Araştırma Makalesi
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A Study on Smartness and Sustainability of Global Cities: New York and Istanbul

Yıl 2023, , 893 - 927, 21.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.30561/sinopusd.1314048

Öz

Cities are not only places where problems such as migration, unemployment, air pollu-tion, crime, and climate change arise, but also where many problems find solutions. After a literature review on the global city, smart sustainable city, and smart sustainab-le city indicators, this research examined and compared New York and Istanbul based on certain indicators. The study aims to identify the strengths, weaknesses, commona-lities, and differences between cities. The performance of cities can be compared by ranking them according to different indicators. Ranking the cities can also enable them to monitor their development in different areas over the years. However, a rank-based performance comparison alone may limit a deeper view of cities' commonalities, diffe-rences, opportunities, and weaknesses. Therefore, this study examines the areas of development of New York and Istanbul from a smart sustainable city perspective, taking into account eleven different indicators including population, economy, educa-tion, energy, health, security, internet, job opportunities, transportation, water, and waste management.

Kaynakça

  • Ahvenniemi, H.,Huovila,A., Pinto-Seppä, I.,Airaksinen,M. (2017). What are the diffe-rences between sustainable and smart cities?. Cities, 60, 234-245.
  • Akçura, M. T., & Avci, S. B. (2014). How to make global cities: Information communi-cation technologies and macro-level variables. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 89, 68–79.
  • Alagöz, A. Z., & Kocasoy, G. (2008). Improvement and modification of the routing system for the health-care waste collection and transportation in Istanbul. Waste Management, 28(8), 1461–1471.
  • Arcadis. (2016). Sustainable cities index 2016. https://tinyurl.com/bdhuht6d
  • ARUP. (2017). Smart city strategies: A global review. https://tinyurl.com/4hsutnsw
  • A.T.Kearney (2016). Global cities 2016: Which global cities are performing best to-day, which have the best long-tern potential, and what makes a “smart city”? https://tinyurl.com/4utxx75u
  • Bai,X., Surveyer, A., Elmqvist, T., Gatzweiler,W.F., Güneralp, B., Parnell, S., Prieur-Richard, A. H., Shrivastava,P., Siri, G.J., Stafford-Smith,M., Toussaint, J-P., Webb, R. (2016). Defining and advancing a systems approach for sustainable cities. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 23, 69-78.
  • Batur, İ., & Koç, M. (2017). Travel Demand Management (TDM) case study for social behavioral change towards sustainable urban transportation in Istanbul. Cities, 69, 20–35.
  • Benites, A. J., & Simões, A. F. (2021). Assessing the urban sustainable development strategy: An application of a smart city services sustainability taxonomy. Eco-logical Indicators, 127.
  • Berkun, M., Aras, E., & Nemlioglu, S. (2005). Disposal of solid waste in Istanbul and along the Black Sea coast of Turkey. Waste Management, 25(8), 847–855.
  • Bhattacharya, T. R., Bhattacharya, A., Mclellan, B., & Tezuka, T. (2020). Sustainable smart city development framework for developing countries. Urban Research and Practice, 13(2), 180–212.
  • Bilen, Ö., Aşkın, Ö. E., Büyüklü, A. H., Ökten, A., & Gür, M. (2013). How the fear of crime spatially differs among the districts of Istanbul. E-Journal of New World Science Academy, 8(4), 153–164.
  • Bower, L. L. (2018). The development impact of smart city programs. 2018 IEEE In-ternational Symposium on Technology and Society, 20–25.
  • Boz,C. (2010). Job satisfaction index for Istanbul labor market. International Journal of Business and Management Studies, 2 (2), 9-15.
  • Bulu, M., Önder, M. A. and Aksakalli, V. (2014). Algortihm-embedded IT applications for an emerging knowledge city: Istanbul, Expert Systems with Applications, 41, 5625-5635.
  • Burdett, R. (2009). Istanbul: City of intersections. Urban Age. https://tinyurl.com/ykvn7kxw
  • Canitez, F., Alpkokin, P., & Kiremitci, S. T. (2020). Sustainable urban mobility in Is-tanbul: Challenges and prospects. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 8(4), 1148–1157.
  • Ceccato, V., Kahn, T., Herrmann, C., & Östlund, A. (2022). Pandemic restrictions and spatiotemporal crime patterns in New York, São Paulo, and Stockholm. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 38(1), 120–149.
  • Chalfin, A., Hansen, B., Lerner, J., & Parker, L. (2022). Reducing crime through envi-ronmental design: Evidence from a randomized experiment of street lighting in New York City. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 38, 127-157.
  • Csukás, M. S., & Szabó, R. Z. (2021). The many faces of the smart city: Differing value propositions in the activity portfolios of nine cities. Cities, 112, 103116.
