Orta Asya’da Çin’in Ekonomik Varlığı: Kazakistan Örneği

Öz

Sovyetler Birliği'nin dağılmasından bu yana Çin, Şanghay İşbirliği Örgütü (ŞİÖ), Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi (BRI) ve Asya Altyapı Yatırım Bankası (AIIB) gibi Çin'in önde gelen kurumları sayesinde Orta Asya'daki ekonomik varlığını önemli ölçüde artırdı. Şimdi rotada Çin, Orta Asya devletleri için en önemli ortaklardan biridir. Çin özel sektöre ve yabancı yatırıma açıldı. Devlete ait bankalar, tasarrufları yollar ve demiryolu bağlantıları gibi altyapı tesisleri için finansmana dönüştürdü. Yabancı firmalardan teknoloji transferini teşvik eden yerel bir ortakla yan yana gelmeleri istendi. Sonuç olarak, uzun yıllar boyunca Çin ekonomisi büyüdü. Bu makalenin odak noktası, Orta Asya'da örnek bir ülke olarak Kazakistan olacaktır. Astana ve Pekin arasındaki diplomatik bağlar, eski Sovyetler Birliği'nin dağılmasından kısa bir süre sonra gelişti ve her iki ülke de daha sonra ŞİÖ'ye dönüşecek olan Şanghay Beşlisi'ni birlikte kurdu. Kazakistan açısından bakıldığında, ülkenin jeopolitik durumu, Kazakistan'ın en güçlü ve en yakın iki komşusu olan Rusya ve Çin ile işbirliği yapmaktan başka seçenek bırakmıyor. Şu anda, Kazakistan'ın stratejisi Çin'in ekonomik erişimine giden yolu sağlarken, Pekin'in artan yatırımları Kazakistan'ın modernleşme yolunu sağlıyor. Kazakistan ve Çin, 1991'den bu yana diplomatik bağlarını genişletti ve BRI'nin 2013'te başlatılmasından bu yana daha da ileri gittiler, ekonomik ilişkileri gelişiyor. Finansal entegrasyon, BRI'yi desteklemenin anahtarıdır, bu nedenle AIIB kurulmuştur. Önemli ölçüde artan ekonomik etkinin yanı sıra, uygulanabilir çözümler gerektiren iki ana zorluk da var: biri Rusya'nın Çin'in artan ekonomik varlığına tepkisi, diğeri ise Kazakistan'da gösterilere neden olan Çin karşıtı duygudur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çin
• Orta Asya
• Kazakistan
• Rusya
• ŞİÖ
• BRI
• AIIB

CHINA’S ECONOMIC PRESENCE IN CENTRAL ASIA: KAZAKHSTAN CASE

Öz

Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, China has significantly increased its economic presence in Central Asia thanks to leading Chinese institutions such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), the Belt & Road Initiative (BRI), and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank AIIB. Now on the course, China is one of the most significant partners for Central Asian states. China has opened up to private business and foreign investment. State-owned banks turned saving into financing infrastructure facilities such as roads and rail links. Foreign firms were asked to set up alongside a local partner, encouraging to transfer of technology. For decades, as a result, China's economy has grown. This paper will focus on Kazakhstan as a case country in Central Asia. Diplomatic ties between Astana and Beijing developed shortly after the collapse of the former Soviet Union, with both countries moving on to co-found the Shanghai five, which later turned into the SCO. From Kazakhstan's point of view, the country's geopolitical situation leaves it no choice but to cooperate with Russia and China, Kazakhstan's two most potent and closest neighbors. Currently, Kazakhstan's strategy provides the path to China's economic outreach, while Beijing's growing investments provide Kazakhstan's path to modernization. Kazakhstan and China have extended their diplomatic ties since 1991, and since the launch of the BRI in 2013, they even furthered their economic relations are thriving. Financial integration is vital to supporting the BRI; therefore, the AIIB was established. Along with the significant growing economic influence, two main challenges require feasible solutions one is the Russian reaction to China's growing economic presence, and the other is the anti-Chinese sentiment that causes demonstrations in Kazakhstan.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• China
• Central Asia
• Kazakhstan
• Russia
• the SCO
• the BRI
• the AIIB

Kaynakça

1. ALİYEV, N. (2019). “Protest Against Chinese Migrants in Kyrgyzstan: Sinophobia or Demands for Social Justice.” CACI Analyst.
2. BAILES, A. J. K. DUNAY, P. GUANG, P. and TROITSKIY, M. (2007). The Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Policy Paper. 17. Bromma: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
3. BURLES, M. (1999). Chinese Policy Toward Russia and the Central Asian Republics. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation.
4. CGTN. (2022). “Xi Jinping: China-Kazakhstan Relations Significant for Regional Peace and Stability.” CGTN. Retrieved April 15, 2022 (https://news.cgtn.com/news/2022-02-06/Xi-meets-Kazakh-President-Tokayev-17pCOKqvG80/index.html).
5. CHUNG, C. (2004). “The Shanghai Co-Operation Organization: China’s Changing Influence in Central Asia.” The China Quarterly 180:989–1009. doi: 10.1017/S0305741004000712.
6. CLARKE, M. (2014). “Kazakh Responses to the Rise of China: Between Elite Bandwagoning and Societal Ambivalence?” Pp. 141–72 in Asian Thought on China’s Changing International Relations, Palgrave Studies in International Relations Series, edited by N. Horesh and E. Kavalski. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
7. DAVE, B. (2018). “Silk Road Economic Belt: Effects of China’s Soft Power Diplomacy in Kazakhstan.” Pp. 97–110 in China’s Belt and Road Initiative and its impact in Central Asia, edited by M. Laruelle. Washington, D.C.: the George Washington University: Central Asia Program.
8. DILLEEN, C. (2017). “China’s Belt and Road Initiative in Central Asia: Insurmountable Obstacles and Unmanageable Risks?” The Strategist. Retrieved April 25, 2021 (https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/chinas-belt-road-initiative-central-asia-insurmountable-obstacles-unmanageable-risks/).

