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THE CULTURAL BIOGRAPHY OF THE POMEGRANATE (PUNICA GRANATUM L.): DOMESTICATION, TRADE, AND SYMBOLISM FROM THE NEOLITHIC TO THE IRON AGE

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1 , 1 - 18 , 30.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.30692/sisad.1861507
https://izlik.org/JA59RT44TJ

Öz

The pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is among the earliest fruit trees domesticated in the Near East and the Mediterranean and, from the Neolithic period onward, played a significant role not only in subsistence economies but also in ritual practice, symbolism, and ideology. Archaeobotanical, philological, and iconographic evidence indicates that the pomegranate originated in the Fertile Crescent and subsequently spread across Mesopotamia, the Levant, Anatolia, Egypt, and the Aegean. Early Bronze Age finds from sites such as Jericho and Arad demonstrate its deliberate cultivation from an early date. In the Sumerian and Akkadian worlds, the fruit circulated through long-distance exchange networks and became associated with fertility, abundance, and the cycle of life and death, a symbolism already visible in Late Uruk glyptic art. During the Middle and Late Bronze Ages, the pomegranate was firmly embedded in the ritual landscapes of the Levant, where it frequently appears as a votive offering, particularly in association with female deities. In New Kingdom Egypt, it was linked to rebirth, the afterlife, and divine fertility, as reflected in funerary contexts. The Uluburun shipwreck provides clear evidence of its role as a high-value commodity in Late Bronze Age trade networks. By the Iron Age, the pomegranate had become widespread throughout the Mediterranean, functioning as both an economic good and a powerful symbol of regeneration and prosperity.

Etik Beyan

It is declared that scientific and ethical principles have been followed while conducting and writing this study and that all the sources used have been properly cited.

Kaynakça

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  • CARTWRIGHT, C. R. (1997). Interim report on the archaeobotanical material from the 1996 season of excavations of the Early Bronze Age complex at Tell es-Sa‘idiyeh, Jordan. Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 129, 72–75.
  • CHANDRA, R., DHINESH BABU, K., JADHAV, V. T., & TEIXEIRA DA SILVA, J. A. (2010). Origin, history and domestication of pomegranate. Fruit, Vegetable and Cereal Science and Biotechnology, 4(Special Issue 2), 1–6.
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  • DEVELİOĞLU, A., KESER, M. G., & ÜNÜSAN, N. (2022). Fonksiyonel bir besin olarak nar. Selçuk Sağlık Dergisi, 3(3), 300–323.
  • DIAB, A. M. (2018). Representations of pomegranate in ancient Egypt during the New Kingdom. International Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality, 12(1–2), 82–97.
  • DURMUŞ, E., ESEN, E., & YİĞİT, A. (2003). Türkiye’nin meyve üretim yöreleri. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(2), 23–54.
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  • EZZ EL-DIN, D. M., & ELKASRAWY, S. F. (2018b). Pomegranates of ancient Egypt: Representations, uses and religious significance. In Proceedings of the Fourth British Egyptology Congress (7–9 September 2018), 55–68. Manchester: University of Manchester & The Egypt Exploration Society.
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  • HALDANE, C. (1993). Direct evidence for organic cargoes in the Late Bronze Age. World Archaeology, 24(3), 348–360.
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  • JANİCK, J. (2005). The Origins of Fruits, Fruit Growing, and Fruit Breeding. Plant Breeding Reviews, Volume 25, 255-320.
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NARIN (PUNİCA GRANATUM L.) KÜLTÜREL BİYOGRAFİSİ: NEOLİTİK ÇAĞ’DAN DEMİR ÇAĞI’NA EVCİLLEŞTİRME, TİCARET VE SEMBOLİZM

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1 , 1 - 18 , 30.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.30692/sisad.1861507
https://izlik.org/JA59RT44TJ

