411-434. Pawlowski, B., Atwal, R., & Dunbar, R.I.M. (2008). Sex differences in everyday risk-taking behavior in humans. Evolutionary Psychology, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/147470490800600104
  • Pearson, M., & Schipper, B.C. (2013). Menstrual cycle and competitive bidding. Games and Economic Behavior, 78, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2012.10.008
  • Powell, M., & Ansic, D. (1997). Gender differences in risk behaviour in financial decision-making: An experimental analysis. Journal of Economic Psychology, 18(6), 605-628. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(97)00026-3
  • Samuelson, P.A. (1938). A note on the pure theory of consumer’s behaviour. Economica, 5(17), 61-71. https://doi.org/10.2307/2548836
  • Samuelson, P.A. (1948). Consumption theory in terms of revealed preference. Economica, 15(60), 243-253. https://doi.org/10.2307/2549561
  • Schubert, R., Brown, M., Gysler, M., & Brachinger, H.W. (1999). Financial decision-making: Are women really more risk-averse? The American Economic Review, 89(2), 381-385. http://www.jstor.org/stable/117140
  • Sığırcı, Ö. (2023). Deneysel araştırma tasarımı ve pazarlama araştırmalarında deneysel araştırma tasarımı kullanan yayınların incelenmesi. TroyAcademy, 8(1), 101-135. https://doi.org/10.31454/troyacademy.1235967
  • Smith, V.L. (1962). An experimental study of competitive market behavior. The Journal of Political Economy, 70(2), 111-137. https://doi.org/10.1086/258609
  • Vincent, B.T., Sztwiertnia, M., Koomen, R., & Warren, J.G. (2023). Discounting for money, food, and sex, over the menstrual cycle. Evolutionary Psychological Science, 9: 71-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-022-00334-z
  • Wozniak, D. (2012). Gender differences in a market with relative performance feedback: professional tennis players. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 83(1), 158-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2011.06.020
  • Wozniak, D., Harbaugh, W.T., & Mayr, U. (2014). The menstrual cycle and performance feedback alter gender differences in competitive choices. Journal of Labor Economics, 32(1), 161-198. https://doi.org/10.1086/673324
  • Yavuzaslan, K. (2018). Deneysel iktisat ve kültürel farklılıkların deneysel iktisatla ifadesi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 33, 217-231. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.425851
  • Yavuzaslan, K. (2019). İktisat bilimi laboratuvara mı taşınıyor? Deneysel iktisat ve oyun teorisi. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 11(21), 428-444. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.531935
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Deneysel İktisat
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Ahmet Aydın Arı 0000-0002-7177-5116

Aslı Seda Kurt 0000-0003-0356-7443

Kerim Eser Afşar 0000-0002-9853-0186

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Ağustos 2024
Kabul Tarihi 16 Ağustos 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Arı, A. A., Kurt, A. S., & Afşar, K. E. (2024). MENSTRÜEL DÖNGÜNÜN İKTİSADİ KARAR VE DAVRANIŞLARA ETKİLERİNİN BELİRLENMESİNDE DENEYSEL İKTİSAT UYGULAMALARI: BİBLİYOMETRİK BİR ANALİZ. Sakarya İktisat Dergisi, 13(2), 58-75.