Rural Vulnerabilities and Resilience Rural Planning

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 04 Sayı: 01-02, 24 - 52, 23.05.2023

Gülcan Altıntaş Ozan Hovardaoğlu

Öz

Rural settlements are politically, economically, socially, or physically affected by the decisions taken at local, national or international level, thus, experience various changes. The concept of resilience, which has been associated with the planning of settlements in recent years, represents that the settlements are affected least or not at all by the shocks or problems they experience. From this point of view, with resilient rural planning, rural settlements become more durable toward possible vulnerabilities that threaten the settlement, and, negative consequences after the shocks will be prevented much easily. Such a planning approach would also benefit from a sustainable development, human well-being and public interest concepts. The main purpose of the study is to establish a resilience framework for rural settlements and to identify the vulnerabilities and resistance points for rural settlements locally. In this direction, the rural areas of Yukarıkalabak and Beyyayla in Eskişehir, which are at different distances from urban settlements, are evaluated within the framework of rural resilience.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Resilience, Rural Settings, Rural Planning, Eskişehir

Kırsal Kırılganlık ve Dayanıklı Kırsal Planlama

Öz

Kırsal yerleşmeler yerel, ulusal ya da uluslararası düzeyde alınan kararlardan politik, ekonomik, sosyal ya da fiziksel olarak etkilenmekte ve çeşitli değişimler yaşamaktadır. Ülkemizde son yıllarda yerleşmelerin planlanmasıyla ilişkilendirilen dayanıklılık kavramı, yerleşmelerin yaşadığı şok ya da sorunlardan en az etkilenmesi ya da hiç etkilenmemesini ifade etmektedir. Kırsal yerleşmeler açısından bakıldığında dayanıklı kırsal planlamayla kırsal yerleşmeler yerleşmeyi tehdit eden olası kırılganlıkların farkında olup ve buna yönelik bir planlama anlayışı sayesinde şok sonrası olumsuz sonuçların önüne geçilecektir. Böyle bir planlama yaklaşımı aynı zamanda sürdürülebilir bir gelişme, insan refahı ve kamu yararı açısından da fayda sağlayacaktır. Çalışmanın ana amacı kırsal yerleşmeler için dayanıklılık çerçevesinin oluşturulması ve yerelde kırsal yerleşimlere yönelik kırılganlık ve direnç noktalarının tespit edilmesidir. Bu doğrultuda kentsel yerleşimlere farklı mesafelerde bulunan Eskişehir ilindeki Yukarıkalabak ve Beyyayla kırsal yerleşmeleri oluşturulan kırsal dayanıklılık çerçevesinde değerlendirilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dayanıklılık, Kırsal Yerleşmeler, Kırsal Planlama, Eskişehir

