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THE CULTURAL BIOGRAPHY OF THE POMEGRANATE (PUNICA GRANATUM L.): DOMESTICATION, TRADE, AND SYMBOLISM FROM THE NEOLITHIC TO THE IRON AGE

Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1 30 Mart 2026
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THE CULTURAL BIOGRAPHY OF THE POMEGRANATE (PUNICA GRANATUM L.): DOMESTICATION, TRADE, AND SYMBOLISM FROM THE NEOLITHIC TO THE IRON AGE

Öz

The pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is among the earliest fruit trees domesticated in the Near East and the Mediterranean and, from the Neolithic period onward, played a significant role not only in subsistence economies but also in ritual practice, symbolism, and ideology. Archaeobotanical, philological, and iconographic evidence indicates that the pomegranate originated in the Fertile Crescent and subsequently spread across Mesopotamia, the Levant, Anatolia, Egypt, and the Aegean. Early Bronze Age finds from sites such as Jericho and Arad demonstrate its deliberate cultivation from an early date. In the Sumerian and Akkadian worlds, the fruit circulated through long-distance exchange networks and became associated with fertility, abundance, and the cycle of life and death, a symbolism already visible in Late Uruk glyptic art. During the Middle and Late Bronze Ages, the pomegranate was firmly embedded in the ritual landscapes of the Levant, where it frequently appears as a votive offering, particularly in association with female deities. In New Kingdom Egypt, it was linked to rebirth, the afterlife, and divine fertility, as reflected in funerary contexts. The Uluburun shipwreck provides clear evidence of its role as a high-value commodity in Late Bronze Age trade networks. By the Iron Age, the pomegranate had become widespread throughout the Mediterranean, functioning as both an economic good and a powerful symbol of regeneration and prosperity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışmanın hazırlanma sürecinde bilimsel ve etik ilkelere uyulduğu ve yararlanılan tüm çalışmaların kaynakçada belirtildiği beyan olunur.

Kaynakça

  1. AKAYDIN, G., TORLAK, H., & AKBAŞ, F. (2014). Anadolu Kültüründe Bitkiler. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  2. BARNETT, R. D. (1982). Ancient Ivories in the Middle East. QEDEM, Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem 14: Jerusalem.
  3. BASS, F. G. (1986). Underwater excavation of the Uluburun shipwreck. In VIII. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, Vol. II, 291-302. Ankara.
  4. BASS, F. G. (1988). Excavation at Uluburun (Kaş) 1987 campaign. In X. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, Vol. I, 307-321. Ankara.
  5. BEZZANT, M. (2019). Pomegranate imagery: A symbol of conquest and victory. Studia Antiqua, 18(1), 9–15.
  6. BIETAK, M. (2009). Near Eastern sanctuaries in the Eastern Nile Delta. Bulletin d’Archéologie et d’Architecture Libanaises, Hors-Série VI, 209–228.
  7. BLUMENFELD, A., SHAYA, F., & HILLEL, R. (2000). Cultivation of pomegranate. Options Méditerranéennes, Series A, 42, 143–147.
  8. CARTWRIGHT, C. R. (1997). Interim report on the archaeobotanical material from the 1996 season of excavations of the Early Bronze Age complex at Tell es-Sa‘idiyeh, Jordan. Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 129, 72–75.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Erken Tunç Çağ Arkeolojisi, Hitit Arkeolojisi, Neolitik Çağ Arkeolojisi

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

30 Mart 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

12 Ocak 2026

Kabul Tarihi

17 Şubat 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA
Ünar, Ş. (2026). THE CULTURAL BIOGRAPHY OF THE POMEGRANATE (PUNICA GRANATUM L.): DOMESTICATION, TRADE, AND SYMBOLISM FROM THE NEOLITHIC TO THE IRON AGE. Stratejik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.30692/sisad.1861507
AMA
1.Ünar Ş. THE CULTURAL BIOGRAPHY OF THE POMEGRANATE (PUNICA GRANATUM L.): DOMESTICATION, TRADE, AND SYMBOLISM FROM THE NEOLITHIC TO THE IRON AGE. SSAD. 2026;10(1):1-18. doi:10.30692/sisad.1861507
Chicago
Ünar, Şükrü. 2026. “THE CULTURAL BIOGRAPHY OF THE POMEGRANATE (PUNICA GRANATUM L.): DOMESTICATION, TRADE, AND SYMBOLISM FROM THE NEOLITHIC TO THE IRON AGE”. Stratejik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 10 (1): 1-18. https://doi.org/10.30692/sisad.1861507.
EndNote
Ünar Ş (01 Mart 2026) THE CULTURAL BIOGRAPHY OF THE POMEGRANATE (PUNICA GRANATUM L.): DOMESTICATION, TRADE, AND SYMBOLISM FROM THE NEOLITHIC TO THE IRON AGE. Stratejik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 10 1 1–18.
IEEE
[1]Ş. Ünar, “THE CULTURAL BIOGRAPHY OF THE POMEGRANATE (PUNICA GRANATUM L.): DOMESTICATION, TRADE, AND SYMBOLISM FROM THE NEOLITHIC TO THE IRON AGE”, SSAD, c. 10, sy 1, ss. 1–18, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.30692/sisad.1861507.
ISNAD
Ünar, Şükrü. “THE CULTURAL BIOGRAPHY OF THE POMEGRANATE (PUNICA GRANATUM L.): DOMESTICATION, TRADE, AND SYMBOLISM FROM THE NEOLITHIC TO THE IRON AGE”. Stratejik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 10/1 (01 Mart 2026): 1-18. https://doi.org/10.30692/sisad.1861507.
JAMA
1.Ünar Ş. THE CULTURAL BIOGRAPHY OF THE POMEGRANATE (PUNICA GRANATUM L.): DOMESTICATION, TRADE, AND SYMBOLISM FROM THE NEOLITHIC TO THE IRON AGE. SSAD. 2026;10:1–18.
MLA
Ünar, Şükrü. “THE CULTURAL BIOGRAPHY OF THE POMEGRANATE (PUNICA GRANATUM L.): DOMESTICATION, TRADE, AND SYMBOLISM FROM THE NEOLITHIC TO THE IRON AGE”. Stratejik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, c. 10, sy 1, Mart 2026, ss. 1-18, doi:10.30692/sisad.1861507.
Vancouver
1.Şükrü Ünar. THE CULTURAL BIOGRAPHY OF THE POMEGRANATE (PUNICA GRANATUM L.): DOMESTICATION, TRADE, AND SYMBOLISM FROM THE NEOLITHIC TO THE IRON AGE. SSAD. 01 Mart 2026;10(1):1-18. doi:10.30692/sisad.1861507

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