Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

ARE ECONOMIC FREEDOMS A DETERMINANT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT? A STUDY ON E7 COUNTRIES

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 46 - 56, 29.04.2024

Öz

ARE ECONOMIC FREEDOMS A DETERMINANT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT? A STUDY ON E7 COUNTRIES

Citation/©: Toksoy, T. (2024), Are economic freedoms a determinant of foreign direct investment? A study on E7 countries, Scientific Journal of Finance and Financial Law Studies, 4(1), 1-11.
Absract
Since the early 1980s, foreign direct investment (FDI), an important component of globalization, has been considered important by developing countries to provide capital and technology transfer. Various factors affect foreign capital inflows to a country. One of these factors is the ability to do business free from government intervention in the country of investment (Economic Freedom). Economic freedom (EF) is essential for businesses.This study investigates the interaction between economic freedom and its sub-components, namely financial, investment, and trade freedom, with FDI using panel data analysis for a sample of seven emerging market economies (E7) (Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, and Türkiye) over the period 1996-2022, taking into account the levels of economic freedom published by the Heritage Foundation.To test the relationship between the variables, the seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) estimator method is used. The findings differ across panels and across countries. In the five different models, only the negative significant effect of investment freedom is observed for the overall panel, whereas the results obtained on a country-by-country basis show that the components of EF yield different results across countries.
Keywords: Economic freedom; foreign direct investment; panel data; SUR
JEL Classification: F21, F23, C23

