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PREPARATION FOR UNEXPECTED SITUATIONS IN FINANCE AND MARKETING DISCIPLINE: BLACK SWAN THEORY

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 82 - 95, 31.12.2024

Öz

In the increasingly complex and interconnected world we live in, decision-making processes in finance and marketing are influenced not only by logical and rational factors, but also by psychological and emotional dynamics. Understanding how these multilayered influences operate can significantly improve strategic decision-making, especially in the context of unpredictable and high-impact events identified as Black Swans. Black Swan events emerge in unexpected ways in critical disciplines such as finance and marketing, necessitating a re-evaluation of risk management, crisis communication and innovative strategic approaches. Black Swan Theory, based on Taleb's understanding that "events we do not know are more important than events we know", emphasizes that unpredictable events can have not only negative but also positive consequences. Events such as the invention of the internet, the rise of Google, the September 11 attacks, the COVID-19 pandemic and financial crises are impressive examples of this theory. Black Swan events have three basic characteristics. These; rarity, high impact, retrospective predictability. Based on these three features, it is important to develop an interdisciplinary perspective covering finance and marketing disciplines. In this regard, the main purpose of the research is to theoretically examine the wide-ranging effects of Black Swan events on these two areas and to reveal how financial and marketing strategies are shaped in light of the unpredictable nature of these event