Öz

Nar (Punica granatum L.), Yakın Doğu ve Akdeniz dünyasında evcilleştirilen en erken meyve ağaçları arasında yer almakta olup Neolitik Dönem’den itibaren yalnızca geçim ekonomilerinde değil, aynı zamanda ritüel uygulamalar, sembolizm ve ideoloji bağlamlarında da önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Arkeobotanik, filolojik ve ikonografik veriler, narın Kökeninin Bereketli Hilal’e dayandığını ve buradan Mezopotamya, Levant, Anadolu, Mısır ve Ege dünyasına yayıldığını ortaya koymaktadır. Eriha ve Arad gibi merkezlerden ele geçen Erken Tunç Çağı buluntuları, narın erken dönemlerden itibaren bilinçli olarak yetiştirildiğini göstermektedir. Sümer ve Akad dünyasında nar, uzun mesafeli değişim ağları içerisinde dolaşıma girmiş ve doğurganlık, bolluk ve yenilenme kavramlarıyla ilişkilendirilmiştir; bu sembolik anlamlar Geç Uruk Dönemi gliptik sanatında da izlenebilmektedir. Orta ve Geç Tunç Çağları’nda nar, Levant bölgesindeki ritüel peyzajın ayrılmaz bir parçası hâline gelmiş ve özellikle kadın tanrılarla ilişkili kült bağlamlarında adak sunusu olarak sıklıkla kullanılmıştır. Yeni Krallık Dönemi Mısır’ında ise nar, yeniden doğuş, ölüm sonrası yaşam ve ilahi doğurganlıkla ilişkilendirilmiş; bu anlamlarıyla mezar bağlamlarında yer bulmuştur. Uluburun Batığı, narın Tunç Çağı ticaret ağları içerisinde değerli bir meta olarak dolaşımda bulunduğunu açık biçimde ortaya koymaktadır. Demir Çağı’na gelindiğinde nar, tüm Akdeniz dünyasında yaygınlaşmış; hem ekonomik bir ürün hem de yenilenme ve refahın güçlü bir simgesi olarak işlev görmüştür.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışmanın hazırlanma sürecinde bilimsel ve etik ilkelere uyulduğu ve yararlanılan tüm çalışmaların kaynakçada belirtildiği beyan olunur.