Kaynakça

• “2019 Yılında Yapılacak Tarımsal Desteklemeler”, T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Eskişehir İl Tarım ve Orman Müdürlüğü. Erişim tarihi: Mart 2021. https://eskisehir.tarimorman.gov.tr/Haber/700/2019-Yilinda-Yapilacak-Tarimsal-Desteklemeler
• “AB Müzakere Süreci ve Hayvan Refahı” Erişim tarihi: Ocak 2021. http://www.turkvet.biz/yazi/hr_AB_muzakere_h_refah.htm
• “Yukarı Kalabak Köyü Belgeseli”, Ersin Gülpınar, YouTube videosu. Erişim tarihi: Mart 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-MR07F-LWk
• Admiraal, H. ve Cornaro, H. 2020. “Future Cities, Resilient Cities – The Role of Underground Space in Achieving Urban Resilience.” Underground Space, 5(3): 223-228.
• Alexander, D.E., 2013. “Resilience and Disaster Risk Reduction: An Etymological Journey.” Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 13: 2707–2716.
• Anthopoulou, T., Kaberis, N. ve Petrou, M. 2017. “Aspects And Experiences Of Crisis İn Rural Greece. Narratives Of Rural Resilience.” Journal of Rural Studies, 52(2017):1-11.
• Ashkenazy, A., Chebach, T.C., Knickel, K., Peter, S., Horowitz, B. ve Offenbach R. 2018. “Operationalising Resilience in Farms and Rural Regions - Findings From Fourteen Case Studies.” Journal of Rural Studies, 59(2018): 211-221.
• Bednaríkova, Z., Bavorova, M. ve Ponkina, E.V. 2016. “Migration Motivation of Agriculturally Educated Rural Youth: The Case of Russian Siberia.” Journal of Rural Studies, 45 (2016): 99-111.
• Belton, B., Filipski, M., 2019. Rural Transformation İn Central Myanmar: By How Much, And For Whom?. Journal of Rural Studies, 67(2019): 166-176.
• Black, N., Scott, K. ve Shucksmith, M. 2019. “Social İnequalities İn Rural England: Impacts On Young People Post-2008.” Journal of Rural Studies, 68(2019): 264-275.
• Brand, F.S. ve Jax, K. 2007. “Focusing The Meaning(s) of Resilience: Resilience as a Descriptive Concept and a Boundary Object.” Ecology and Society, 12(1): 23.
• Convertino, M. ve Valverde, L. J. 2019. “Toward A Pluralistic Conception Of Resilience.” Ecological Indicators, 107(2019): 105510.
• Cutter, S.L., 2013. “Building Disaster Resilience: Steps Toward Sustainability.” Challenges in Sustainability, 1(2): 72-79.
• Davies, A., Binney, L.L. ve Holmes, K. 2018. “Who are the Future Volunteers in Rural Places? Understanding the Demographic and Background Characteristics of Non-Retired Rural Volunteers, Why They Volunteer and Their Future Migration Intentions.” Journal of Rural Studies, 60(2018): 167-175.
• Eskişehir Büyükşehir Belediyesi. 2021. Web Sayfası: https://www.eskişehir.bel.tr Faulkner, J.P., Murphy, E. ve Scott, M. 2019. “Rural Household Vulnerability A Decade after the Great Financial Crisis.” Journal of Rural Studies, 72(2019): 240-251.
• Folke, C., Carpenter, S.R., Walker, B., Scheffer, M., Chapin, T. ve Rockstrom, J. 2010. “Resilience Thinking: Integrating Resilience, Adaptability and Transformability.” Ecology and Society, 15(4): 20.
• Genç, F, N., 2007. “Türkiye’de Kentleşme ve Doğal Afet Riskleri İle İlişkisi.” TMMOB Afet Sempozyumu, 5-7 Aralık,2007, Ankara, 489/349-358.
• Geray,C., 2011. Kırsal Gelişme Politikaları. Ankara: Phoenix Yayınevi.
• GFDRR. 2015. “GFDRR and World Bank Group Report.” Erişim tarihi: Ocak 2020. http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/415331483041895588/turkey.pdf
• Gilbert, A., Colley, K. ve Roberts, D. 2016. “Are Rural Residents Happier? A Quantitative Analysis of Subjective Wellbeing in Scotland.” Journal of Rural Studies, 44(2016): 37-45.
• Güreşçi, E. 2017. “Türkiye’de Kırsal Göç ve Tarımsal Çalışma Hayatı.” Route Educational and Social Science Journal, 4(2): 58-64.
• Holling, C.S. 1973. “Resilience And Stability Of Ecological Systems.” Annual Reviews Ecology Systems, 1973(4): 1-23.
• Huck, A. ve Monstadt, J. 2019. “Urban and Infrastructure Resilience: Diverging Concepts and the Need for Cross-Boundary Learning.” Environmental Science and Policy, 100(2019): 211-220.
• İSMEP. 2014. Afete Dirençli Şehir Planlama ve Yapılaşma. İstanbul.