Kaynakça

  • Alankuş, Z. (2021). COVID-19’un gölgesinde dijital pazarlama ve yeni yaklaşımlar. Uluslararası Halkla İlişkiler ve Reklam Çalışmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 94-125.
  • Althaus, C. E. (2008). A disciplinary perspective on the epistemological status of risk. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 25(3), 567-588. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2005.00625.x
  • Aven, T. (2013). On the meaning of a black swan in a risk context. Safety Science, 57, 44-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2013.01.016
  • Baker, S., Bloom, N., Davis, S. J., and Terry, S. J. (2020). COVID-Induced Economic Uncertainty, NBER Working Papers 26983. National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. https://doi.org /10.3386 /w26983
  • Barber, B. M., and Odean, T. (2001). The internet and the investor. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15(1), 41-54.
  • Barberis, N., and Thaler, R. (2003). A survey of behavioral finance. İçinde G. Constantinides, M. Harris and R. Stulz (Ed.), Handbook of the Economics of Finance (pp. 1051-1121). Elsevier.
  • Barro, R. J. (2006). Rare disasters and asset markets in the twentieth century. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 121(3), 823-866. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.121.3.823
  • Baur, D. G., and Lucey, B. M. (2010). Is gold a hedge or a safe haven? An analysis of stocks, bonds and gold. Financial Review, 45(2), 217-229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6288.2010.00244.x
  • Bıçakçı, İ. (2023). Siyah kuğu olayı (black swan event) nedir? Kripto varlık piyasalarına ne ifade eder?, 10.11.2024 tarihinde https://rpc.metatime.com/tr/blog/siyah-kugu-olayi-black-swan-event-nedir-kripto-varlik-piyasalarina-ne-ifade-eder adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Bogle, J. C. (2008). Enough: True measures of money, business, and life. Wiley.
  • Brock, W. A., and Hommes, C. H. (1997). A rational route to randomness. Econometrica, 65(5), 1059-1095. https://doi.org/10.2307/2171879
  • Campbell, J. Y., Lo, A. W., and MacKinlay, A. C. (2017). Economics of financial crises and the role of black swan events. Journal of Economic Literature, 55(1), 1-40.
  • Chan, T. L., and Newman, D. H. (2020). The role of social media during black swan events: Implications for marketers. International Journal of Digital Marketing, 7(2), 150-172.
  • Cont, R. (2001). Empirical properties of asset returns: Stylized facts and statistical ıssues. Quantitative Finance, 1(2), 223-236. DOI 10.1088/1469-7688/1/2/304
  • Dobele, A., Toleman, D., and Beverland, M. (2005). Controlled infection! Spreading the brand message through viral marketing. Business Horizons, 48(2), 143-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2004.10.011
  • Gazel, S. (2016). Davranışsal finans. Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Glasserman, P., Kang, C., and Kang, W. (2015). Stress scenario selection by empirical likelihood. Quantitative Finance, 15(1), 25-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/14697688.2014.926019
  • Gomez, C. P., and Walters, J. (2022). Consumer trust and brand loyalty in the wake of black swan events. Journal of Consumer Behavior, 29(1), 35-51.
  • He, H., and Harris, L. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on corporate social responsibility and marketing philosophy. Journal of Business Research, 116, 176-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.030
  • Kahneman, D. (2011). Hızlı ve yavaş düşünme. Varlık Yayınları.
  • Kahneman, D., and Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decisions under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263-291.
  • Kaikati, A. M., and Kaikati, J. G. (2004). Stealth marketing: How to reach consumers surreptitiously. California Management Review, 46(4), 6-22. https://doi.org/10.2307/41166272
  • Kay, J. (10 Mart, 2010). Kara kuğular ve ekonomi teorisinin sınırları. Financial Times. 10.11.2024 tarihinde https://www.ft.com/content/745e489a-2c7f-11df -be45-00144feabdc0 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Kaya, İ. (2015). Pazarlama bi’tanedir. Babıali Kültür Yayıncılığı.
  • Lee, K., and Bryant, S. R. (2019). Crisis Management strategies in marketing during black swan events. Marketing Science, 38(5), 675-693.
  • Markowitz, H. (1952). Portfolio selection. The Journal of Finance, 7(1), 77–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1952.tb01525.x
  • Onurlubaş, E., ve Dinçer, D. (2016). Tüketicilerin ağızdan ağıza ve viral pazarlama algılarına etki eden faktörlerin analizi. Gümüshane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi, 7(17). DOI: 10.17823/gusb.335
  • Öz, S., Celayir, D., ve Onursal, F. S. (2020). Pandemi sonrası yeni dünya düzeninde teknoloji yönetimi ve insani dijitalizasyon. Hiper Yayın.
  • Paté-Cornell, E. (2012). On 'black swans' and 'perfect storms: Risk analysis and management when statistics are not enough. Risk Analysis, 32(11), 1823-1833. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01787.x
  • Peterson, R., and Zhang, H. (2021). Risk management in marketing strategy: Lessons from black swan events. Strategic Marketing Journal, 46(4), 400-423.
  • Rizos, E. (2015). Predicting unpredictable events: Are black swan events predictable?. Journal of Risk Research, 18(2), 183-196.
  • Roubini, N. (2010). Crisis economics: A crash course in the future of finance. The Penguin Press.
  • Shefrin, H. (2000). Beyond greed and fear: Understanding behavioral finance and the psychology of investing. Harvard Business School Press.
  • Shiller, RJ (2003). Irrational exubarence. Princeton University Press.
  • Shiller, RJ (2005). Irrational exubarence. (2. Edition). Princeton University Press.
  • Smith, J. P., and Rodriguez, A. M. (2018). Understanding black swan events in consumer markets. Journal of Marketing Research, 55(3), 345-367.
  • Sornette, D. (2009). Why stock markets crash: Critical events in complex financial systems. Princeton University Press.
  • Taleb, N. N. (2010). The bed of procrustes: Philosophical and practical aphorisms. Random House.
  • Taleb, N. N., and Blyth, M. (2011). The black swan of cairo: How suppressing volatility makes the world less predictable and more dangerous. Foreign Affairs, 90(3), 33-39. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23039405
  • Taleb, N. N. (2023). Siyah kuğu - olasılıksız görünenin etkisi (Çev. N. Arıbaş). Varlık Yayınları.
  • Taleb, N. N. (2007). The black swan: The impact of the highly ımprobable. Random House.
  • Taleb, N. N. (2010). Antifragile: Things that gain from disorder. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(4), 93-114.
  • Taleb, N. N. (2012). Antifragile: Things that gain from disorder. Random House.
  • Whaley, R. E. (2009). Understanding VIX. The Journal of Portfolio Management, 35(3), 98-105.
  • Woo, G. (2011). Calculating catastrophe: The need for a new approach. Nature, 472(7342), 164-165.
  • Yılmaz, E. (21 Nisan, 2021). Siyah kuğu teorisi: Tarihin akışını etkileyen olaylar. 10.11.2024 tarihinde https://www.themagger.com/siyah-kugu-teorisi-nedir/ adresinden erişilmiştir.

FİNANS VE PAZARLAMA DİSİPLİNİNDE BEKLENMEYEN DURUMLARA HAZIRLIK: SİYAH KUĞU TEORİSİ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 82 - 95, 31.12.2024

