Meşru Olmayan Görevler Yazınına Dair Sistematik Bir Derleme ve Kavramsal Model Önerisi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 133 - 163, 30.06.2023

Nur Ayça Öztürk , Ethem Duygulu

https://doi.org/10.54733/smar.1316552

Cited By: 2

Öz

Çalışanların mesleki rol tanımlarının dışında kendilerine verilen ve çalışanların “gereksiz” ve “mantıksız” bulduğu görevleri ifade eden “meşru olmayan görevler (MOG)” kavramı özellikle son yıllarda iş stresi ve stres yaratan görev unsurları yazınının önemli bir parçasını oluşturmaya başlamıştır. Bireysel ve örgütsel açıdan önemli sonuçlar doğurmasına rağmen meşru olmayan görevler kavramı Türkiye’deki örgütsel davranış alan yazınında yeteri kadar incelenmemiş, kuramsal ve görgül katkısı tam olarak sunulamamıştır. Yönetim yazınında yeni bir kavram olarak karşımıza çıkan meşru olmayan görevler; çalışanın mesleki rol sınırları içerisinde bulunmamasına rağmen çalışandan beklenen görevler olarak ifade edilebilir. Çalışan kendisinden talep edilmemesi gerektiğini düşündüğü görevleri meşru olmayan olarak görür. Bu durum, kişinin genel iyi olma halini etkileyerek benliğine zarar veren bir stres faktörünü temsil eder ve bu yönüyle diğer mesleki stres etkenlerinden ayrılır. Bu çalışmanın amacı; üretkenlik karşıtı iş davranışı, görev performansında azalma, iş tatminsizliği, mesleki yabancılaşma, örgütte kalma niyetinde azalma gibi birçok olumsuz örgütsel çıktıyla sonuçlanan ve çalışan için ciddi bir mesleki stres faktörü olan meşru olmayan görevler hakkında literatürde yapılmış araştırmaları tüm yönleriyle sistematik ve bütünsel açıdan inceleyerek özgün bir kavramsal model önerisi sunmak ve gelecek araştırmacılar için yol gösterici olabilmektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

meşru olmayan görevler, mesleki stres, mantıksız görevler, gereksiz görevler

A Systematic Literature Review on Illegitimate Tasks: A Proposed Conceptual Model

Öz

The concept of "illegitimate tasks (ILT)", which refers to the tasks assigned to the employees other than their professional role definitions and that the employee finds “unnecessary” and “unreasonable”, has started to form an important part of the literature on job stress and stress-inducing task elements, especially in recent years. The concept of illegitimate tasks, which is a relatively new concept in the organisation behaviour literature, can be expressed as the tasks expected from the employee although the employee is not within the limits of his/her professional role. The employee perceives tasks that he/she thinks should not be demanded of him/her as illegitimate. This situation represents a stress factor that harms the self by affecting the general well-being of the employee, and in this respect, it differs from other occupational stressors. Although it has important individual and organizational consequences, the concept of illegitimate tasks has not been thoroughly studied in the Turkish management and organisation literature, and its theoretical and empirical contribution has not been fully presented. The aim of this study is to propose a unique conceptual model and to offer guidance for future researchers by systematically and holistically reviewing the literature on illegitimate tasks that result in many negative organizational outcomes such as unproductive work behaviour, decrease in task performance, job dissatisfaction, work alienation, and decrease in the intention to stay in the organisation, which is a serious occupational stress factor for the employee.