  • Çelikyay, H.H. (2017). The studies through smart cities model: The case of Istanbul. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science, 6(1), 149-163.
  • Derudder, B., De Vos, A., & Witlox, F. (2011). Global city/world city. In International handbook of globalization and world cities. Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Dincer, I., Javani, N., Karayel, G.K. (2022). Sustainable city concept based on green hydrogen energy. Sustainable Cities and Society, 87, 104154.
  • Doğan,B.Ö., Williams, A. & Williams, A. (2023).Economic policy uncertainty and renewable energy-is there a relation? Case study G7. Sinop Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(1), 823-843.
  • Ercoşkun, Y.Ö. (2016). Ultimate ICT network in Turkey for smart cities. Planlama, 26(2):130-146.
  • Erçetin, C. (2014). Planning and management of bike sharing system for sustainable urban transport: Konya, Kayseri and Istanbul cases. [Master’s Thesis,Middle East Technical University].METU Open.https://open.metu.edu.tr/handle/11511/23648
  • Eren, F. & Şimşek, B. (2016). How Istanbul could be at the top in global city indices? IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 21 (10), 41-69.
  • Ergun, N., & Yirmibeşoğlu, F. (2007). Distribution of crime rates in different districts in Istanbul. Turkish Studies, 8(3), 435–455.
  • Fortuna, L. M., & Castaldi, M. J. (2018). New York City’s reuse impact calculator: Quantifying the zero waste impact of materials reuse. Waste Management and Research, 36(12), 1190–1200.
  • Global EDGE (2020). New York: Trade statistics. https://tinyurl.com/44jrvxah
  • Goel, S. (2017). Solid and hazardous waste management: An introduction. In: Goel, S. (Eds), Advances in Solid and Hazardous Waste Management. Springer.
  • Grossi,G., Pianezzi, D. (2017). Smart cities: Utopia or neoliberal ideology? Cities, 69, 79-85.
  • Gülseçen, S. (2020) Smart people: Smart cities capacity building and guidance pro-ject.Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change. https://tinyurl.com/2t5w8rsw
  • Gülseçen, S., Gezer, M., Çelik, S., & Koçoğlu, F. Ö. (2021). Future needs from the smart mega city (SMC) plans-smart green city-the case of Istanbul.In book: Sus-tainable Mega City Communities (pp.109–118). Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Hara, M., Nagao, T., Hannoe, S., & Nakamura, J. (2016). New key performance indica-tors for a smart sustainable city. Sustainability (Switzerland), 8(3).
  • Hillard,T., González-Rivera,C., Sharp,N. (2018,March). Opportunity knocks: Boosting state investment in New York’s worforce development system. Center for an Ur-ban Future. https://tinyurl.com/5d9ayme3
  • Huovila, A., Bosch, P., & Airaksinen, M. (2019). Comparative analysis of standardized indicators for smart sustainable cities: What indicators and standards to use and when? Cities, 89, 141–153.
  • Hurriyet Daily News. (2018,September 24). Istanbul has highest income inequality in Turkey. https://tinyurl.com/4ttweckn
  • İlkkaracan, İ. (2016). Analysis of Istanbul labour market from a gender equality per-spective. International Labour Organization. https://tinyurl.com/2dh74vbz
  • Janik, A., Ryszko, A., & Szafraniec, M. (2020). Scientific landscape of smart and sus-tainable cities literature: A bibliometric analysis. Sustainability, 12(3).
  • Kanat, G. (2010). Municipal solid-waste management in Istanbul. Waste Management, 30(8–9), 1737–1745.
  • Keskin, B. (2008). Hedonic analysis of price in the Istanbul housing market. Interna-tional Journal of Strategic Property Management, 12(2), 125–138.
  • Kontokosta,C.E., Hong,B., Johnson,N.E., Starobin, D.(2018). Using machine learning and small area estimation to predict building-level municipal solid waste gene-ration in cities. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 70, 151-162.
  • Krueger, E. H., McPhearson, T., & Levin, S. A. (2022). Integrated assessment of urban water supply security and resilience: Towards a streamlined approach. Envi-ronmental Research Letters, 17(7).
  • Kubina, M., Šulyová, D., & Vodák, J. (2021). Managing global smart cities in an era of 21st century challenges. Sustainability, 13(5), 1–13.
  • Kummitha, K.R., Crutzen, N. (2017). How do we understand smart cities? An evolutio-nary perspective. Cities, 67, 43-52.
  • KWR Water Research Institute. (2023). City blueprint. https://tinyurl.com/5n8rhvr5
  • Lai, C. S., Jia, Y., Dong, Z., Wang, D., Tao, Y., Lai, Q. H., … Lai, L. L. (2020). A review of technical standards for smart cities. Clean Technologies, 2(3), 290–310.
  • Longworth, R.C. (2015). On global cities. The Chicago Council on Global Affairs. https://tinyurl.com/nhd5cvkd
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Küresel Şehirlerin Akıllılığı ve Sürdürülebilirliği Üzerine Bir Araştırma: New York ve İstanbul