Kaynakça

  • AKAYDIN, G., TORLAK, H., & AKBAŞ, F. (2014). Anadolu Kültüründe Bitkiler. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • BARNETT, R. D. (1982). Ancient Ivories in the Middle East. QEDEM, Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem 14: Jerusalem.
  • BASS, F. G. (1986). Underwater excavation of the Uluburun shipwreck. In VIII. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, Vol. II, 291-302. Ankara.
  • BASS, F. G. (1988). Excavation at Uluburun (Kaş) 1987 campaign. In X. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, Vol. I, 307-321. Ankara.
  • BEZZANT, M. (2019). Pomegranate imagery: A symbol of conquest and victory. Studia Antiqua, 18(1), 9–15.
  • BIETAK, M. (2009). Near Eastern sanctuaries in the Eastern Nile Delta. Bulletin d’Archéologie et d’Architecture Libanaises, Hors-Série VI, 209–228.
  • BLUMENFELD, A., SHAYA, F., & HILLEL, R. (2000). Cultivation of pomegranate. Options Méditerranéennes, Series A, 42, 143–147.
  • CARTWRIGHT, C. R. (1997). Interim report on the archaeobotanical material from the 1996 season of excavations of the Early Bronze Age complex at Tell es-Sa‘idiyeh, Jordan. Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 129, 72–75.
  • CHANDRA, R., DHINESH BABU, K., JADHAV, V. T., & TEIXEIRA DA SILVA, J. A. (2010). Origin, history and domestication of pomegranate. Fruit, Vegetable and Cereal Science and Biotechnology, 4(Special Issue 2), 1–6.
  • DARGA, A. M. (1992). Hitit Sanatı. İstanbul: Akbank Kültür ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • DEVELİOĞLU, A., KESER, M. G., & ÜNÜSAN, N. (2022). Fonksiyonel bir besin olarak nar. Selçuk Sağlık Dergisi, 3(3), 300–323.
  • DIAB, A. M. (2018). Representations of pomegranate in ancient Egypt during the New Kingdom. International Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality, 12(1–2), 82–97.
  • DURMUŞ, E., ESEN, E., & YİĞİT, A. (2003). Türkiye’nin meyve üretim yöreleri. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(2), 23–54.
  • ERTEM, H. (1987). Boğazköy Metinlerine Göre Hititler Devri Florası. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları.
  • EZZ EL-DIN, D. M., & ELKASRAWY, S. F. (2018a). Representations of pomegranate in ancient Egypt during the New Kingdom. In Proceedings of the Fourth British Egyptology Congress (7–9 September 2018). 82-97. Manchester: University of Manchester & The Egypt Exploration Society.
  • EZZ EL-DIN, D. M., & ELKASRAWY, S. F. (2018b). Pomegranates of ancient Egypt: Representations, uses and religious significance. In Proceedings of the Fourth British Egyptology Congress (7–9 September 2018), 55–68. Manchester: University of Manchester & The Egypt Exploration Society.
  • GOOR, A. (1967). The history of the pomegranate in the Holy Land. Economic Botany, 21(3), 215–230.
  • GUTERBOCK, H. G. (1968). Oil plants in Hittite Anatolia. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 88, 66–71.
  • HALDANE, C. (1993). Direct evidence for organic cargoes in the Late Bronze Age. World Archaeology, 24(3), 348–360.
  • HEPPER, F. N. (1990). Pharaoh’s Flowers: The Botanical Treasures of Tutankhamun. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
  • HJELMQVIST, H. (1979). Beiträge zur Kenntnis der prähistorischen Nutzpflanzen in Schweden. Opera Botanica, 17, 3–58.
  • HOFFNER, H. A. (1974). Alimenta Hethaeorum: Food Production in Hittite Asia Minor. New Haven: American Oriental Society Press.
  • HOPF, M. (1978). Plant remains, Strata V–I. In R. Amiran (Ed.), Early Arad I: The Chalcolithic Settlement and Early Bronze City (pp. 64–82). Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.
  • HOPF, M. (1983). Jericho plant remains. In K. M. Kenyon and T. A. Holland (Eds.), Excavations at Jericho (pp. 576–621). London: British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem.
  • IMMERWAHR, S. A. (1989). The pomegranate vase: Its origins and continuity. Hesperia, 58(4), 397–410.
  • JANİCK, J. (2005). The Origins of Fruits, Fruit Growing, and Fruit Breeding. Plant Breeding Reviews, Volume 25, 255-320.
  • JOHANSEN, F. J. (1923). Les vases sicyoniens. Paris.
  • JACOBSTHAL, P. (1956). Greek Pins and their connexions with Europe and Asia. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • KENYON, K. M. (1960). Excavations at Jericho I: The Tombs Excavated in 1952–1954. London.
  • KOÇ, İ. (2006). Hititler. Ankara: Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • KOKAJ, T., ÇAKALLI, A., & ISMAILI, H. (2017). IBA for rooting influence of some varieties of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). Albanian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 133–137.
  • KURT, H., & ŞAHİN, G. (2013). Bir ziraat coğrafyası çalışması: Türkiye’de nar (Punica granatum L.) tarımı. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi, 27, 551–574.
  • LEVIN, G. M. (1995). Aspects of pomegranate culture in Turkmenistan. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 102, 29–31.
  • LEVIN, G. M. (2006a). Pomegranate. 1st ed. Tempe, AZ: Third Millennium Publishing.
  • LEVIN, G. M. (2006b). Pomegranate Roads: A Soviet Botanist’s Exile from Eden. Forestville, CA: Floreant Press.
  • LIPSCHITZ, O. (1989). Plant economy and diet in Early Bronze Age Israel: A summary. In P. de Miroschedji (Ed.), L’urbanisation de la Palestine à l’âge du Bronze Ancien (pp. 269–277). Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series 527.
  • LORET, V. (1892). La flore pharaonique d’après la documentation hiéroglyphique et les spécimens découverts dans les tombes. Paris.
  • MAKAYLA, B. (2019), Pomegranate Imagery: A Symbol Of Conquest And Victory, Studia Antiqua Volume 18, Number 1, 9-15.
  • MATTHIAE, P. (1993). L’aire sacrée d’Ishtar à Ebla: Résultats des fouilles de 1990–1992. Comptes-Rendus des Séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 613–662.
  • MAZAR, A. (1980). Excavations at Tel Qasile Part One: The Philistine Sanctuary: Architecture and Cult Objects. Qedem 12. Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
  • MCDONALD, J. A. (2002). Botanical determination of the Middle Eastern tree of life. Economic Botany, 56, 113.