Anahtar Kelimeler

illegitimate tasks, occupational stressors, unreasonable tasks, unnecessary tasks

Kaynakça

• Ahmed, F. S., Eatuogh, E. M., & Ford, M. T. (2018). Relationships between illegitimate tasks & change in work-family outcomes via interactional justice & negative emotions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 104, 14-30.
• Akyürek, S. S. (2020). A cultural & relational approach to illegitimate tasks: A study from education sector [Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. Yaşar Üniversitesi.
• Akyürek, S. S. (2022). Meşru olmayan görevlerin meslekî prestij algısı üzerindeki olumsuz etkileri ve Lüe’nin ılımlılaştırıcı etkisi: Türkiye’de çalışan öğretmenler örneği. Öneri Dergisi, 17(57), 268-294.
• Akyürek, S. S., & Can, O. (2021b). Illegitimate tasks and occupational outcomes: The impact of vertical collectivism. Evidence-Based HRM, 10(2), 155-173.
• Akyürek, S. S., & Can, Ö. (2021a). Güncel bir kavram olarak meşru olmayan görevler: Bir yazın incelemesi. Pamukkale University Journal of Social Sciences Institute/Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 42, 238-260.
• Akyürek, S. S., Zargham Ullah Khan, D. A. M. M., Naqvi, F. N., & Butt, J. M. (2020). Strategies adopted by teachers against illegitimate tasks: A qualitative research involving Turkish education sector. Palarch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 17(7), 6437-6451.
• Alicke, M. & Sedikides, C. (2009) Self enhancement & self-protection: What they are & what they do. European Review of Social Psychology, 20, 1-42.
• Alparslan, A. M. (2016). Emek işçilerinde fazladan rol davranışının öncülü: İş tatmini mi işyerinde mutluluk mu?. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 30(1), 203-215.
• Apostel, E., Syrek, C. J., & Antoni, C. H. (2017). Turnover intention as a response to illegitimate tasks: The moderating role of appreciative leadership. International Journal of Stress Management, 25(3), 234-249.
• Aydın, İ. (2008). İş yaşamında stres (3. Baskı). Pegem Yayınevi.
• Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands‐resources model: State of the art. Journal of managerial psychology, 22(3), 309-328.
• Beltrán-Velasco, A. I., Bellido-Esteban, A., Ruisoto-Palomera, P., Mendoza, K. H., & Clemente-Suárez, V. J. (2020). The effect of cultural differences in psychophysiological stress response in high education context: A pilot study. Applied Psychophysiology & Biofeedback, 45(1), 23-29.
• Biddle, B. J. (1986). Recent development in role theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 12, 67-92.
• Björk, L., Bejerot, E., Jacobshagen, N., & Härenstam, A. (2013). I shouldn’t have to do this: Illegitimate tasks as a stressor in relation to organizational control & resource deficits. Work & Stress, 27(3), 262-277.
• Carnero, A., Martínez, B., & Sánchez-Mangas, R. (2006). Mobbing & its determinants: The case of Spain. Applied Economics, 42(29), 3777-3787.
• Cihangiroğlu, N., & Şahin, B. (2010). Organizasyonlarda önemli bir fenomen: Psikolojik sözleşme. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 6(11), 1-16.
• Clark, M. A., Michel, J. S., Stevens, G. W., Howell, J. W., & Scruggs, R. S. (2014). Workaholism, work engagement and work–home outcomes: Exploring the Mediating role of positive and negative emotions. Stress and Health, 30(4), 287-300.
• Dumitru, V. M., & Cozman, D. (2012). The relationship between stress & personality factors. Human & Veterinary Medicine, 4(1), 34-39.
• Durna, U. (2004). Stres, A ve B tipi kişilik yapısı ve bunlar arasındaki ilişki üzerine bir araştırma. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 11(1), 191-206.
• Eatough, E. M., Meier, L. L., Igic, I., Elfering, A., Spector, P. E., & Semmer, N. K. (2016). You want me to do what? Two daily diary studies of illegitimate tasks & employee well-being. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(1),108-127.
• Faupel, S., Otto, K., Krug, H., & Kottwitz, M. U. (2016). Stress at school? A qualitative study on illegitimate tasks during teacher training. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 1410.
• Fein, E. C., & McKenna, B. (2022). Depleted dedication, lowered organisation citizenship behaviours, & illegitimate tasks in police officers. Journal of Management & Organization, 1-23.