Yıl 2023, , 893 - 927, 21.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.30561/sinopusd.1314048

Öz

Şehirler yalnızca göç, işsizlik, hava kirliliği, suç ve iklim değişikliği gibi sorunların ortaya çıktığı yerler değil, aynı zamanda birçok problemin çözüm bulduğu yerlerdir. Bu araştırma, küresel şehir, akıllı sürdürülebilir şehir ve akıllı sürdürülebilir şehir göstergelerine ilişkin bir literatür taramasının ardından New York ve İstanbul'u belirli göstergelere dayalı olarak incelemiş ve karşılaştırmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı şehirlerin güçlü, zayıf yanlarını, ortak yönlerini ve farklılıklarını tespit etmektir. Şehirlerin per-formansı, farklı göstergelere göre sıralanarak karşılaştırılabilir. Şehirlerin sıralanması, yıllar içinde farklı alanlardaki gelişimlerinin de izlenmesini sağlayabilir. Ancak, yal-nızca sıralamaya dayalı bir performans karşılaştırması, şehirlerin ortak yanlarını, fark-lılıklarını, fırsatlarını ve zayıflıklarını daha derinlemesine görmeyi sınırlandırabilir. Bu nedenle, bu çalışma -nüfus, ekonomi, eğitim, enerji, sağlık, güvenlik, internet, iş imkânları, ulaşım, su ve atık yönetimini içeren- on bir farklı göstergeyi dikkate alarak New York ve İstanbul’un akıllı sürdürülebilir şehir perspektifinden geliştirilebilir alanlarını ortaya koymaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Ahvenniemi, H.,Huovila,A., Pinto-Seppä, I.,Airaksinen,M. (2017). What are the diffe-rences between sustainable and smart cities?. Cities, 60, 234-245.
  • Akçura, M. T., & Avci, S. B. (2014). How to make global cities: Information communi-cation technologies and macro-level variables. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 89, 68–79.
  • Alagöz, A. Z., & Kocasoy, G. (2008). Improvement and modification of the routing system for the health-care waste collection and transportation in Istanbul. Waste Management, 28(8), 1461–1471.
  • Arcadis. (2016). Sustainable cities index 2016. https://tinyurl.com/bdhuht6d
  • ARUP. (2017). Smart city strategies: A global review. https://tinyurl.com/4hsutnsw
  • A.T.Kearney (2016). Global cities 2016: Which global cities are performing best to-day, which have the best long-tern potential, and what makes a “smart city”? https://tinyurl.com/4utxx75u
  • Bai,X., Surveyer, A., Elmqvist, T., Gatzweiler,W.F., Güneralp, B., Parnell, S., Prieur-Richard, A. H., Shrivastava,P., Siri, G.J., Stafford-Smith,M., Toussaint, J-P., Webb, R. (2016). Defining and advancing a systems approach for sustainable cities. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 23, 69-78.
  • Batur, İ., & Koç, M. (2017). Travel Demand Management (TDM) case study for social behavioral change towards sustainable urban transportation in Istanbul. Cities, 69, 20–35.
  • Benites, A. J., & Simões, A. F. (2021). Assessing the urban sustainable development strategy: An application of a smart city services sustainability taxonomy. Eco-logical Indicators, 127.
  • Berkun, M., Aras, E., & Nemlioglu, S. (2005). Disposal of solid waste in Istanbul and along the Black Sea coast of Turkey. Waste Management, 25(8), 847–855.
  • Bhattacharya, T. R., Bhattacharya, A., Mclellan, B., & Tezuka, T. (2020). Sustainable smart city development framework for developing countries. Urban Research and Practice, 13(2), 180–212.
  • Bilen, Ö., Aşkın, Ö. E., Büyüklü, A. H., Ökten, A., & Gür, M. (2013). How the fear of crime spatially differs among the districts of Istanbul. E-Journal of New World Science Academy, 8(4), 153–164.
  • Bower, L. L. (2018). The development impact of smart city programs. 2018 IEEE In-ternational Symposium on Technology and Society, 20–25.
  • Boz,C. (2010). Job satisfaction index for Istanbul labor market. International Journal of Business and Management Studies, 2 (2), 9-15.
  • Bulu, M., Önder, M. A. and Aksakalli, V. (2014). Algortihm-embedded IT applications for an emerging knowledge city: Istanbul, Expert Systems with Applications, 41, 5625-5635.