• Kadıoğlu, M. 2011. Afet yönetimi beklenilmeyeni beklemek, en kötüsünü yönetmek. İstanbul: T.C. Marmara Belediyeler Birliği Yayını.
• Kaya, Y. 2018. “İklim Değişikliğine Karşı Kentsel Kırılganlık: İstanbul İçin Bir Değerlendirme.” International Journal of Social Inquiry, 11(2): 219-257.
• Labaka, L., Maraña , P., Giménez, R. ve Hernantes, J. 2019. “Defining the Roadmap towards City Resilience.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 146(2019): 281-296.
• Li, E., Deng, Q. ve Zhou, Y. 2019. “Livelihood Resilience and the Generative Mechanism of Rural Households out of Poverty: An Empirical Analysis from Lankao County, Henan Province, China.” Journal of Rural Studies, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.01.005
• Li, H., Zhang, X. ve Li, H. 2019. “Has Farmer Welfare Improved after Rural Residential Land Circulation?” Journal of Rural Studies, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.10.036
• Li, Y., Westlund, H. ve Liu, Y. 2019. “Why Some Rural Areas Decline While Some Others Not: An Overview of Rural Evolution in the World.” Journal of Rural Studies, 68(2019): 135-143.
• Manyena, B., Machingura, F. ve O’Keefe, P. 2019. “Disaster Resilience Integrated Framework for Transformation (DRIFT): A New Approach to Theorising and Operationalising Resilience.” World Development, 123(2019): 104587.
• Meijers, E. ve Wouw, D. 2019. “Struggles and Strategies of Rural Regions in the Age of the ‘Urban Triumph’.” Journal of Rural Studies, 66(2019): 21-29.
• Meuwissen, M.P.M. et al. 2019. “A Framework to Assess the Resilience of Farming Systems.” Agricultural Systems, 76(2019): 21-29.
• OECD. 2018. “Indicators For Resilient Cities.” Erişim tarihi: Ocak 2020. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/indicators-for-resilient-cities_6f1f6065-en#page1
• Özer, Y.Ö. 2018. Risk Azaltma Yaklaşımı Çerçevesinde Dirençli Kentler. İstanbul: Ekin Yayınevi.
• Öztaş, Ç.Ç. ve Karaaslan Ş. 2017. “Türkiye’de Kırsal Planlama Ve Farklı Ülkelere Ait Kırsal Planlama Örnekleri.” Kent Kültürü ve Yönetimi Hakemli Elektronik Dergi, 10(4): 432-465.
• Philip, L. ve Williams, F. 2019. “Remote Rural Home Based Businesses and Digital Inequalities: Understanding Needs and Expectations in a Digitally Underserved Community.” Journal of Rural Studies, 68(2019): 306-318.
• Rivera, M., Knickel, K., Rios, I., Ashkenazy, A., Pears, D.Q., Chebach, T. ve Sumane, S. 2018. “Rethinking The Connections between Agricultural Change and Rural Prosperity: A Discussion of Insights Derived from Case Studies in Seven Countries.” Journal of Rural Studies, 59(2018): 242-251.
• Sewell, S.J., Desai, S.A., Mutsaa, E. ve Lottering, R.T. 2019. “A Comparative Study of Community Perceptions Regarding the Role of Roads as a Poverty Alleviation Strategy in Rural Areas.” Journal of Rural Studies, 71(2019): 73-84.
• Shucksmith, M. 2018. “Re-Imagining the Rural: From Rural Idyll to Good Countryside.” Journal of Rural Studies, 59(2018): 163-172.
• Straka, J. ve Tuzova, M. 2016. “Factors Affecting Development of Rural Areas in the Czech Republic: A Literature Review.” Social and Behavioral Sciences, 220(2016): 496-505.
• Tekeli, İ. 2016. Yerleşmeler İçin Temsil Sorunları. Ankara: İdeal Kent Araştırmaları Yayınevi.
• Tekeli, İ. 2019. “Cumhuriyet Dönemi Boyunca Kırsalın Geçirdiği Dönüşüm ve Kırsaldan Kopuş.” Efil Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(6): 8-48.
• Thiede, B.C., Lichter, D.T. ve Slack, T. 2018. “Working, but Poor: The Good Life in Rural America?” Journal of Rural Studies, 59(2018): 183-193.
• Zarifa, D., Seward, B. ve Milian, R.P. 2019. “Location, Location, Location: Examining the Rural-Urban Skills Gap in Canada.” Journal of Rural Studies, 72(2019): 252-263.
• Zhang, Y., Long, H., Ma, Lİ., Tu, S., Liao, L., Chen, K. ve Xu, Z. 2019. “How does the Community Resilience of Urban Village Response to the Government-Led Redevelopment? A Case Study of Tangjialing Village in Beijing.” Cities, 95(2019): 102396.