• Fila, M. J., & Eatough, E. (2017). Extending knowledge of illegitimate tasks: Student satisfaction, anxiety, & emotional exhaustion. Stress & Health, 34(1), 152-162.
• Fila, M. J., & Eatough, E. (2020). Extending the boundarihabibs of illegitimate tasks: The role of resources. Psychological reports, 123(5), 1635-1662.
• Göksoy, S., & Argon, T. (2014). Debilitating & invigorating stress sources for teachers at schools. Journal of Teacher Education & Educators, 3(2), 245-271.
• Güğerçin, U., & Sığırcıkoğlu, E. B. (2019). Rol belirsizliği ve sanal kaytarma: Görgül bir araştırma. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 11(20), 152-161.
• Habip, E. (2018). Mesleki prestij ile işten ayrılma niyeti arasındaki ilişkide kolektif şükranın aracılık etkisi [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Marmara Üniversitesi.
• Hackman, J.R., & Oldham, G.R. (1980). Work redesign. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
• Haslam, S.A. & Ellemers, N. (2005). Social identity in industrial and organizational psychology: Concepts, controversies and contributions. In G. P. Hodgkinson, & J. K. Ford (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology 2005 (pp. 39-118). John Wiley & Sons.
• Hobfoll, S. E. (2001) The influence of culture, community, & the nested-self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Applied Psychology, 50(3), 337-421.
• Hobfoll, S. E., & Lilly, R. S. (1993) Resource conservation as a strategy for community psychology. Journal of Community Psychology, 21(2), 128-148.
• Ilyas, A., Hassan, R., Khan, A., & Khan, W. (2021). Illegitimate tasks & job satisfaction among employees of micro informal enterprises. Management Science Letters, 11(1), 291-296.
• Ilyas, A., Khan, A. H., Zaid, F., Ali, M., Razzaq, A., & Khan, W. A. (2020). Turnover intention of employees, supervisor support, & open innovation: The role of illegitimate tasks. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, & Complexity, 6(4), 128.
• Jacobshagen, N. (2006). Illegitimate tasks, illegitimate stressors: Testing a new stressor-strain concept [Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. University of Bern.
• Julmi, C., Pereira, J. M., Bramlage, J. K., & Jackenkroll, B. (2021). Explaining the relationship between ethical leadership & burnout facets in the academic context: The mediating role of illegitimate tasks. International Journal of Organization Theory & Behavior, 25(1/2), 39-55.
• Karaçam, Z. (2013). Sistematik derleme metodolojisi: Sistematik derleme hazırlamak için bir rehber. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 6(1), 26-33.
• Katz, D., & Kahn, R.L. (1978). The social psychology of organizations (2nd Edition). Wiley.
• Khan, K. S., Kunz, R., Kleijnen, J., & Antes, G. (2003). Five steps to conducting a systematic review. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 96(3), 118-121.
• Kinicki, A. J., & Vecchio, R. P. (1994). Influences on the quality of supervisor‐ subordinate relations: The role of time‐pressure, organizational commitment, and locus of control. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(1), 75-82.
• Kottwitz, M. U. Meier, L. L., Jacobshagen, N., Kälin, W., Elfering, A., Hennig, J., & Semmer, N. K. (2013). Illegitimate tasks associated with higher cortisol levels among male employees when subjective health is relatively low: An intra-individual analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health, 39(3), 310-318.
• Kottwitz, M. U., Otto, K., Elfering, A., Vásquez, M. E. G., Braun, S., & Kälin, W. (2021). Why do Illegitimate Tasks Cause Pain? Qualitative Job Insecurity as an Underlying Mechanism. Scandinavian Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology, 6(1), 1-12.
• Kottwitz, M. U., Schnyder, R., Berset, M., & Elfering, A. (2017). Thirst at work implies more than just inadequate facilities for breaks. Applied Psychophysiol Biofeedback, 42, 223-234.
• Lecic-Tosevski, D., Vukovic, O., & Stepanovic, J. (2011). Stress & personality. Psychiatriki, 22(4), 290-297.