  • Burdett, R. (2009). Istanbul: City of intersections. Urban Age. https://tinyurl.com/ykvn7kxw
  • Canitez, F., Alpkokin, P., & Kiremitci, S. T. (2020). Sustainable urban mobility in Is-tanbul: Challenges and prospects. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 8(4), 1148–1157.
  • Ceccato, V., Kahn, T., Herrmann, C., & Östlund, A. (2022). Pandemic restrictions and spatiotemporal crime patterns in New York, São Paulo, and Stockholm. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 38(1), 120–149.
  • Chalfin, A., Hansen, B., Lerner, J., & Parker, L. (2022). Reducing crime through envi-ronmental design: Evidence from a randomized experiment of street lighting in New York City. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 38, 127-157.
  • Csukás, M. S., & Szabó, R. Z. (2021). The many faces of the smart city: Differing value propositions in the activity portfolios of nine cities. Cities, 112, 103116.
  • Çelikyay, H.H. (2017). The studies through smart cities model: The case of Istanbul. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science, 6(1), 149-163.
  • Derudder, B., De Vos, A., & Witlox, F. (2011). Global city/world city. In International handbook of globalization and world cities. Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Dincer, I., Javani, N., Karayel, G.K. (2022). Sustainable city concept based on green hydrogen energy. Sustainable Cities and Society, 87, 104154.
  • Doğan,B.Ö., Williams, A. & Williams, A. (2023).Economic policy uncertainty and renewable energy-is there a relation? Case study G7. Sinop Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(1), 823-843.
  • Ercoşkun, Y.Ö. (2016). Ultimate ICT network in Turkey for smart cities. Planlama, 26(2):130-146.
  • Erçetin, C. (2014). Planning and management of bike sharing system for sustainable urban transport: Konya, Kayseri and Istanbul cases. [Master’s Thesis,Middle East Technical University].METU Open.https://open.metu.edu.tr/handle/11511/23648
  • Eren, F. & Şimşek, B. (2016). How Istanbul could be at the top in global city indices? IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 21 (10), 41-69.
  • Ergun, N., & Yirmibeşoğlu, F. (2007). Distribution of crime rates in different districts in Istanbul. Turkish Studies, 8(3), 435–455.
  • Fortuna, L. M., & Castaldi, M. J. (2018). New York City’s reuse impact calculator: Quantifying the zero waste impact of materials reuse. Waste Management and Research, 36(12), 1190–1200.
  • Global EDGE (2020). New York: Trade statistics. https://tinyurl.com/44jrvxah
  • Goel, S. (2017). Solid and hazardous waste management: An introduction. In: Goel, S. (Eds), Advances in Solid and Hazardous Waste Management. Springer.
  • Grossi,G., Pianezzi, D. (2017). Smart cities: Utopia or neoliberal ideology? Cities, 69, 79-85.
  • Gülseçen, S. (2020) Smart people: Smart cities capacity building and guidance pro-ject.Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change. https://tinyurl.com/2t5w8rsw
  • Gülseçen, S., Gezer, M., Çelik, S., & Koçoğlu, F. Ö. (2021). Future needs from the smart mega city (SMC) plans-smart green city-the case of Istanbul.In book: Sus-tainable Mega City Communities (pp.109–118). Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Hara, M., Nagao, T., Hannoe, S., & Nakamura, J. (2016). New key performance indica-tors for a smart sustainable city. Sustainability (Switzerland), 8(3).
  • Hillard,T., González-Rivera,C., Sharp,N. (2018,March). Opportunity knocks: Boosting state investment in New York’s worforce development system. Center for an Ur-ban Future. https://tinyurl.com/5d9ayme3
  • Huovila, A., Bosch, P., & Airaksinen, M. (2019). Comparative analysis of standardized indicators for smart sustainable cities: What indicators and standards to use and when? Cities, 89, 141–153.