  • MOORTGAT-CORRENS, U. (1989). La Mesopotamia. In S. Moscati (Ed.), Storia Universale dell’Arte, sezione prima: Le civiltà antiche e primitive. Torino.
  • MURRAY, M. A. (2000). Fruits, vegetables, pulses and condiments. In P. T. Nicholson and I. Shaw (Eds.), Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology (pp. 609–655). Cambridge.
  • MUTHMANN, F. (1982). Der Granatapfel: Symbol des Lebens in der alten Welt. Fribourg.
  • NAZ, S., REZGUI, M., REHMAN, R., & NADEEM, F. (2015). Pomegranate: An ancient seed for modern cure—A review of potential applications. International Journal of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, 8, 78–84.
  • NIGRO, L., & SPAGNOLI, F. (2018). Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) from Motya and its deepest Oriental roots. Vicino Oriente, 22, 49–90.
  • OREL, V. E., & STOLBOVA, O. V. (1995). Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary Materials For A Reconstruction, Leiden – New York – Köln: Brill.
  • ORENDI, A., & DECKERS, K. (2018). Agricultural resources on the coastal plain of Sidon during the Late Iron Age: Archaeobotanical investigations at Phoenician Tell el-Burak, Lebanon. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 1–20.
  • PÉREZ-JORDÀ, G., PEÑA-CHOCARRO, L., GARCÍA FERNÁNDEZ, M., & VERA RODRÍGUEZ, J. C. (2017). The beginnings of fruit tree cultivation in the Iberian Peninsula: Plant remains from the city of Huelva (Southern Spain). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 26(5), 527–538.
  • POSTGATE, J. N. (1987). Notes on fruits in the cuneiform sources. Bulletin on Sumerian Agriculture, 3, 115–144.
  • PULAK, C. (1989). Uluburun Batığı Kazısı (Kaş) 1988 Kampanyası. In XI. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, Vol. I, 317-327.
  • PULAK, C. (1990). Uluburun (Kaş) Sualtı Kazısı: 1989 Kampanyası. In XII. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, Vol. I, 293-310.
  • PULAK, C. (1991). Uluburun Batığı Kazısı (Kaş): 1990 Kampanyası. In XIII. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, Vol. I, 385-402.
  • PULAK, C. (1992). Uluburun (Kaş) Batığı Kazısı: 1991 Kampanyası. In XIV. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, Vol. I, 347-364.
  • PULAK, C. (1993). Uluburun (Kaş) Batığı Kazısı: 1992 Kampanyası. In XV. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, Vol. I, 375-397.
  • PULAK, C. (1994). Uluburun (Kaş) Batığı Kazısı: 1993 Kampanyası. In XVI. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, Vol. I, 219-237.
  • PULAK, C. (1995). 1994 Uluburun Batığı Kazısı (Kaş) Son Kampanya. In XVII. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, Vol. I, 219-228.
  • RAM, C., BABU, Dhinesh K., JADHAV, Vilas T., & TEİXEİRA DA SİLVA, Jaime A. (2010). Origin, History and Domestication of Pomegranate. Fruit, Vegetable and Cereal Science and Biotechnology 4 (Special Issue 2), 1–6
  • RIIS, P. J. (1948). Hama: Fouilles et recherches 1931–1938, II, iii: Les cimetières à crémation. Copenhagen.
  • RUIS, A. R. (2015). Pomegranate and the mediation of balance in early medicine. Gastronomica, 15(1), 22–33.
  • SCHMANDT-BESSERAT, D. (1992). Before Writing, Vol. I: From Counting to Cuneiform. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
  • SCHWEINFURTH, G. (1891). Aegyptens auswärtige Beziehungen hinsichtlich der Kulturgewächse. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 23, 649–669.
  • SHARABY, R. O., IBRAHIM, O., & SHAIKH AL ARAB, W. (2018). Representations of pomegranate in ancient Egypt during the New Kingdom. International Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality, 12(1–2), 82–97.
  • SHARABY, R., OMRAN, R., IBRAHIM, O., & SHAIKH AL ARAB, W. (2022). Representations of pomegranate trees in the gardens of ancient Egypt during the New Kingdom. International Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality, 16(2), 102–117.
  • STILL, D. W. (2006). Pomegranates: A botanical perspective. In N. P. Seeram, R. N. Schulman, and D. Heber (Eds.), Pomegranates: Ancient Roots to Modern Medicine (pp. 199–209). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
  • TUFFNELL, O., INGE, C. H., & HARDING, L. (1940). Lachish II: The Fosse Temple. Oxford.
  • UHRİ, A. (2011). Boğaz Derdi: Arkeolojik, Arkeobotanik, Tarihsel ve Etimolojik Veriler Işığında Tarım ve Beslenmenin Kültür Tarihi. İstanbul: Ege Yayınevi.
  • ULUDAĞ, F. M. (2022). Türk kültüründeki nar sembolünün figür–form ilişkisi bağlamında seramik sanatına uyarlanması. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(132), 311–325.
  • VİGO, M. (2014). The Use of (Perfumed) Oil ın Hittite Rıtuals: Wıth Partıcular Emphasıs on Funerary Practıces. Journal of Intercultural and Interdiciplinary Archaeology, S. I, 25-37.
  • WACHTER-SARKADY, C. (1995). Ebla e le condizioni materiali della produzione agricola nell’antico Oriente. In P. Matthiae, F. Pinnock, and G. Scandone Matthiae (Eds.), Ebla: Alle origini della civiltà urbana (pp. 242–251). Milano: Electa.
  • WARD, C. (2003). Pomegranates in Eastern Mediterranean contexts during the Late Bronze Age. World Archaeology, 34(3), 529–541.
  • WHITCHURCH, D. M., & GRIGGS, C. W. (2010). Artifacts, icons, and pomegranates: Brigham Young University Egypt Excavation Project. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 46, 215–231.
  • WITCZAK, K. (2002). On the etymology of Hittite kappar “vegetable, a product of the garden”. In P. Taracha (Ed.), Silva Anatolica (Fs. Popko). Warsaw: Agade.
  • WITCZAK, K. T., & ZADKA, M. (2014). On the Anatolian origin of Ancient Greek Σίδη. Graeco-Latina Brunensia, 19(2), 131–139.
  • ZAITSCHEK, D. V. (1962). Remains of plants from the Cave of the Pool. Israel Exploration Journal, 12, 184–185.
  • ZOHARY, D., HOPF, M., & WEISS, E. (2012). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in South-West Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Toplam 76 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Erken Tunç Çağ Arkeolojisi, Hitit Arkeolojisi, Neolitik Çağ Arkeolojisi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Şükrü Ünar 0000-0003-0724-5265

Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Ocak 2026
Kabul Tarihi 17 Şubat 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Mart 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.30692/sisad.1861507
IZ https://izlik.org/JA59RT44TJ
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Ünar, Ş. (2026). THE CULTURAL BIOGRAPHY OF THE POMEGRANATE (PUNICA GRANATUM L.): DOMESTICATION, TRADE, AND SYMBOLISM FROM THE NEOLITHIC TO THE IRON AGE. Stratejik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.30692/sisad.1861507
AMA 1.Ünar Ş. THE CULTURAL BIOGRAPHY OF THE POMEGRANATE (PUNICA GRANATUM L.): DOMESTICATION, TRADE, AND SYMBOLISM FROM THE NEOLITHIC TO THE IRON AGE. SSAD. 2026;10(1):1-18. doi:10.30692/sisad.1861507
Chicago Ünar, Şükrü. 2026. “THE CULTURAL BIOGRAPHY OF THE POMEGRANATE (PUNICA GRANATUM L.): DOMESTICATION, TRADE, AND SYMBOLISM FROM THE NEOLITHIC TO THE IRON AGE”. Stratejik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 10 (1): 1-18. https://doi.org/10.30692/sisad.1861507.
EndNote Ünar Ş (01 Mart 2026) THE CULTURAL BIOGRAPHY OF THE POMEGRANATE (PUNICA GRANATUM L.): DOMESTICATION, TRADE, AND SYMBOLISM FROM THE NEOLITHIC TO THE IRON AGE. Stratejik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 10 1 1–18.
IEEE [1]Ş. Ünar, “THE CULTURAL BIOGRAPHY OF THE POMEGRANATE (PUNICA GRANATUM L.): DOMESTICATION, TRADE, AND SYMBOLISM FROM THE NEOLITHIC TO THE IRON AGE”, SSAD, c. 10, sy 1, ss. 1–18, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.30692/sisad.1861507.
ISNAD Ünar, Şükrü. “THE CULTURAL BIOGRAPHY OF THE POMEGRANATE (PUNICA GRANATUM L.): DOMESTICATION, TRADE, AND SYMBOLISM FROM THE NEOLITHIC TO THE IRON AGE”. Stratejik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 10/1 (01 Mart 2026): 1-18. https://doi.org/10.30692/sisad.1861507.
JAMA 1.Ünar Ş. THE CULTURAL BIOGRAPHY OF THE POMEGRANATE (PUNICA GRANATUM L.): DOMESTICATION, TRADE, AND SYMBOLISM FROM THE NEOLITHIC TO THE IRON AGE. SSAD. 2026;10:1–18.
MLA Ünar, Şükrü. “THE CULTURAL BIOGRAPHY OF THE POMEGRANATE (PUNICA GRANATUM L.): DOMESTICATION, TRADE, AND SYMBOLISM FROM THE NEOLITHIC TO THE IRON AGE”. Stratejik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, c. 10, sy 1, Mart 2026, ss. 1-18, doi:10.30692/sisad.1861507.
Vancouver 1.Şükrü Ünar. THE CULTURAL BIOGRAPHY OF THE POMEGRANATE (PUNICA GRANATUM L.): DOMESTICATION, TRADE, AND SYMBOLISM FROM THE NEOLITHIC TO THE IRON AGE. SSAD. 01 Mart 2026;10(1):1-18. doi:10.30692/sisad.1861507

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