• Lepine, J. A., Podsakoff, P. N., & Lepine, M. A. (2005). A meta-analytic test of the challenge stressor hindrance stressor framework: An explanation for Inconsistent relationships among stressors and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 48(5), 764-775.
• Ma, J., & Peng, Y. (2019). The performance costs of illegitimate tasks: The role of job identity & flexible role orientation. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 110, 144-154.
• Madsen, I. E., Tripathi, M., Borritz, M., & Rugulies, R. (2014). Unnecessary work tasks & mental health: A prospective analysis of Danish human service workers. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 40(6), 631-638.
• Mäkikangas, A., Minkkinen, J., Muotka, J., & Mauno, S. (2021). Illegitimate tasks, job crafting & their longitudinal relationships with meaning of work. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 34(7), 1330-1358.
• Meier, L. L. & Semmer, N. K. (2018). Illegitimate tasks as assessed by incumbents & supervisors: Converging only modestly but predicting strain as assessed by incumbents, supervisors, & partners. European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology, 27(6), 764-776.
• Minei, E. M., Eatough, E. M., & Cohen-Charash, Y. (2018). Managing illegitimate task requests through explanation & acknowledgment: A discursive leadership approach. Management Communication Quarterly, 32(3), 374-397.
• Mugayar-Baldocchi, M. A., Fila, M. J., Gray, B. E., & Eatough, E. M. (2019). "I won't do this again!" An Intersectional Perspective on Illegitimate Tasks on MTurk. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334327687 (Erişim Tarihi: 26 Ağustos 2022).
• Munir, H., Jamil, A., & Ehsan, A. (2017). Illegitimate tasks & their impact on work stress: The mediating role of anger. International Journal of Business & Society, 18(3), 545-566.
• Muntz, J., & Dormann, C. (2020). Moderating effects of appreciation on relationships between illegitimate tasks & intrinsic motivation: A two-wave shortitudinal study. European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology, 29(3), 391-404.
• Muntz, J., Dormann, C., & Kronenwett, M. (2019). Supervisors’ relational transparency moderates effects among employees’ illegitimate tasks & job dissatisfaction: A four-wave panel study. European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology, 28(4), 485-497.
• Netemeyer, R. G., Burton, S., & Lichtenstein, D. R. (1995). Trait aspects of vanity: Measurement & relevance to consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Research, 21(4), 612-626.
• Omansky, R., Eatough, E. M., & Fila, M. J. (2016). Illegitimate tasks as an impediment to job satisfaction & intrinsic motivation: Moderated mediation effects of gender & effort-reward imbalance. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1818.
• Pereira, D., Semmer, N. K., & Elfering, A. (2014). Illegitimate tasks & sleep quality: An ambulatory study. Stress & Health, 30(3), 209-221.
• Pfister, I. B., Jacobshagen, N., Kälin, W., Stocker, D., Meier, L. L., & Semmer, N. K. (2020). Appreciation & illegitimate tasks as predictors of affective well-being: disentangling within-& between-person effects. Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology, 36(1), 63-75.
• Pindek, S., Demircioğlu, E., Howard, D. J., Eatough, E. M., & Spector, P. E. (2019). Illegitimate tasks are not created equal: Examining the effects of attributions on unreasonable & unnecessary tasks. Work & Stress, 33(3), 231-246.
• Podsakoff, N. P., Lepine, J. A., & Lepine, M. A. (2007). Differential challenge stressor– hindrance stressor relationships with job attitudes, turnover intentions, turnover & withdrawal behavior: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(2), 438-454.
• Rizzo, J. R., House, R. J., & Lirtzman, S. I. (1970). Role conflict and ambiguity in complex organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 15(2) 150-163.
• Schmitt, A., Ohly, S., & Kleespies, N. (2015). Time pressure promotes work engagement: Test of illegitimate tasks as boundary condition. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 14(1), 28-36.
• Schulte-Braucks, J., Baethge, A., Dormann, C., & Vahle-Hinz, T. (2019). Get even and feel good? Moderating effects of justice sensitivity and counterproductive work behavior on the relationship between illegitimate tasks and self-esteem. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 24(2), 241-255.