  • Hurriyet Daily News. (2018,September 24). Istanbul has highest income inequality in Turkey. https://tinyurl.com/4ttweckn
  • İlkkaracan, İ. (2016). Analysis of Istanbul labour market from a gender equality per-spective. International Labour Organization. https://tinyurl.com/2dh74vbz
  • Janik, A., Ryszko, A., & Szafraniec, M. (2020). Scientific landscape of smart and sus-tainable cities literature: A bibliometric analysis. Sustainability, 12(3).
  • Kanat, G. (2010). Municipal solid-waste management in Istanbul. Waste Management, 30(8–9), 1737–1745.
  • Keskin, B. (2008). Hedonic analysis of price in the Istanbul housing market. Interna-tional Journal of Strategic Property Management, 12(2), 125–138.
  • Kontokosta,C.E., Hong,B., Johnson,N.E., Starobin, D.(2018). Using machine learning and small area estimation to predict building-level municipal solid waste gene-ration in cities. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 70, 151-162.
  • Krueger, E. H., McPhearson, T., & Levin, S. A. (2022). Integrated assessment of urban water supply security and resilience: Towards a streamlined approach. Envi-ronmental Research Letters, 17(7).
  • Kubina, M., Šulyová, D., & Vodák, J. (2021). Managing global smart cities in an era of 21st century challenges. Sustainability, 13(5), 1–13.
  • Kummitha, K.R., Crutzen, N. (2017). How do we understand smart cities? An evolutio-nary perspective. Cities, 67, 43-52.
  • KWR Water Research Institute. (2023). City blueprint. https://tinyurl.com/5n8rhvr5
  • Lai, C. S., Jia, Y., Dong, Z., Wang, D., Tao, Y., Lai, Q. H., … Lai, L. L. (2020). A review of technical standards for smart cities. Clean Technologies, 2(3), 290–310.
  • Longworth, R.C. (2015). On global cities. The Chicago Council on Global Affairs. https://tinyurl.com/nhd5cvkd
  • Mcdonogh, G., Isenhour, C., & Checker, M. (2011). Introduction: Sustainability in the city: Ethnographic approaches. City and Society, 23(2), 113–116.
  • Milošević, M. R., Milošević, D. M., Stević, D. M., & Stanojević, A. D. (2019). Smart city: Modeling key indicators in Serbia using IT2FS. Sustainability, 11(13).
  • Moe, A.& Turner, S.(2022). Clean energy education and training resources and op-portunities in New York’s Southern Tier Region. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. https://tinyurl.com/3h93ujb7
  • Moreno, C., Allam, Z., Chabaud, D., Gall, C., & Pratlong, F. (2021). Introducing the “15-minute city”: Sustainability, resilience and place identity in future post-pandemic cities. Smart Cities, 4(1), 93–111.
  • Nelson, G. (2012). Beyond the Global City : Understanding and planning for the di-versity of Ontario. McGill-Queen’s University Press.
  • New York City Department of Education. (2023). DOE data at a glance. https://tinyurl.com/5b2zyapw
  • New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. (2007). Health care access among adults in New York City: The importance of having insurance and a reg-ular care provider. https://tinyurl.com/2uckyren
  • New York Smart Schools Commission Report. (2014). Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/3yrydvzd
  • New York State. (2022). DEC announces draft regulations to reduce waste sent to landfills, improve waste management, and reduce solid waste's climate change impacts. https://tinyurl.com/2m78kykf
  • New York State. (2023). Clean energy standard. https://tinyurl.com/498m6bym
  • NYC. (2022). Efforts to reduce air pollution should focus on neighborhoods with the worst health impacts. https://tinyurl.com/3j5wznmd
  • NYC. (2023a). Population. https://tinyurl.com/5ehpbwj7
  • NYC. (2023b). An economic profile of immigrants in New York City. https://tinyurl.com/ary8ppdf
  • NYCDOT. (n.d). Transportation. https://tinyurl.com/bdesm8xt
  • OEC. (2023). Turkey. https://tinyurl.com/2j7y458x
  • Pira, M. (2021). A novel taxonomy of smart sustainable city indicators. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8(1), 1–10.