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed, S., Mushtaq, M., Fahlevi, M., Aljuaid, M., ve Saniuk, S. (2023). Decomposed and Composed Effects of Economic Freedom on Economic Growth in South Asia. Heliyon, 9(2), s. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13478.
  • Alpağut, S. (2023). Sahra Altı Afrika Ülkelerinde Ticari Açıklık ve Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımların Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Dinamik Panel Veri Analizi. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(2), s. 673-700.
  • Ang, J. B. (2008). Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Malaysia. Journal of Policy Modeling, 30(1), s. 185-189. doi:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2007.06.014.
  • Asongu, S., Akpan, U. S., & Isihak, S. R. (2018). Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Fast-Growing Economies: Evidence from the BRICS and MINT Countries. Financial Innovation, 4(1), s. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-018-0114-0.
  • Aziz, O. G., & Mishra, A. V. (2016). Determinants of FDI Inflows to Arab Economies. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 25(3), s. 325-356.
  • Bundă, N. R., Moise-Ţiţei, A., & Jaliu, D. D. (2012). A New Institutional Approach of the Complex Correlation Between Economic Freedom and Economic Growth. European Journal of Science and Theology, 8(1), s. 75-84.
  • Çiftçi, C., & Durusu-Çiftçi, D. (2022). Economic Freedom, Foreign Direct Investment, and Economic Growth: The role of Sub-Components of Freedom. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 31(2), s. 233-254. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2021.1962392
  • Emek, Ö. F., & Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2020). Gelir Eşitsizliği ile Enflasyon Ilişkisinin Gelişmişlik Düzeyine Göre Heterojen Panel Veri Modelleri ile Analizi. Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi, 10(2), s. 301–312. https://doi.org/10.32331/sgd.840693
  • Ghimire, S., Mukherjee, D., & Alvi, E. (2013). Sectoral Aid-For-Trade and Sectoral Exports: A Seemingly Unrelated Regression Analysis. Economics Bulletin, 33(4), s. 2744-2755.
  • Gündüz, H. İ. (2017). Testing for Slope Homogeneity in Dynamic Panels Using The Wild Bootstrap Test. Ekonometri ve İstatistik Dergisi, 26(1), s. 53–59.
  • Gwartney, J. D., Lawson, R. A., & Holcombe, R. G. (1999). Economic Freedom and the Environment for Economic Growth. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE)/Zeitschrift für die gesamte Staatswissenschaft, 155(4), s. 643-663.
  • Hossain, S. (2016). Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Freedom and Economic Growth: Evidence from Developing Countries. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 8(11), s. 200-214. doi:10.5539/ijef.v8n11p200 Hussain, M. E., ve Haque, M. (2016). Impact of Economic Freedom on the Growth Rate: A Panel Data Analysis. Economies, 4(2), s. 1-15.
  • Imtiaz, S., & Bashir, M. F. (2017). Economic Freedom and Foreign Direct Investment in South Asian Countries. Theoretical & Applied Economics, 24(2), s. 281-294.
  • Kapuria-Foreman, V. (2007). Economic Freedom and Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries. The Journal of Developing Areas, 41(1), s. 143-154.
  • Kazemi, M., & Azman-Saini, W. N. W. (2017). Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Freedom and Democracy. International Journal of Economics & Management, 11(1), s. 1-15.
  • Mao, C. W. (2016). Growth, Income Inequality, and Capital Income Taxes: Evidence from a Seemingly Unrelated Regression Model on Panel Data. Economics Bulletin, 36(3), s. 1463-1478.
  • Mottaleb, K. A., & Kalirajan, K. (2010). Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries: A Comparative Analysis. Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research, 4(4), s. 369-404.
  • Naanwaab, C., & Diarrassouba, M. (2016). Economic Freedom, Human Capital, and Foreign Direct Investment. The Journal of Developing Areas, 50(1), s. 407-424.
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), s. 50-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010.
  • Quazi, R. (2007). Economic Freedom and Foreign Direct Investment in East Asia. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 12(3), s. 329-344. DOI: 10.1080/13547860701405755.
  • Quazi, R., & Rashid, S. (2004). Economic Freedom and Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries. The International Journal of Business and Public Administration, 2(1), s. 92-99.
  • Sambharya, R. B., & Rasheed, A. A. (2015). Does Economic Freedom in Host Countries Lead to Increased Foreign Direct Investment? Competitiveness Review, 25(1), s. 2-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/CR-05-2013-0047.
  • Singh, D., & Gal, Z. (2020). Economic Freedom and Its Impact on Foreign Direct Investment: Global Overview. Review of Economic Perspectives, 20(1), s. 73-90. DOI: 10.2478/revecp-2020-0004.
  • Sooreea-Bheemul, B., Rasool, U. S., & Sooreea, R. (2020). Does Economic Freedom Matter to Foreign Direct Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 10(3), s. 195-207. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.9597.
  • Tag, M. N., & Degirmen, S. (2022). Economic Freedom and Foreign Direct Investment: Are They Related?. Economic Analysis and Policy, 73, s. 737-752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2021.12.020.
  • Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2020). İleri Panel Veri Analizi Stata Uygulamalı. Beta Yayınları.
  • Toksoy, T., ve Alpağut, S. (223). Ekonomik Özgürlükler ve Milli Gelir Ilişkisi: BRICS-T Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Inceleme. Uluslararası Ekonomi Finans ve İşletme Kongresi – EFİ 2023 (s. 249-255). Sivas: Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Yayınları
  • Xu, T. (2019). Economic Freedom and Bilateral Direct Investment. Economic Modelling, 78, s. 172-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2018.09.017.
  • Zellner, A. (1962). An Efficient Method of Estimating Seemingly Unrelated Regressions and Tests for Aggregation Bias. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 57(298). s. 348-368. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1962.10480664.

EKONOMİK ÖZGÜRLÜKLER DOĞRUDAN YABANCI YATIRIMLARIN BELİRLEYİCİSİ Mİ? E7 ÜLKELERİ ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 46 - 56, 29.04.2024

Öz

EKONOMİK ÖZGÜRLÜKLER DOĞRUDAN YABANCI YATIRIMLARIN BELİRLEYİCİSİ Mİ? E7 ÜLKELERİ ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME

Atıf/©: Toksoy, T. (2024), Ekonomik özgürlükler doğrudan yabancı yatırımların belirleyicisi mi? E7 ülkeleri üzerine bir inceleme, Bilimsel Finans ve Mali Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 1-11.
Özet
1980’li yılların başlarından itibaren küreselleşmenin önemli bir bileşeni olan doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar (DYY) gelişmekte olan ülkeler tarafından sermaye temin etmek ve teknoloji transferini sağlamak adına önemsenmiştir. Bir ülkeye yabancı sermaye girişi çeşitli faktörlerden etkilenmektedir. Bu faktörlerden bir tanesi de yatırım yapılacak ülkedeki hükümet müdahalelerinden uzak iş yapabilme kabiliyetidir (Ekonomik Özgürlük). Ekonomik özgürlük (EÖ) iş yapmak için gereklidir. Bu çalışma, "Heritage Foundation" tarafından yayımlanan ekonomik özgürlük düzeylerini dikkate alarak, 1995-2022 yılları arasında yedi gelişmekte olan ülke (E7) ekonomileri (Brezilya, Çin, Hindistan, Endonezya, Meksika, Rusya ve Türkiye) örneği için panel veri analizini kullanarak EÖ ve alt bileşenleri olan finansal özgürlük, yatırım özgürlüğü ve ticaret özgürlüğünün DYY ile arasındaki etkileşimini araştırmaktadır. Değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiyi test etmek için görünürde ilişkisiz regresyon (SUR) tahminci yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular panelin genelinde ve ülkeler bazında farklılık göstermektedir. Oluşturulan beş farklı modelde panelin geneli için sadece yatırım özgürlüğünün negatif anlamlı etkisi gözlenirken, ülkeler bazında elde edilen sonuçlarda ise EÖ bileşenlerinin ülkeden ülkeye farklı sonuçlar verdiği tespit edilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Ekonomik özgürlük; doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar; panel data; SUR
Jel Kodu: F21, F23, C23