Öz

İçinde bulunduğumuz giderek daha karmaşık ve birbirine bağlı dünyada, finans ve pazarlama alanındaki karar alma süreçleri, yalnızca mantıksal ve rasyonel faktörlerden değil, aynı zamanda psikolojik ve duygusal dinamiklerden de etkilenmektedir. Bu çok katmanlı etkilerin nasıl işlediğini anlamak, özellikle Siyah Kuğu olarak tanımlanan, öngörülemeyen ve yüksek etkili olaylar bağlamında stratejik karar almayı önemli ölçüde geliştirebilir. Siyah Kuğu olayları, finans ve pazarlama gibi kritik disiplinlerde, beklenmedik şekillerde ortaya çıkarak risk yönetimi, kriz iletişimi ve yenilikçi stratejik yaklaşımların yeniden değerlendirilmesini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Taleb’in “bilmediğimiz olaylar, bildiğimiz olaylardan daha fazla önem arz eder” anlayışına dayanan Siyah Kuğu Teorisi, öngörülemez olayların yalnızca olumsuz değil, aynı zamanda olumlu sonuçlar da doğurabileceğini vurgulamaktadır. İnternetin keşfi, Google’ın yükselişi, 11 Eylül saldırıları, COVID-19 pandemisi ve finansal krizler gibi olaylar, bu teorinin etkileyici örneklerindendir. Siyah Kuğu olaylarının üç temel özelliği bulunmaktadır. Bunlar; nadirlik, yüksek etki, geriye dönük öngörülebilirliktir. Bu üç özellikten hareketle, finans ve pazarlama disiplinlerini kapsayan disiplinlerarası bir perspektif geliştirmek önemlidir. Bu doğrultuda, araştırmanın temel amacı, Siyah Kuğu olaylarının bu iki alan üzerindeki geniş kapsamlı etkilerini teorik olarak incelemek ve bu olayların öngörülemez doğası ışığında finansal ve pazarlama stratejilerinin nasıl şekillendiğini ortaya koymaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Alankuş, Z. (2021). COVID-19’un gölgesinde dijital pazarlama ve yeni yaklaşımlar. Uluslararası Halkla İlişkiler ve Reklam Çalışmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 94-125.
  • Althaus, C. E. (2008). A disciplinary perspective on the epistemological status of risk. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 25(3), 567-588. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2005.00625.x
  • Aven, T. (2013). On the meaning of a black swan in a risk context. Safety Science, 57, 44-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2013.01.016
  • Baker, S., Bloom, N., Davis, S. J., and Terry, S. J. (2020). COVID-Induced Economic Uncertainty, NBER Working Papers 26983. National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. https://doi.org /10.3386 /w26983
  • Barber, B. M., and Odean, T. (2001). The internet and the investor. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15(1), 41-54.
  • Barberis, N., and Thaler, R. (2003). A survey of behavioral finance. İçinde G. Constantinides, M. Harris and R. Stulz (Ed.), Handbook of the Economics of Finance (pp. 1051-1121). Elsevier.
  • Barro, R. J. (2006). Rare disasters and asset markets in the twentieth century. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 121(3), 823-866. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.121.3.823
  • Baur, D. G., and Lucey, B. M. (2010). Is gold a hedge or a safe haven? An analysis of stocks, bonds and gold. Financial Review, 45(2), 217-229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6288.2010.00244.x
  • Bıçakçı, İ. (2023). Siyah kuğu olayı (black swan event) nedir? Kripto varlık piyasalarına ne ifade eder?, 10.11.2024 tarihinde https://rpc.metatime.com/tr/blog/siyah-kugu-olayi-black-swan-event-nedir-kripto-varlik-piyasalarina-ne-ifade-eder adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Bogle, J. C. (2008). Enough: True measures of money, business, and life. Wiley.
  • Brock, W. A., and Hommes, C. H. (1997). A rational route to randomness. Econometrica, 65(5), 1059-1095. https://doi.org/10.2307/2171879
  • Campbell, J. Y., Lo, A. W., and MacKinlay, A. C. (2017). Economics of financial crises and the role of black swan events. Journal of Economic Literature, 55(1), 1-40.
  • Chan, T. L., and Newman, D. H. (2020). The role of social media during black swan events: Implications for marketers. International Journal of Digital Marketing, 7(2), 150-172.
  • Cont, R. (2001). Empirical properties of asset returns: Stylized facts and statistical ıssues. Quantitative Finance, 1(2), 223-236. DOI 10.1088/1469-7688/1/2/304
  • Dobele, A., Toleman, D., and Beverland, M. (2005). Controlled infection! Spreading the brand message through viral marketing. Business Horizons, 48(2), 143-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2004.10.011
  • Gazel, S. (2016). Davranışsal finans. Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Glasserman, P., Kang, C., and Kang, W. (2015). Stress scenario selection by empirical likelihood. Quantitative Finance, 15(1), 25-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/14697688.2014.926019