• Semmer, N. K., Jacobshagen, N., Meier, L. L., Elfering, A., Beehr, T. A., Kälin, W., & Tschan, F. (2015). Illegitimate tasks as a source of work stress. Work & Stress, 29(1), 32-56.
• Semmer, N. K., Tschan, F., Meier, L. L., Facchin, S., & Jacobshagen, N. (2010). Illegitimate tasks and counterproductive work behavior. Applied Psychology, 59(1), 70-96.
• Semmer, N., Jacobshagen, N., Meier, L., & Elfering, A. H. (2007). Occupational stress research: The stress as offense to self perspective. In J. Houdmont, & S. McIntyre (Eds.), Occupational health psychology: European perspectives on research, education & practice (Vol. 2) (pp. 41-58). Nottingham University Press.
• Sluss, D. M., & Ashforth, B. E. (2007). Relational identity & identification: Defining ourselves through work relationships. Academy of Management Review, 32(1), 9-32.
• Sonnentag, S., & Lischetzke, T. (2018). Illegitimate tasks reach into afterwork hours: A multilevel study. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 23(2), 248-261.
• Stein, M., Vincent-Höper, S., Schümann, M., & Gregersen, S. (2020). Beyond mistreatment at the relationship level: Abusive supervision & illegitimate tasks. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health, 17(8), 2722.
• Stocker, D., Jacobshagen, N., Semmer, N. K., & Annen, H. (2010). Appreciation at work in the Swiss armed forces. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 69(2), 117-124.
• Tajfel, H., & Turner, H. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G Austin, & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7-24). CA: Brooks/Cole.
• Thoits, P. A. (1991). On merging identity theory & stress research. Social Psychology Quarterly, 54(2), 101-112.
• Thun, S., Halsteinli, V., & Løvseth, L. (2018). A study of unreasonable illegitimate tasks, administrative tasks, & sickness presenteeism amongst Norwegian physicians: An everyday struggle?. BMC Health Services Research, 18, 407-417.
• Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2004). Putting the self into self-conscious emotions: A theoretical model. Psychological Inquiry, 15(2), 103-125.
• Van Niekerk, Z., Goosen, S., & Adams, S. P. (2021). Illegitimate tasks of primary school teachers at selected schools in the Western Cape: A reality for a developing country?. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 47(1), 1-12.
• Van Schie, S., Güntert, S. T., & Wehner, T. (2014). How dare to demand this from volunteers! The impact of illegitimate tasks. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary & Nonprofit Organizations, 25(4), 851-868.
• Yılmaz, Y. (2011). Siyasal sistem ve medya kuramları bağlamında Türkiye’de gazeteciliğin mesleki kimlik sorunu ve bir alan araştırması [Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. Marmara Üniversitesi.
• Yürür, Ş. (2011). Öğrenilmiş güçlülük, kıdem ve medeni durumun duygusal tükenmedeki rolü: Kaynakların korunması teorisi kapsamında bir analiz. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 25(1), 107-126.
• Zareen, M., Razzaq, K. & Mujtaba, B.G. (2013). Job design & employee performance: The moderating role of employee psychological perception. European Journal of Business & Management, 5(5), 46-55.
• Zehiroğlu, Ç., & Şencan, H. (2020). Kabin memurlarında tip A/B kişilik yapısının algılanan stres üzerindeki etkisi. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(37), 139-153.
• Zhao, L., Lam, L. W., Zhu, J. N., & Zhao, S. (2022). Doing it purposely? Mediation of moral disengagement in the relationship between illegitimate tasks & counterproductive work behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 179(3), 733-747.
• Zhou, Z. E., Eatough, E. M., & Che, X. X. (2020). Effect of illegitimate tasks on work-to-family conflict through psychological detachment: Passive leadership as a moderator. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 121, 103463.
• Zhou, Z. E., Eatough, E. M., & Wald, D. R. (2018). Feeling insulted? Examining end-of-work anger as a mediator in the relationship between daily illegitimate tasks & next-day CWB. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 39(8), 911-921.