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed, S., Mushtaq, M., Fahlevi, M., Aljuaid, M., ve Saniuk, S. (2023). Decomposed and Composed Effects of Economic Freedom on Economic Growth in South Asia. Heliyon, 9(2), s. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13478.
  • Alpağut, S. (2023). Sahra Altı Afrika Ülkelerinde Ticari Açıklık ve Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımların Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Dinamik Panel Veri Analizi. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(2), s. 673-700.
  • Ang, J. B. (2008). Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Malaysia. Journal of Policy Modeling, 30(1), s. 185-189. doi:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2007.06.014.
  • Asongu, S., Akpan, U. S., & Isihak, S. R. (2018). Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Fast-Growing Economies: Evidence from the BRICS and MINT Countries. Financial Innovation, 4(1), s. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-018-0114-0.
  • Aziz, O. G., & Mishra, A. V. (2016). Determinants of FDI Inflows to Arab Economies. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 25(3), s. 325-356.
  • Bundă, N. R., Moise-Ţiţei, A., & Jaliu, D. D. (2012). A New Institutional Approach of the Complex Correlation Between Economic Freedom and Economic Growth. European Journal of Science and Theology, 8(1), s. 75-84.
  • Çiftçi, C., & Durusu-Çiftçi, D. (2022). Economic Freedom, Foreign Direct Investment, and Economic Growth: The role of Sub-Components of Freedom. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 31(2), s. 233-254. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2021.1962392
  • Emek, Ö. F., & Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2020). Gelir Eşitsizliği ile Enflasyon Ilişkisinin Gelişmişlik Düzeyine Göre Heterojen Panel Veri Modelleri ile Analizi. Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi, 10(2), s. 301–312. https://doi.org/10.32331/sgd.840693
  • Ghimire, S., Mukherjee, D., & Alvi, E. (2013). Sectoral Aid-For-Trade and Sectoral Exports: A Seemingly Unrelated Regression Analysis. Economics Bulletin, 33(4), s. 2744-2755.
  • Gündüz, H. İ. (2017). Testing for Slope Homogeneity in Dynamic Panels Using The Wild Bootstrap Test. Ekonometri ve İstatistik Dergisi, 26(1), s. 53–59.
  • Gwartney, J. D., Lawson, R. A., & Holcombe, R. G. (1999). Economic Freedom and the Environment for Economic Growth. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE)/Zeitschrift für die gesamte Staatswissenschaft, 155(4), s. 643-663.
  • Hossain, S. (2016). Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Freedom and Economic Growth: Evidence from Developing Countries. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 8(11), s. 200-214. doi:10.5539/ijef.v8n11p200 Hussain, M. E., ve Haque, M. (2016). Impact of Economic Freedom on the Growth Rate: A Panel Data Analysis. Economies, 4(2), s. 1-15.
  • Imtiaz, S., & Bashir, M. F. (2017). Economic Freedom and Foreign Direct Investment in South Asian Countries. Theoretical & Applied Economics, 24(2), s. 281-294.
  • Kapuria-Foreman, V. (2007). Economic Freedom and Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries. The Journal of Developing Areas, 41(1), s. 143-154.
  • Kazemi, M., & Azman-Saini, W. N. W. (2017). Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Freedom and Democracy. International Journal of Economics & Management, 11(1), s. 1-15.
  • Mao, C. W. (2016). Growth, Income Inequality, and Capital Income Taxes: Evidence from a Seemingly Unrelated Regression Model on Panel Data. Economics Bulletin, 36(3), s. 1463-1478.
  • Mottaleb, K. A., & Kalirajan, K. (2010). Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries: A Comparative Analysis. Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research, 4(4), s. 369-404.
  • Naanwaab, C., & Diarrassouba, M. (2016). Economic Freedom, Human Capital, and Foreign Direct Investment. The Journal of Developing Areas, 50(1), s. 407-424.
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), s. 50-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010.
  • Quazi, R. (2007). Economic Freedom and Foreign Direct Investment in East Asia. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 12(3), s. 329-344. DOI: 10.1080/13547860701405755.
  • Quazi, R., & Rashid, S. (2004). Economic Freedom and Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries. The International Journal of Business and Public Administration, 2(1), s. 92-99.
  • Sambharya, R. B., & Rasheed, A. A. (2015). Does Economic Freedom in Host Countries Lead to Increased Foreign Direct Investment? Competitiveness Review, 25(1), s. 2-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/CR-05-2013-0047.
  • Singh, D., & Gal, Z. (2020). Economic Freedom and Its Impact on Foreign Direct Investment: Global Overview. Review of Economic Perspectives, 20(1), s. 73-90. DOI: 10.2478/revecp-2020-0004.
  • Sooreea-Bheemul, B., Rasool, U. S., & Sooreea, R. (2020). Does Economic Freedom Matter to Foreign Direct Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 10(3), s. 195-207. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.9597.
  • Tag, M. N., & Degirmen, S. (2022). Economic Freedom and Foreign Direct Investment: Are They Related?. Economic Analysis and Policy, 73, s. 737-752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2021.12.020.
  • Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2020). İleri Panel Veri Analizi Stata Uygulamalı. Beta Yayınları.
  • Toksoy, T., ve Alpağut, S. (223). Ekonomik Özgürlükler ve Milli Gelir Ilişkisi: BRICS-T Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Inceleme. Uluslararası Ekonomi Finans ve İşletme Kongresi – EFİ 2023 (s. 249-255). Sivas: Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Yayınları
  • Xu, T. (2019). Economic Freedom and Bilateral Direct Investment. Economic Modelling, 78, s. 172-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2018.09.017.
  • Zellner, A. (1962). An Efficient Method of Estimating Seemingly Unrelated Regressions and Tests for Aggregation Bias. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 57(298). s. 348-368. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1962.10480664.
Toplam 29 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası Finans
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Turgay Toksoy 0000-0002-0704-4706

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Nisan 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Nisan 2024
Kabul Tarihi 26 Nisan 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Toksoy, T. (2024). EKONOMİK ÖZGÜRLÜKLER DOĞRUDAN YABANCI YATIRIMLARIN BELİRLEYİCİSİ Mİ? E7 ÜLKELERİ ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME. Scientific Journal of Finance and Financial Law Studies, 4(1), 46-56.