  • Gomez, C. P., and Walters, J. (2022). Consumer trust and brand loyalty in the wake of black swan events. Journal of Consumer Behavior, 29(1), 35-51.
  • He, H., and Harris, L. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on corporate social responsibility and marketing philosophy. Journal of Business Research, 116, 176-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.030
  • Kahneman, D. (2011). Hızlı ve yavaş düşünme. Varlık Yayınları.
  • Kahneman, D., and Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decisions under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263-291.
  • Kaikati, A. M., and Kaikati, J. G. (2004). Stealth marketing: How to reach consumers surreptitiously. California Management Review, 46(4), 6-22. https://doi.org/10.2307/41166272
  • Kay, J. (10 Mart, 2010). Kara kuğular ve ekonomi teorisinin sınırları. Financial Times. 10.11.2024 tarihinde https://www.ft.com/content/745e489a-2c7f-11df -be45-00144feabdc0 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Kaya, İ. (2015). Pazarlama bi’tanedir. Babıali Kültür Yayıncılığı.
  • Lee, K., and Bryant, S. R. (2019). Crisis Management strategies in marketing during black swan events. Marketing Science, 38(5), 675-693.
  • Markowitz, H. (1952). Portfolio selection. The Journal of Finance, 7(1), 77–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1952.tb01525.x
  • Onurlubaş, E., ve Dinçer, D. (2016). Tüketicilerin ağızdan ağıza ve viral pazarlama algılarına etki eden faktörlerin analizi. Gümüshane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi, 7(17). DOI: 10.17823/gusb.335
  • Öz, S., Celayir, D., ve Onursal, F. S. (2020). Pandemi sonrası yeni dünya düzeninde teknoloji yönetimi ve insani dijitalizasyon. Hiper Yayın.
  • Paté-Cornell, E. (2012). On 'black swans' and 'perfect storms: Risk analysis and management when statistics are not enough. Risk Analysis, 32(11), 1823-1833. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01787.x
  • Peterson, R., and Zhang, H. (2021). Risk management in marketing strategy: Lessons from black swan events. Strategic Marketing Journal, 46(4), 400-423.
  • Rizos, E. (2015). Predicting unpredictable events: Are black swan events predictable?. Journal of Risk Research, 18(2), 183-196.
  • Roubini, N. (2010). Crisis economics: A crash course in the future of finance. The Penguin Press.
  • Shefrin, H. (2000). Beyond greed and fear: Understanding behavioral finance and the psychology of investing. Harvard Business School Press.
  • Shiller, RJ (2003). Irrational exubarence. Princeton University Press.
  • Shiller, RJ (2005). Irrational exubarence. (2. Edition). Princeton University Press.
  • Smith, J. P., and Rodriguez, A. M. (2018). Understanding black swan events in consumer markets. Journal of Marketing Research, 55(3), 345-367.
  • Sornette, D. (2009). Why stock markets crash: Critical events in complex financial systems. Princeton University Press.
  • Taleb, N. N. (2010). The bed of procrustes: Philosophical and practical aphorisms. Random House.
  • Taleb, N. N., and Blyth, M. (2011). The black swan of cairo: How suppressing volatility makes the world less predictable and more dangerous. Foreign Affairs, 90(3), 33-39. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23039405
  • Taleb, N. N. (2023). Siyah kuğu - olasılıksız görünenin etkisi (Çev. N. Arıbaş). Varlık Yayınları.
  • Taleb, N. N. (2007). The black swan: The impact of the highly ımprobable. Random House.
  • Taleb, N. N. (2010). Antifragile: Things that gain from disorder. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(4), 93-114.
  • Taleb, N. N. (2012). Antifragile: Things that gain from disorder. Random House.
  • Whaley, R. E. (2009). Understanding VIX. The Journal of Portfolio Management, 35(3), 98-105.
  • Woo, G. (2011). Calculating catastrophe: The need for a new approach. Nature, 472(7342), 164-165.
  • Yılmaz, E. (21 Nisan, 2021). Siyah kuğu teorisi: Tarihin akışını etkileyen olaylar. 10.11.2024 tarihinde https://www.themagger.com/siyah-kugu-teorisi-nedir/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Davranışsal Finans, Tüketici Davranışı
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Funda Demiroglu 0000-0002-8300-6402

Esra Özkahveci 0000-0003-1472-4053

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Aralık 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Kasım 2024
Kabul Tarihi 23 Aralık 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Demiroglu, F., & Özkahveci, E. (2024). FİNANS VE PAZARLAMA DİSİPLİNİNDE BEKLENMEYEN DURUMLARA HAZIRLIK: SİYAH KUĞU TEORİSİ. Scientific Journal of Innovation and Social Sciences Research, 4(2), 82-95.