  • Portes, A., & Martínez, B. (2019). Emerging global cities: Structural similarities and historical differences. Revista Espanola de Sociologia, 28(3), 9–21.
  • Rahm, B. G., Morse, N., Bowen, M., Choi, J., Mehta, D., & Vedachalam, S. (2018). Is bigger better? Driving factors of POTW performance in New York. Water Re-search, 135, 134–143.
  • Razmjoo, A., Gandomi, A. H., Pazhoohesh, M., Mirjalili, S., & Rezaei, M. (2022). The key role of clean energy and technology in smart cities development. Energy Strategy Reviews, 44, 100943.
  • Sassen,S. (2012). Cities in a world economy. Sage.
  • Shah, J., Kothari, J., & Doshi, N. (2019). A survey of smart city infrastructure via case study on New York. Procedia Computer Science, 160, 702–705.
  • Shatkin, G. (2007). Global cities of the South: Emerging perspectives on growth and inequality. Cities, 24(1), 1–15.
  • Shittu, O.S., Williams,I.D.,Shaw,P.J.(2021).Global E-waste management: Can WEEE make a difference? A review of e-waste trends, legislation, contemporary issues and future challenges.Waste Management, 120, 549-563.
  • Sufiyan,A. M. (2013). Initiatives of global cities in environmental sustainability: A Case of London and New York City. Journal of Sustainable Development, 6(3), 1–15.
  • Šulyová, D., & Vodák, J. (2020). The impact of cultural aspects on building the smart city approach: Managing diversity in Europe (London), North America (New York) and Asia (Singapore). Sustainability, 12(22), 1–11.
  • Statista. (2023,May). Number of hospitals in New York 2021 by ownership. https://tinyurl.com/3nsdw6td
  • Taş, B. (2022). The effect of human capital on income equality : Cross-sectional analysis. Sinop Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(1),823-843.
  • T.C. Istanbul Valiliği. (2019, June 14). Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Istanbul Eğitim İstatis-tikleri. https://tinyurl.com/5n6n5ecf
  • The Mori Memorial Foundation. (2022). Global Power City Index 2022. https://tinyurl.com/3tyxhyav
  • The Ministry of Health. (2021). Health Statistics Yearbook. https://tinyurl.com/2bep6b3b
  • TUIK(2021a, April 06). International migration statistics. https://tinyurl.com/bd9f7apn
  • TUIK (2021b, August 26). Survey on information and communication technology (ICT) usage in households and by individuals. https://tinyurl.com/mtn9mf5a
  • TUIK (2022a, May 12). Income and living conditions survey regional results. https://tinyurl.com/249hj9xx
  • TUIK (2022b, December 7). Health expenditure statistics. https://tinyurl.com/yc533h8w
  • TUIK (2023,February 06). The results of address based population registration sys-tem. https://tinyurl.com/4xwj7bab
  • Urban Green Council. (2020). New York City’s Energy and Water Use Report. https://tinyurl.com/4vpb4kuz
  • U.S.Census Bureau. (2022, July 1). Quick facts. https://tinyurl.com/3xpm6sz6
  • Van Leeuwen, K. & Sjerps, R. (2015). Istanbul: the challenges of integrated water re-sources management in Europa’s megacity. Environment, Development and Sus-tainability, 18, 1-17.
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  • Yigitcanlar, T., Kamruzzaman, M., Foth, M., Sabatini-Marques, J., da Costa, E., & Iop-polo, G. (2019). Can cities become smart without being sustainable? A system-atic review of the literature. Sustainable Cities and Society, 45, 348–365.
Toplam 89 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Çevre Sosyolojisi, Kent Sosyolojisi ve Toplum Çalışmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Derya Yılmaz 0000-0002-3793-0442

Yayımlanma Tarihi 21 Ekim 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Yılmaz, D. (2023). A Study on Smartness and Sustainability of Global Cities: New York and Istanbul. Sinop Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(2), 893-927. https://doi.org/10.30561/sinopusd.1314048

                                                 

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