9. GALYAMOVA, V. (2008). “Central Asian Countries and China: Managing Transition.” Pp. 282–323 in China - Central Asian Countries: Making New Partnership, edited by Z. Yunling. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press.
10. GODEMENT, F. (2012). “How Do Monetary and Financial Issues Interact with China’s Foreign Policy Making?” Pp. 229–46 in China’s Foreign Policy, edited by G. Rozman. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
11. HANKS, R. R. (2009). “Multi-Vector Politics’ and Kazakhstan’s Emerging Role as a Geo-Strategic Player in Central Asia.” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 11(3):257–67. doi: 10.1080/19448950903152110.
12. JACOBSON H. K. and OKSENBERG, M. (1990). China’s Participation in the IMF, the World Bank, and GATT. Ann Arbor: The University of Miehfigan Press (1990):
13. JAROSIEWICZ, A. (2016). Perestroika – the Nazarbayev Way. Crisis and Reforms in Kazakhstan. Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia.
14. JISI, W. (2011). “China’s Search for a Grand Strategy: A Rising Great Power Finds Its Way.” Foreign Affairs 90(2):68–79.
15. JUNIO, D. R. O. (2014). “Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank: An Idea Whose Time Has Come?” The Diplomat. Retrieved May 28, 2021 (https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/asian-infrastructure-investment-bank-an-idea-whose-time-has-come/).
16. KEMBAYEV, Z. (2020). “Development of China–Kazakhstan Cooperation.” Problems of Post-Communism 67(3):204–16. doi: 10.1080/10758216.2018.1545590.
17. LAURELLE, M. AND PEYROUSE S. (2012). The Chinese Question in Central Asia: Domestic Order, Social Change, and the Chinese Factor. 1st edition. London: Hurst.
18. LIPSCY, P. (2015). “Who’s Afraid of the AIIB: Why the United States Should Support China’s Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.” Foreign Affairs (Council on Foreign Relations).
19. MFA. (2013). “President Xi Jinping Delivers Important Speech and Proposes to Build a Silk Road Economic Belt with Central Asian Countries.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. Retrieved April 21, 2021 (https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/xjpfwzysiesgjtfhshzzfh_665686/t1076334.shtml).
20. OEC. (2019). “OEC.” OEC - The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Retrieved April 23, 2022 (https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/kaz/partner/chn?dynamicBilateralTradeSelector=year2019&redirect=true).
21. PEYROUSE, S. (2016). “Discussing China: Sinophilia and Sinophobia in Central Asia.” Journal of Eurasian Studies 7(1):14–23. doi: 10.1016/j.euras.2015.10.003.
22. QINGGUO, J. (2005). “Peaceful Development: China’s Policy of Reassurance.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 59(4):493–507. doi: 10.1080/10357710500367299.
23. RUMER, E. B. TRENIN, D. and ZHAO, H. (2007). Central Asia: Views from Washington, Moscow, and Beijing. New York: M.E. Sharpe.
24. SADOVSKAYA, Y. Y. (2016). China’s Rise in Kazakhstan and Its Impact on Migration. Almaty - Moscow.
25. STARR, S. F. ENGVALL, J. and CORNELL, S. E. (2016). Kazakhstan 2041: The next Twenty-Five Years. Washington, D.C.: Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program.
26. STARR, S. F. SULTANOV, B. WIMBUSH, S. E. KUKEYEVA, F. CORNELL, S. E. and NURSHA, A. (2014). Looking Forward: Kazakhstan and the United States. Washington, D.C.: Central Asia- Caucasus Institute.
27. SULIMANOV, A. S. (2018). “Geopolitical Interests of China in Central Asia.” Revista San Gregorio (Extra 25):145–49.
28. The State Council The People’s Republic of China. (2014a). “China, Kazakhstan to Sign $10bln Deals during Li’s Visit.” The State Council The People’s Republic of China. Retrieved December 29, 2022 (http://english.www.gov.cn/premier/news/2014/12/14/content_281475023859191.htm).
29. The State Council The People’s Republic of China. (2014b). “Leaders Agree on Cooperation.” The State Council The People’s Republic of China. Retrieved December 29, 2022 (http://english.www.gov.cn/premier/photos/2014/12/14/content_281475023951459.htm).
30. VANDERHILL, R. JOIREMAN, S. F. and TULEPBAYEVA, R. (2020). “Between the Bear and the Dragon: Multivectorism in Kazakhstan as a Model Strategy for Secondary Powers.” International Affairs 96(4):975–93. doi: 10.1093/ia/iiaa061.
31. WOLTERS, A. (2018). “Hegemonic or Multilateral? Chinese Investments and the BRI Initiative in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.” Pp. 41–50 in China’s Belt and Road Initiative and its Impact in Central Asia, edited by M. Laruelle. Washington, D.C.: the George Washington University: Central Asia Program.
32. ZARDYKHAN, Z. (2002). “Kazakhstan and Central Asia: Regional Perspectives.” Central Asian Survey 21(2):167–83.
33. ZENG, K. and MERTHA, M. (2007). “Introduction.” in China’s foreign trade policy: the new constituencies, edited by K. Zeng. New York: Routledge.
34. ZOGG, B. (2020). “On the Belt, on the Road: China’s Pivot to Eurasia.” Pp. 81-103 in, Strategic Trends, edited by M. Haas and O. Thränert. Zurich: Center for Security Studies (CSS), ETH Zurich.